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1.
The Vindhyan sedimentary succession in central India spans a wide time bracket from the Paleoproterozoic to the Neoproterozoic period. Chronostratigraphic significance of stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of the carbonate phase in Vindhyan sediments has been discussed in some recent studies. However, the subtle controls of facies variation, depositional setting and post-depositional diagenesis on stable isotope compositions are not yet clearly understood. The Vindhyan Supergroup hosts four carbonate units, exhibiting a wide variability in depositional processes and paleogeography. A detailed facies-specific carbon and oxygen isotope study of the carbonate units was undertaken by us to investigate the effect of these processes and to identify the least altered isotope values. It is seen that both carbon and oxygen isotope compositions have been affected by early meteoric water diagenesis. The effect of diagenetic alteration is, however, more pronounced in case of oxygen isotopes than carbon isotopes. Stable isotope compositions remained insensitive to facies only when sediments accumulated in a shallow shelf setting without being exposed. Major alteration of original isotope ratios was observed in case of shallow marine carbonates, which became exposed to meteoric fluids during early diagenetic stage. Duration of exposure possibly determined the magnitude of alteration and shift from the original values. Moreover, dolomitization is found to be accompanied by appreciable alteration of isotope compositions in some of the carbonates. The present study suggests that variations in sediment depositional settings, in particular the possibility of subaerial exposure, need to be considered while extracting chronostratigraphic significance from δ13C data.  相似文献   

2.
Rb作为一个具有中度挥发性、流体活动性、在岩浆过程中呈不相容性的碱金属元素,能为各种地质过程和物质源区提供制约;同时,87Rb是放射性母体,Rb-Sr定年体系在确定长时间尺度的地质体年龄方面也有广泛的应用。传统研究认为特定地质年代下Rb同位素比值(87Rb/85Rb)是一个定值,但随着分离纯化方法的改进和质谱分析精度的提高,高精度Rb同位素组成得以测定,其结果显示,不同地质样品存在明显的Rb同位素组成的差异,意味着地质过程中存在Rb同位素的分馏。Rb同位素分馏能否为示踪Rb的地质过程提供更多有用信息,是否会对传统Rb-Sr定年体系产生影响,这些基础性的问题目前仍然没有答案。要回答这些问题,首先需要了解不同地质储库的Rb同位素组成,发现不同地质过程中的Rb同位素分馏,探讨其发生的控制机制。然而,这方面的研究目前还非常欠缺。文章回顾了近20年来国际上地球科学领域中的Rb同位素已有的研究,包括技术方法、分馏机理等各个方面,在此基础上对其研究前景进行展望,主要包括:(1)总结了Rb同位素组成测定的化学纯化及仪器测量方法,并对其优缺点进行点评,同时指出谨慎的化学前处理方法及质谱测定流程是获得高精度Rb同位素组成结果的基本前提;(2)收集了现有的地外样品Rb同位素组成数据,简述了Rb同位素在宇宙化学中的应用研究成果,指出Rb作为一个中度挥发性元素,对太阳系行星的吸积和演化过程具有重要的指示意义;(3)对Rb同位素在地质过程中潜在广阔的应用前景进行展望,例如完善经典的Rb-Sr定年体系,限定壳幔及地壳内部的分异过程,制约大陆硅酸盐岩风化,以及揭示超大型Rb矿的形成机制。  相似文献   

3.
江琳  支霞臣 《岩石学报》2010,26(4):1265-1276
本文报道了采自汉诺坝玄武岩区周坝和白龙硐剖面以及白布洛张20井等地29个玄武岩样品的Re、Os含量和~(187)Os/~(188)Os比值。Os含量为11×10~(-12)～314×10~(-12),Re含量为40×10~(-12)～238×10~(-12),Re和Os含量有正相关趋势。碱性玄武岩(AK)的Re、Os含量高于拉斑玄武岩(TH)和过渡玄武岩(TR),玄武岩Os含量变化与分离结晶作用有关,玄武岩的低Re含量与地面喷发的火山岩浆脱气过程中Re的挥发性丢失作用有关。玄武岩的~(187)Os/~(188)Os比值为0.14735～0.61136,AK的~(187)Os/~(188)Os比值比TH和TR低且变化小。玄武岩的~(187)Os/~(188)Os比值与Os含量有负相关性。随着Os含量降低到小于75×10~(-12),~(187)Os/~(188)Os比值迅速升高,反映了地壳混染在TH和TR成因中的贡献。在以往的研究中没有观察到类似的地壳混染作用,说明了Re-Os同位素体系在示踪壳源物质上的优势。一些Os含量较高的TH的~(187)Os/~(188)Os比值表明其地幔源区既非亏损的又非经交代富集的SCLM,可能是混入了地壳俯冲物质的"Marble cake"型地幔。总之,汉诺坝玄武岩的Re-Os同位素地球化学研究支持了以往研究的主要成果,两类玄武岩地球化学差异性和异源成因论;分离结晶和部分熔融过程在玄武岩成因中的重要作用;碱性玄武岩的成因与地幔柱的关系等。同时揭示了一些新的现象:汉诺坝玄武岩形成中存在少量的地壳混染作用;地面喷发的火山熔岩在脱气过程中Re的挥发性丢失;拉斑玄武岩的源区更有可能为"Marble cake"型地幔。  相似文献   

4.
范美彤  葛璐  朱碧  杨涛 《地质学报》2019,93(8):2081-2091
在冷泉的研究中,确定富甲烷流体的来源是非常重要的,Sr同位素对流体来源、混合模式和水岩反应等具有很好的示踪作用。近年来,国际上对冷泉碳酸盐岩Sr同位素的示踪研究越来越关注。本文系统总结了现代和古代冷泉碳酸盐岩Sr同位素的研究进展,简要归纳了Sr同位素分析测试方法,并对化学前处理过程中采用的不同酸溶液溶解样品的方法进行了对比,指出了建立标准化学前处理方法的必要性。现代和古代冷泉碳酸盐岩Sr同位素组成的变化范围较大,不同碳酸盐矿物具有不同的Sr同位素特征。冷泉碳酸盐岩Sr同位素的示踪研究集中在现代和古代冷泉流体来源的定性研究、混合流体来源的定量模型计算、以及古代冷泉碳酸盐岩的Sr同位素定年等方面。尽管取得了一系列进展,但是定量计算端元流体混合比例的准确性还有待提高,同时利用Sr同位素对古代样品进行定年存在不确定因素,其适用条件也需要进一步研究。  相似文献   

5.
Marbles from Dabieshan and Sulu, China, suffered ultra high pressure (UHP) metamorphism in the coesite–eclogite facies at approximately 700°C and 30 kbars during Triassic continental collision and subduction. The marbles range in isotopic composition from +7 to +25 δ18OVSMOW and from 0 to +6 δ13CVPDB. High δ13C values are representative of unmodified protoliths and are similar to those of 13C-enriched Sinian carbonate rocks from the Yangtze craton. High oxygen isotope ratios reflect pristine protoliths but the low values may have been caused by infiltration of low 18O meteoric water during diagenesis and dolomitization, by fracture-controlled infiltration of water during subduction, by metamorphic mineral reactions, or by a combination of these processes. No evidence of regional isotopic transport during UHP metamorphism has been found. Sampling on scales of 1 to 100 m shows marbles to be inhomogeneous in both carbon and oxygen isotopes. Only samples separated by less than 10 cm have equilibrated oxygen and carbon isotope compositions. Limited isotopic equilibration between adjacent rocks is consistent with the preservation of unaltered UHP minerals and indicates that the metamorphic fluid–rock system was rock-dominated during and following peak metamorphism. A freely flowing, pervasive fluid phase was not present during UHP metamorphism. There is no evidence of isotopic exchange between marble and the upper mantle into which it was subducted. Correlation of geochemical similarities of UHP marbles with Sinian limestones implies that the subducted edge of the Yangtze craton extends at least as far north as the coesite–eclogite facies rocks of Dabieshan. Deposition of protolith carbonates may have taken place in a cold climate either preceding or following but not coincident with Neoproterozoic glaciation.  相似文献   

6.
Recent (<50 years old) freshwater cyanobacterial carbonates from diverse environments (streams, lakes, waterfalls) throughout Britain and Ireland were analysed for their stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions. The mean δ18O value of ?5–9‰ PDB for river and stream data represents calcite precipitation in equilibrium with the mean oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation in central Britain (?7–5‰SMOW) assuming a mean water temperature of 9°C. The mean δ18O of lake data, ?4–5‰ PDB, is statistically different, reflecting the effects of residence time and/or variations in the oxygen isotopic composition of rainfall. Carbon isotopes have wide variations in both fluviatile and lake data sets (+ 3 to ?12‰ PDB). These variations are principally controlled in the fluviatile samples by contribution of isotopically light ‘soil zone’ carbon relative to isotopically heavier carbon from limestone aquifer rock dissolution. Lake samples have the heaviest carbon isotope values, reflecting a trend toward isotopic equilibrium between atmospheric CO2 and aqueous HCO?3. We infer that isotopic compositions of ancient cyanobacterial carbonates should also record environmental information, although the effects of stabilization and diagenesis on primary δ18O values will need careful consideration. Primary carbon isotope compositions should be well preserved, although in marine samples values will be buffered by the isotopic composition of aqueous marine bicarbonate.  相似文献   

7.
Stable isotope and trace element analyses of 230 Jurassic (Pliensbachian–Toarcian) samples from northern Spain have been performed to test the use of geochemical variations in fossils (belemnites and brachiopods) and whole‐rock hemipelagic carbonates as palaeoceanographic indicators. Although the succession analysed (Reinosa area, westernmost Basque–Cantabrian Basin) has been subject to severe thermal alteration during burial diagenesis, the samples appear to be well preserved. The degree of diagenetic alteration of the samples has been assessed through the application of integrated petrographic, chemical and cathodoluminescence analyses. It is demonstrated that brachiopods and whole‐rock carbonates, although widely used for palaeoceanic studies, do not retain their primary marine geochemical composition after burial diagenesis. In contrast, there is strong evidence that belemnite rostra preserve original isotopic values despite pervasive diagenesis of the host rock. Well‐preserved belemnite shells (non‐luminescent to slightly luminescent) typically show stable isotope values of +4·3‰ to –0·7‰δ13C, +0·7‰ to –3·2‰δ18O, and trace element contents of <32 μg g–1 Mn, <250 μg g–1 Fe, >950 μg g–1 Sr and Sr/Mn ratios >80. This study suggests that the degree to which diagenesis has affected the preservation of an original isotopic composition may differ for different low‐Mg calcite fossil shells and hemipelagic bulk carbonates, behaviour that should be considered when marine isotopic signatures from other ancient carbonate rocks are investigated. Multiple non‐luminescent contemporaneous belemnite samples passed the petrographic and geochemical tests to be considered as palaeoceanic recorders, yet their δ13C and δ18O values exhibited moderate scatter. Such variability is likely to be related to the palaeoecological behaviour of belemnites and/or high‐frequency secular variations in sea‐water chemistry superimposed on the long‐term isotopic trend. A pronounced positive carbon‐isotope excursion (up to +4·3‰) is documented in the early Toarcian serpentinus biozone, which correlates with the Toarcian δ13C maximum reported in other European and Tethyan regions.  相似文献   

8.
依据实测的塔里木盆地麦盖提斜坡玉北地区41个碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素数据,结合岩石学方法,研究了碳氧同位素的组成、演化及其地质意义。数据显示,δ~(13) C值主要分布在-2.6‰~0.7‰,均值为-1.0‰;δ~(18) O值分布在-9.4‰~-3.5‰,均值为-6.9‰。玉北地区古盐度为118.39~126.34,平均为121.94。奥陶系碳酸盐岩淡水改造作用明显。碳氧同位素的组成和演化不但可以指示沉积环境,而且还与生物生产率以及古海平面变化呈正相关性:δ~(13) C的低值对应于局限台地台内滩亚相沉积环境;δ~(13) C的高值对应于开阔台地滩间海、台内滩亚相沉积环境。碳氧同位素组成还对成岩环境有明显响应:鹰山组δ~(13) C与δ~(18) O均向高负值偏移,表明经历过强烈的表生岩溶作用;蓬莱坝组δ~(13) C低—中负值,δ~(18) O表现为高负值,在白云岩储层中可见鞍状白云石及燧石,主要为深埋藏成岩环境;良里塔格组同位素特征为δ~(18) O高负值,δ~(13) C低正值,并且在进入埋藏岩溶阶段之前还经历过风化壳岩溶作用。  相似文献   

9.
This paper presents the first study of Tl isotopes in early diagenetic pyrite. Measurements from two sections deposited during the Toarcian Ocean Anoxic Event (T-OAE, ∼183 Ma) are compared with data from Late Neogene (<10 Ma) pyrite samples from ODP legs 165 and 167 that were deposited in relatively oxic marine environments. The Tl isotope compositions of Late Neogene pyrites are all significantly heavier than seawater, which most likely indicates that Tl in diagenetic pyrite is partially sourced from ferromanganese oxy-hydroxides that are known to display relatively heavy Tl isotope signatures. One of the T-OAE sections from Peniche in Portugal displays pyrite thallium isotope compositions indistinguishable from Late Neogene samples, whereas samples from Yorkshire in the UK are depleted in the heavy isotope of Tl. These lighter compositions are best explained by the lack of ferromanganese precipitation at the sediment-water interface due to the sulfidic (euxinic) conditions thought to be prevalent in the Cleveland Basin where the Yorkshire section was deposited. The heavier signatures in the Peniche samples appear to result from an oxic water column that enabled precipitation of ferromanganese oxy-hydroxides at the sediment-water interface.The Tl isotope profile from Yorkshire is also compared with previously published molybdenum isotope ratios determined on the same sedimentary succession. There is a suggestion of an anti-correlation between these two isotope systems, which is consistent with the expected isotope shifts that occur in seawater when marine oxic (ferromanganese minerals) fluxes fluctuate.The results outlined here represent the first evidence that Tl isotopes in early diagenetic pyrite have potential to reveal variations in past ocean oxygenation on a local scale and potentially also for global oceans. However, much more information about Tl isotopes in different marine environments, especially in anoxic/euxinic basins, is needed before Tl isotopes can be confidently utilized as a paleo-redox tracer.  相似文献   

10.
杭州市土壤铅污染的铅同位素示踪研究   总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27       下载免费PDF全文
根据杭州市40个土壤全铅和38个可溶相铅的统计分析,土壤中全铅平均含量为49.6×10-6,可溶相铅平均为21.4×10-6,城区表土的全铅高达76.1×10-6,显著高于全国土壤平均值。分析结果还显示,从农村→远郊→近郊→公路旁,土壤可溶相铅含量逐渐增加,且土壤的可溶相铅含量与深度具明显的负相关关系。表明杭州市土壤受到了不同程度的铅污染,污染程度由农村→远郊→近郊→公路旁→城区有明显的增高趋势。通过对茶园土壤中可溶相铅、残渣态铅及城区表土全铅的同位素组成对比分析发现,从土壤残渣态(代表土壤背景)→土壤可溶相→城区表层土壤全铅206Pb/207Pb比值有明显的降低。208Pb/(206Pb+207Pb)也有类似的变化趋势。将土壤与杭州市的汽车尾气、大气等环境样品进行对比发现,随着土壤受污染程度的增加,铅同位素组成逐渐向汽车尾气铅漂移,表明汽车尾气排放的铅为其主要污染源。  相似文献   

11.
Late Palaeozoic‐age strata from the Capitan Reef in west Texas show facies‐dependent heterogeneity in the sulphur isotopic composition of carbonate‐associated sulphate, which is trace sulphate incorporated into carbonate minerals that is often used to reconstruct the sulphur isotopic composition of ancient seawater. However, diagenetic pore fluid processes may influence the sulphur isotopic composition of carbonate‐associated sulphate. These processes variously modify the sulphur isotopic composition of incorporated sulphate from syndepositional seawater in shelf crest, outer shelf, shelf margin and slope depositional settings. This study used a new multicollector inductively‐coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique to determine the sulphur isotopic composition of samples of individual depositional and diagenetic textures. Carbonate rocks representing peritidal facies in the Yates and Tansill formations preserve the sulphur isotopic composition of Guadalupian seawater sulphate despite alteration of the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions by meteoric and dolomitizing diagenetic processes. However, sulphur isotopic data indicate that limestones deposited in reef and slope facies in the Capitan and Bell Canyon formations largely incorporate sulphate from anoxic marine‐phreatic pore fluids isotopically modified from seawater by microbial sulphate reduction, despite generally preserving the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of Permian seawater. Some early and all late meteoric calcite cements have carbonate‐associated sulphate with a sulphur isotopic composition distinct from that of Permian seawater. Detailed petrographic and sedimentary context for carbonate‐associated sulphate analyses will allow for improved reconstructions of ancient seawater composition and diagenetic conditions in ancient carbonate platforms. The results of this study indicate that carbonate rocks that diagenetically stabilize in high‐energy environments without pore fluid sulphate gradients can provide a robust archive of ancient seawater's sulphur isotopic composition.  相似文献   

12.
The stable isotope geochemistry of Miocene sediments from the leeward margin of the Great Bahama Bank was examined to investigate burial diagenetic processes in periplatform carbonates. Data indicate that, in addition to differences in bulk proportions of neritic and pelagic carbonate along the slope, rhythmic variation in primary carbonate content has controlled patterns of burial diagenesis and associated geochemical signatures throughout much of the succession examined. The present study focuses on Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1006 and 1007, the most distal of five sites drilled from marginal to deep basin environments during Leg 166. These Miocene sections are characterized by their cyclic appearance, manifest as decimetre‐ to metre‐scale alternations between light‐coloured ooze/chalk/limestone and dark‐coloured marl/marlstone. The section at Site 1006 contains a high proportion of pelagic carbonate and is unlithified to a subbottom depth of ～675 m. Fluctuations in δ18O and δ13C values at this site are independent of lithological variation and reflect primary conditions. At Site 1007, located at the toe‐of‐slope and composed of a mixture of bank‐derived and pelagic carbonate, limestones are densely cemented, show little evidence of compaction and have δ18O values up to 2‰ higher than coeval sediments at Site 1006. Marlstones at Site 1007 are poorly cemented, exhibit an increase in compaction‐related features with depth and have lower and more variable δ18O values that are similar to those of coeval sediments at Site 1006. Isotopic and petrographic characteristics of limestone interbeds result from cement precipitation from cold sea water during the first ～100 m of burial. Higher proportions of insoluble materials and pelagic carbonate seem to have inhibited diagenetic alteration in adjacent marlstones; in spite of significant compaction and pressure solution during burial, original isotopic compositions appear to be best preserved in these intervals at Site 1007. The documented contrasts in petrographic and isotopic patterns illustrate the role of primary sediment composition in controlling lithification processes in periplatform carbonates and stress the importance of considering such factors when interpreting geochemical data from ancient shelf and slope limestones.  相似文献   

13.
Relatively few studies have so far addressed diagenetic processes in Heterozoan carbonates and the role that sediment composition and depositional facies exert over diagenetic pathways. This paper presents a study of Oligocene shallow-water, Heterozoan carbonates from the Maltese Islands. We investigate stratigraphic distribution, abundance and timing of diagenetic features and their relationship to sediment composition and depositional facies. The studied carbonate rocks comprise rud- to packstones of the Heterozoan association predominantly containing coralline red algae, bryozoans, echinoids and benthic foraminifers. XRD analyses show that all high-Mg calcite has been transformed to low-Mg calcite and that no aragonite is preserved. Diagenetic processes include dissolution of aragonitic biota, neomorphism of high-Mg calcitic biota to low-Mg calcite and cementation by fibrous, bladed, epitaxial and blocky cements. Stable isotopes on bulk rock integrated with petrographic data suggest that the study interval was not exposed to significant meteoric diagenesis. We interpret early cementation to have taken place in the marine and marine burial environment. The distribution and abundance of early diagenetic features, determining the diagenetic pathway, can be related to the primary sediment composition and depositional texture. Sorting and micrite content are important controls over the abundance of diagenetic features.  相似文献   

14.
镉同位素体系及其在地球科学和环境科学中的应用   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
镉是典型的亲硫元素,常赋存于各种硫化物矿床中.在环境体系中,镉是微生物所需的营养物质,其元素的循环受生物活动的影响.已有研究表明蒸发/冷凝过程、生物及无机过程都会导致镉同位素发生分馏,因此镉同位素研究在地球科学、环境科学具有独特的应用前景.与此同时,多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)技术的应用成功地实现了地质样品中镉同位素组成的高精度测量,使得镉同位素地球化学研究获得了蓬勃发展.本文基于当前最新研究成果,对镉同位素体系进行了详细综述,重点探讨镉的地球化学行为及同位素分馏机制,镉同位素在各物质储库中的分布特征及其在地球科学、环境科学中的应用,镉同位素测试技术.镉同位素地球化学的研究尚处于起步阶段,深入开展镉同位素分馏机理、完善镉同位素在各物质储库中的分布、建立统一的同位素标准体系的研究,将推动镉同位素在地球科学和环境科学领域的广泛应用.  相似文献   

15.
硼及其同位素对水体污染物的示踪研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
硼的易溶性和硼化合物的广泛使用 ,以及污水处理过程中除硼的困难 ,最终导致地表地下水体富集硼及有关污染物。海滨地下水受到海水入侵 ,硼含量及 ρ(B) / ρ(Cl)比值发生明显变化。混合、吸附、水岩等作用使得硼同位素发生分馏 ,显著区别于区域背景值。因此 ,结合其它同位素、水化学等信息 ,硼及其同位素作为良好示踪剂为研究水圈中物质的地球化学循环过程提供了新的手段。文中总结了部分天然水体的硼含量和硼同位素组成特征 ,综述了近年来用硼同位素示踪水体的污染物来源、程度和范围等方面新的研究成果。  相似文献   

16.
We present the iron isotope composition of primary, diagenetic and metamorphic minerals in five samples from the contact metamorphosed Biwabik Iron Formation. These samples attained peak metamorphic temperatures of <200, <340, ∼500, <550, and <740°C respectively. δ56Fe of bulk layers ranges from −0.8 to +0.8‰; in some samples the layers may differ by >1‰ on the millimeter scale. Minerals in the lowest grade samples consistently show a sequence in which δ56Fe of magnetite > silicate ≥ carbonate. The inter-mineral Fe isotope differences vary in a fashion that cannot be reconciled with theoretical temperature-dependent fractionation factors. Textural evidence reveals that most, if not all, magnetite in the Biwabik Formation is diagenetic, not primary, and that there was tremendous element mobility during diagenesis. The short duration of contact metamorphism allowed diagenetic magnetite compositions to be preserved throughout prograde metamorphism until at least the appearance of olivine. Magnetite compositions therefore act as an isotope record of the environment in which these sediments formed. Larger-scale fluid flow and longer timescales may allow equilibration of Fe isotopes in regionally metamorphosed rocks to lower temperatures than in contact metamorphic environments, but weakly regionally metamorphosed rocks may preserve small-scale Fe isotopic heterogeneities like those observed in the Biwabik Iron Formation. Importantly, Fe isotope compositions that are characteristic of chemical sedimentation or hydrothermal processes are preserved at low grade in the form of large inter-mineral variations, and at high grade in the form of unique bulk rock compositions. This observation confirms earlier work that has suggested that Fe isotopes can be used to identify sedimentary processes in the Precambrian rock record. An erratum to this article can be found at  相似文献   

17.
辽东五龙地区中生代燕山期侵入岩类在时空上与金矿关系密切。该类侵入岩具有接近的微量元素Th／U、Zr／Hf、Nb／Ta值。随着不同岩石类型中的SiO2、MgO的含量的变化，(^87Sr／^66Sr)i和(^143Nd／^144Nd)i值保持不变，说明岩浆在侵位过程中没有明显受到围岩物质混染，且该类侵入岩有着相同的岩浆源区。Sr、Nd同位素组成表明成岩物质以下地壳为主。三股流花岗岩和矿石有相似的Pb同位家组成，结合含金石英脉(矿体)切穿已固结三股流花岗岩的地质事实，暗示了三股流花岗岩不太可能是直接的矿质提供者，推测成矿物质与成岩物质主体来自深部的同一岩浆源区，金矿成矿是同一岩浆源区岩浆演化不同阶段的产物。  相似文献   

18.
In order to understand the post-depositional history of carbonate rocks of Guri Member (Lower to Middle Miocene), three stratigraphic sections were selected in north Bandar-Abbas in southeast of Iran. Sampling was carried out, analyzed for selective parameters such as oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions (δ18O and δ13C) and interpreted in the present study. We recognized several diagenetic processes including micritization, cementation, neomorphism, compaction, dissolution, silicification, dolomitization, fracturing and vein filling. Some of the diagenetic processes occurred at different conditions, so in order to achieve precise interpretation, samples from different carbonate components such as, micrite, fracture cement, solution pore cement, intergranular cement, and some biotic allochems were analyzed. In this study micrite samples were subdivided into two groups including micro-spary and micrite. They were recognized under Cathodoluminescence microscope. In addition, micrite samples were classified into five groups based on their depositional environments: supratidal, lagoon, coral bar, open sea, and open basin. There were minor changes in stable isotope ratios based on the sedimentary environments, stratigraphy successions, and micro-spary or micrite properties. In this study, similar calcite cements in petrography studies were differentiated by stable isotope data. Those calcite cements have formed in different diagenetic environments such as meteoric and burial cements. Paragenetic sequence of carbonate rocks were interpreted by integration of petrographic and isotopic studies. We have reconstructed diagenetic models of Guri Member into four stages including marine, meteoric, burial, and uplifting.  相似文献   

19.
New exploration techniques are vital to the search for new orebodies in mature terranes, as well as for extensions of existing orebodies. This research focused on application of low-temperature dating techniques (primarily apatite fission-tracks) and stable isotope measurements (carbon and oxygen in carbonate rocks) in and around the Pipeline deposit, a Carlin-type gold system. The primary purpose of the project was to assess whether these techniques could provide exploration vectors that might be used in conjunction with other geologic, geochemical, and geophysical techniques to determine the locus of fossil hydrothermal fluid flow, and the attendant possibility of finding economic mineral deposits.At Pipeline, measurements of apatite fission-tracks and (U − Th) / He geochronometry yield a clear indication of the elevated temperatures associated with the fossil hydrothermal system. The pattern is one of a central target (Pipeline deposit) with decreasing thermal effects as far as several kilometers laterally from the known ore zone. Because of the irregular nature of fluid flow through fractures, a significant number of samples are required to discern this pattern, but the pattern is quite clear from the 32 samples in and around the Pipeline pit.Stable isotope measurements of carbonate rocks yield patterns centered on the Pipeline pit area. Oxygen isotopes in particular are shifted toward lower values as the result of interaction between the hydrothermal fluids and carbonate rocks. Carbon isotopes show a pattern, but it is somewhat more difficult to interpret than the oxygen isotope pattern. As with the geochronometric patterns, isotopic indications of fluid flow are present several kilometers from the ore zone at Pipeline. Also as with the geochronometric data, a relatively large sample set is required to see the pattern. At Pipeline, the patterns are evident in approximately 45 surface samples and very clearly in the cross-sections containing approximately 100 samples.From these data, it is clear that thermal and stable isotopic measurements on rocks at a significant distance from the known Pipeline hydrothermal system record the passage of hot fluids through the rock. Both techniques provide a footprint of the Pipeline system that is several diameters larger than the ore zone (as presently known). Therefore, thermochronologic and stable isotopic measurements can be utilized in conjunction with other techniques as part of an overall exploration strategy for Carlin-type deposits. Although these techniques do not provide a direct indication of the metal content of the fossil hydrothermal fluids, they do provide an indication of the robustness of fluid flow and the potential size of a hydrothermal system.  相似文献   

20.
Intra-tooth δ18O variations within the carbonate (δ18Oc) and phosphate (δ18Op) components of tooth apatite were measured for Miocene and Pliocene hypsodont mammals from Afghanistan, Greece and Chad in order to evaluate the resistance of enamel to diagenetic alteration. Application of water-apatite interaction models suggest that the different kinetic behaviours of the phosphate-water and carbonate-water systems can be used to detect subtle oxygen isotope disequilibria in fossil enamel when intra-individual variations are considered. Selective alteration of the oxygen isotope composition from the carbonate component of Afghan and Greek enamels suggests inorganic isotopic exchange processes. Microbially-induced isotopic exchange for phosphate is demonstrated for the first time in enamel samples from Chad, in association with extensive recrystallization. In Chad, δ18Op values were derived from partial isotopic exchange with fossil groundwater during early diagenesis. Mass balance calculations using average carbonate content in enamel as a proxy for recrystallization, and the lowest δ18Op value of dentine as a proxy for the isotopic composition of the diagenetic fluid, indicate that diagenesis can alter δ18Op by as much as 3‰ in some enamel samples. This diagenetic alteration is also responsible for a decrease in intra-individual variations of up to 1‰ in affected specimens. The effects of diagenesis on δ18Op values of fossil enamel are not systematic, however, and can only be estimated if sequential δ18Op and δ18Oc analyses are performed on fossil enamel and dentine. Reconstruction of large temporal- or spatial-scale paleoclimates based on δ18Op analyses from mammalian teeth cannot be considered valid if enamel has been affected by bacterial activity or if the data cannot be corrected for diagenetic effects.  相似文献   

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