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汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程一号孔主断层的随钻流体响应特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程(WFSD)的主要研究目的是探讨龙门山断裂带深部断裂的物质属性。随钻实时流体分析作为井口流体实时监测手段,首次获得了龙门山断裂带随钻流体组分响应特征,在一号孔(WFSD-1)主断层上出现随钻流体多组分同时异常,且异常强度大。通过比较WFSD-1号孔主断层的钻探岩心岩性和随钻流体组分剖面,认为随钻流体组分的异常区间与主断层的区间保持一致,表明流体异常与断层的响应特征,主断层区间的流体异常为多组分的极值异常,强度与断层泥厚度成正比。这些钻探泥浆气体响应特征将为钻探工程、取心钻进提供第一时间支持。 相似文献
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2008年5月12日在青藏高原东缘龙门山地区发生了毁灭性的汶川地震(Ms 8.0),并沿映秀—北川断裂和灌县—安县断裂分别产生约270 km和80 km长、并具不同运动性质的地表破裂带。大地震后的断裂带科学钻探是研究地震机制的有效方法,为更好地了解汶川地震过程中的断裂机制、岩石的物理、化学变化和特征,2008年11月4日(汶川地震后的178 d)快速实施了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目(WFSD),该项目在这两条断裂带的上盘布置深浅不一的五口群钻(500～3000 m深)。笔者以汶川科钻一号孔(WFSD-1)岩心为主要研究对象,通过对岩心的岩石学研究和构造分析,识别出映秀—北川断裂带中的不同断裂岩分布和组合,以及确定了汶川地震主滑移带位置,为进一步研究汶川地震断裂机制提供了基础。 相似文献
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汶川地震断裂带碳质来源、赋存特征及构造意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
不同尺度研究表明,碳质主要以五种方式赋存于汶川地震断裂带中:1断层角砾内部、未受破坏的初始赋存状态;2断层泥中弥散状分布的棱角状碳质碎屑;3滑动面两侧碳质脉;4碎裂岩化碳质脉,其分支灌注断层泥和断层角砾带裂隙;5地震主滑移面石墨晶体。碳质同位素δ~(13) C值范围为-26.6‰~-23.4‰,激光拉曼光谱分析表明碳质(不包括石墨)仅遭受不超过250℃或沸石至葡萄石-绿纤石相的变质作用,以及断层角砾中保留碳质沉积层理,均说明断裂带碳质来源于断裂带围岩,即上三叠统须家河组。碳质不同赋存状态形成机制:1初始赋存状态是成岩作用的结果;2弥散状分布的棱角状碳质碎屑是断层活动机械破坏的结果;3碳质脉是断层滑移过程中,围岩碳质层(如煤线)被挤压进入断裂带,沿断层面形成的拖尾构造;4地震过程中,快速断层活动使碳质脉碎裂岩化,并挤压注入构造裂隙;5石墨则是低结晶度碳质受同震摩擦加热石墨化的结果。碳质揭示了汶川地震断裂带断层活动过程信息,尤其是与地震有关的信息:1同震滑移产生的摩擦热异常仅限于非常狭窄(mm级)的范围内,绝大多数断裂岩碳质并未记录到摩擦热影响;2显微构造特征表明低结晶度碳质本身并未起到弱化断层的作用,但经摩擦加热石墨化形成的石墨将导致断层强度显著降低;3汶川地震断裂带切割多层富含碳质的烃原岩,碳质富集现象和石墨弱化机制可能在近地表层位(深度10km)汶川地震断裂带普遍存在。 相似文献
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深部开采上覆岩层采动裂隙网络演化的分形特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
借助相似模拟材料模型试验,模拟了在深部开采条件下上覆岩层采动岩体裂隙分布状态,运用分形几何理论研究了采动岩体裂隙网络分形维数随开采宽度、采场矿山压力、岩层沉降的动态演化规律,并分析了断层对采动岩体裂隙网络分布演化的影响以及采动岩体裂隙网络在三带的分布特征。结果表明：随开采宽度增加,采动岩体裂隙网络分形维数呈现总体增大趋势,在断层影响下表现出降维特点;分形维数与超前工作面压力和岩层沉降均具有非线性关系;三带采动岩体裂隙网络均具自相似性,冒落带、裂隙带、弯曲带分形维数比为1.082 3:1.139 4:1。 相似文献
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汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目WFSD-4S孔是为了进一步了解汶川地震主滑移带情况,取得更为全面完整的地质资料,于南坝地区四号孔附近靠近地表破裂带的位置所补充施工的穿过汶川地震主滑移带的浅孔。主要介绍了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目WFSD-4S孔针对钻孔地质条件复杂、孔内岩心采取率低等难题所采用的关键工艺和技术措施,并对其应用成果进行了分析和总结,通过从地层情况、施工过程、取心钻具、冲洗液技术以及事故处理等几个方面的详细论述,为以后对复杂地层选用合理的取心技术提供重要参考依据。 相似文献
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为寻找有资源前景的高富集天然气水合物及水合物储层的精细刻画方法,利用南海6次钻探发现的高饱和度水合物层的测井、岩心和三维地震数据,分析水合物富集层测井与地震异常特征.发现:（1）不同饱和度的孔隙与裂隙充填型水合物层的测井和地震异常不同,裂隙充填型水合物层具有各向异性;（2）受高通量流体运移的影响,在粉砂沉积物的水合物稳定带底界附近能形成中等饱和度的水合物层,识别标志为稳定带内极性与海底一致的强振幅反射,而非BSR和振幅空白;（3）裂隙充填型中等饱和度水合物层在地震剖面上表现为地层上拱和弱-中等强度振幅反射.储层-疏导-气源的耦合控制着水合物的富集特征和分布,断层与流体运移控制着细粒粉砂质沉积物中水合物的富集与厚度.基于饱和度岩相的统计学反演,能识别3 m非水合物和低饱和度水合物层及空间分布. 相似文献
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WFSD-4孔深部流体分析和多组分地球化学特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用场内钻探流体实时分析和场外钻探泥浆分析的方法,获得汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程4号钻孔(WFSD-4)中深部井段流体多组分分析结果。研究钻孔深部井段的流体剖面地球化学特征,认为来自地下深部流体在钻探过程中会保存在钻探循环泥浆中,随钻流体实时分析可记录明显的组分变化信号。钻孔岩心的岩性变化易引起钻探泥浆气体的变化,特别是钻探泥浆气体中的多组分变化,在钻孔岩性裂隙较为丰富的井段,是钻探泥浆气体组分变化强度较大区间。通过比较钻探泥浆的多组分和岩心岩性的弱相关性,可以推测钻探流体与余震相关性较强的区域和周期,更可能获得钻探流体与余震的相关程度。 相似文献
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以WFSD-2钻孔岩心为研究对象,通过详细的岩心编录和岩石学、构造地质学等研究,识别出该钻孔岩心具有6段岩性,从上向下依次为彭灌杂岩（0-599.31m）、三叠系须家河组二段（599.31-1211.49m）、彭灌杂岩（1211.49-1679.51m）、三叠系须家河组三段（1679.51-1715.48m）、彭灌杂岩（1715.48-2081.47m）、三叠系须家河组四段（2081.47-2283.56m）。彭灌杂岩主要以花岗岩和火山岩为主,三叠系须家河组沉积岩以砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩、页岩、煤层（线）和砾岩为主。3套彭灌杂岩与三叠系须家河组沉积岩重复出现,时代较老的岩性段逆冲覆盖在新的地层之上,表明龙门山构造带由一系列逆冲岩片叠置而成。岩心中断裂岩较为发育,主要为断层角砾岩、碎裂岩和断层泥,反映出脆性变形作用的特点。通过对断裂岩的统计分析,厘定了20余条产状不同、规模不等的次级断裂带,断裂带宽度和断裂密度峰值显示FZ600、FZ720、FZ782、FZ817、FZ922、FZ951、FZ1449、FZ1681、FZ2082为主要断裂带,其中FZ1681系规模最大的一条断裂。依据断裂岩的组合特征可以将岩心中断裂带的结构以断层泥为核部划分为两大类：对称型断裂带和不对称型断裂带。根据地表破裂带、WFSD-1钻孔岩心中主滑移带位置的几何关系、岩性分层等因素,可推断汶川地震主滑移带应位于FZ1134、FZ1449或FZ1681之中,同时也暗示该地区经常发生类似汶川地震的大地震活动。研究表明,龙门山地区经历了强烈的构造缩短和快速隆升作用,暗示龙门山地区构造活动非常强烈。 相似文献
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汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程2号孔350～800m井段的钻探泥浆气体组分变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程(WFSD)2号孔350～800 m井段的钻探泥浆中某些气体组分测定数据,以及2009-10-10～2010-05-24钻孔附近断裂带范围内里氏震级ML≥3.5的目录、断裂带岩芯岩性为基础,探讨钻探泥浆脱气气体组分异常与构造环境、地震活动的关系。研究结果表明,660～680 m井段附近岩石破碎程度达到最大,各气体归一值也出现明显的正、负异常,得到的最大、最小值所对应的井段也是面波震级MS 3.0以上余震的频发处,气体异常多数出现在岩石的裂隙、破裂面、断层处。 相似文献
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SUN Dongsheng WANG Lianjie WANG Hongcai MA Yinsheng ZHOU Chunjing and CUI Junwen 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(4):1120-1128
The variation of in situ stress before and after earthquakes is an issue studied by geologists. In this paper, on the basis of the fault slip dislocation model of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, the changes of co-seismic displacement and the distribution functions of stress tensor around the Longmen Shan fault zone are calculated. The results show that the co-seismic maximum surface displacement is 4.9 m in the horizontal direction and 6.5 m in the vertical direction, which is almost consistent with the on-site survey and GPS observations. The co-seismic maximum horizontal stress in the hanging wall and footwall decreased sharply as the distance from the Longmen Shan fault zone increased. However, the vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress increased in the footwall and in some areas of the hanging wall. The study of the co-seismic displacement and stress was mainly focused on the long and narrow region along the Longmen Shan fault zone, which coincides with the distribution of the earthquake aftershocks. Therefore, the co-seismic stress only affects the aftershocks, and does not affect distant faults and seismic activities. The results are almost consistent with in situ stress measurements at the two sites before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Along the fault plane, the co-seismic shear stress in the dip direction is larger than that in the strike direction, which indicates that the faulting mechanism of the Longmen Shan fault zone is a dominant thrust with minor strike-slipping. The results can be used as a reference value for future studies of earthquake mechanisms. 相似文献
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本文采用数值反演分析方法,综合考虑发震断裂位移、地应力实测和区域GPS位移3种基本特征参数,获得了龙门山地区汶川地震前后地应力的突变特征与变化规律。研究表明,汶川地震前龙门山地区构造应力的平均量值为12.6～12.8MPa,最大主应力的方向为NW-NEE向。汶川地震导致龙门山地区的地应力发生复杂变化,具有突变效应、上下盘效应和距离效应。震后发震断层上盘的构造应力平均值为11.30MPa,下盘构造应力的平均值为6.50MPa,最大主应力的方向变化为NWW到NEE向。地震后以发震断裂为界的地应力有明显的突变特征,表现为应力不同程度的释放或局部增高,尤其是下盘地应力释放明显,而上盘既有地应力的释放区也有局部地应力增高区,随着距发震断裂距离的增大,地应力的突变效应逐渐减弱。 相似文献
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Tatsuo Matsuda Kentaro Omura Ryuji Ikeda Takashi Arai Kenta Kobayashi Koji Shimada Hidemi Tanaka Tomoaki Tomita Satoshi Hirano 《Tectonophysics》2004,378(3-4):143
An 1800-m-deep borehole into the Nojima fault zone was drilled at Nojima-Hirabayashi, Japan, after the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake. Three possible fracture zones were detected at depths of about 1140, 1300, and 1800 m. To assess these fracture zones in this recently active fault, we analyzed the distributions of fault rocks, minerals, and chemical elements in these zones. The central fault plane in the shallowest fracture zone was identified by foliated blue-gray gouge at a depth of 1140 m. The degree of fracturing was evidently greater in the hanging wall than in the footwall. Minerals detected in this zone were quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, and biotite, as in the parent rock (granodiorite), and also kaolinite, smectite, laumontite, stilbite, calcite, ankerite, and siderite, which are related to hydrothermal alteration. Biotite was absent in both the hanging wall and footwall across the central fault plane, but it was absent over a greater distance from the central fault plane in the hanging wall than in the footwall. Major element compositions across this zone suggested that hydrothermal alteration minerals such as kaolinite and smectite occurred across the central fault plane for a greater distance in the hanging wall than in the footwall. Similarly, H2O+ and CO2 had higher concentrations in the hanging wall than in the footwall. This asymmetrical distribution pattern is probably due to the greater degree of wall–rock fracturing and associated alteration in the hanging wall. We attributed the characteristics of this zone to fault activity and fluid–rock interactions. We analyzed the other fracture zones along this fault in the same way. In the fracture zone at about 1300 m depth, we detected the same kinds of hydrothermal alteration minerals as in the shallower zone, but they were in fewer samples. We detected relatively little H2O+ and CO2, and little evidence for movement of the major chemical elements, indicating little past fluid–rock interaction. In the fracture zone at about 1800 m depth, H2O+ and CO2 were very enriched throughout the interval, as in the fracture zone at about 1140 m depth. However, smectite was absent and chlorite was present, indicating the occurrence of chloritization, which requires a temperature of more than 200 °C. Only smectite can form under the present conditions in these fracture zones. The chloritization probably occurred in the past when the fracture zone was deeper than it is now. These observations suggest that among the three fracture zones, that at about 1140 m depth was the most activated at the time of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake. 相似文献
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This article is to review results from scientific drilling and fault-zone trapped waves(FZTWs) at the south Longman-Shan fault(LSF) zone that ruptured in the 2008 May 12 M8 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China. Immediately after the mainshock, two Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling(WFSD) boreholes were drilled at WFSD-1 and WFSD-2 sites approximately 400 m and 1 km west of the surface rupture along the Yinxiu-Beichuan fault(YBF), the middle fault strand of the south LSF zone. Two boreholes met the principal slip of Wenchuan earthquake along the YBF at depths of 589-m and 1230-m, respectively. The slip is accompanied with a 100-200-m-wide zone consisting of fault gouge, breccia, cataclasite and fractures. Close to WFSD-1 site, the nearly-vertical slip of ~4.3-m with a 190-m wide zone of highly fractured rocks restricted to the hanging wall of the YBF was found at the ground surface after the Wenchuan earthquake. A dense linear seismic array was deployed across the surface rupture at this venue to record FZTWs generated by aftershocks. Observations and 3-D finite-difference simulations of FZTWs recorded at this cross-fault array and network stations close to the YBF show a distinct low-velocity zone composed by severely damaged rocks along the south LSF at seismogenic depths. The zone is several hundred meters wide along the principal slip, within which seismic velocities are reduced by ~30–55% from wall-rock velocities and with the maximum velocity reduction in the ~200-m-wide rupture core zone at shallow depth. The FZTW-inferred geometry and physical properties of the south LSF rupture zone at shallow depth are in general consistent with the results from petrological and structural analyses of cores and well log at WFSD boreholes. We interpret this remarkable low-velocity zone as being a break-down zone during dynamic rupture in the 2008 M8 earthquake. We examined the FZTWS generated by similar earthquakes before and after the 2008 mainshock and observed that seismic velocities within fault core zone was reduced by ~10% due to severe damage of fault rocks during the M8 mainshock. Scientific drilling and locations of aftershocks generating prominent FZTWs also indicate rupture bifurcation along the YBF and the Anxian-Guangxian fault(AGF), two strands of the south LSF at shallow depth. A combination of seismic, petrologic and geologic study at the south LSF leads to further understand the relationship between the fault-zone structure and rupture dynamics, and the amplification of ground shaking strength along the low-velocity fault zone due to its waveguide effect. 相似文献
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本文开展汶川地震断裂带科学钻探现场流体研究,探讨了泥浆添加剂产生的化学反应以及钻孔中岩性变化引起的流体异常特征,并在排除这些影响因素的情况下,讨论地震期间流体的异常。研究表明在WFSD-4S钻进期间发生的两次较大地震前均伴有Rn、Ar、N2和O2等气体异常现象,其中氡的日均值均超出背景值的2.5倍。根据岩心观察得到WFSD-4S钻井地区主断层约在1084 m,而在断层之上931 m处开始出现了大量气体的高值异常,该异常可能是由于地震孕育过程中地下气体的运移通道被打开造成气体向上迁移,使断层气体的响应特征提前发生。 相似文献
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箕状断陷是中国东部陆架边缘盆地常见的洼陷样式,其陡坡带是有利的油气成藏区带之一。控洼边界断裂对于陡坡带油气成藏具有明显控制作用。断裂带内部结构导致下盘油气成藏模式不同于上盘。以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷X洼控洼边界断裂（X断裂）为例,分析认为其为一条长期继承性活动的大断层,发育完善的破碎带和断层核二元结构,并以此为基础分析了X断裂对下盘油气成藏的控制作用及其与上盘的差异。采用定性+定量的方法评价认为,X断裂发育连续的致密断层岩,在主要目的层具有良好的侧向封闭性;导致两盘成藏差异的是断层垂向封闭性。X断裂下盘油气成藏的运移方式异于上盘,由于断层核的遮挡,油气并不是直接充注圈闭,而是通过断层末端或者转换带的连通砂体以类似于螺旋楼梯式的方式运移至下盘。综合认为,X洼下盘断圈构造具有勘探潜力并得到了钻井证实。 相似文献
18.
地震中发震断层诱发桩基失效,导致上部结构破坏甚至坍塌,相关破坏机制和避让距离缺乏系统研究。通过离心机试验和数值模拟,针对基岩正断层活动诱发上覆砂土中群桩基础的静力破坏展开研究,考察不同群桩断层相对位置下群桩的破坏特征。试验与计算结果均表明,当群桩跨越断层时,正断层活动使群桩向上盘一侧倾斜,并使基桩弯向上盘一侧。基桩桩顶荷载的重分布进一步使基桩形成受拉和受压两种破坏模式。数值参数分析表明,在不同桩位上,群桩的变形响应可划分为5个特征区域。对于埋深为20.0 m的基岩正断层,群桩在上盘和下盘一侧的安全避让距离分别为23.5 m和15.9 m,其中下盘一侧离开断层7.9 m至上盘一侧离开断层4.1 m的区域需要进行重点避让。 相似文献
19.
汶川地震地表破裂影响带调查与建筑场地避让宽度探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
5.12汶川Ms8.0级地震沿龙门山中央断裂带形成长度约270km的地表破裂带,破裂带垂直和水平位移一般为1.0～5.0m,最大可达9.8m。在地表破裂带附近,建筑物破坏严重。笔者系统调查了龙门山中央断裂带地表破裂的垂直和水平位移以及地震地表破裂影响带宽度,并采用物探测试方法对部分影响带宽度进行了验证。统计结果表明,汶川地震地表破裂影响带宽度主要集中在16～60m,影响带宽度(D)与垂直位移(H)具有较好的线性关系,即D=10.11H+16.0。对于逆冲性质为主的地震地表破裂而言,上盘影响带宽度与下盘的比值一般为3:1～2:1,据此可确定地表破裂带上、下盘的避让带宽度。笔者根据现场调查并借鉴国外经验提出,上盘避让宽度下限一般不应低于15m,下盘避让宽度下限不应低于10m。本项研究对于汶川地震灾后重建场地选址具有重要的实际意义。 相似文献