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汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程一号孔主断层的随钻流体响应特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程(WFSD)的主要研究目的是探讨龙门山断裂带深部断裂的物质属性。随钻实时流体分析作为井口流体实时监测手段,首次获得了龙门山断裂带随钻流体组分响应特征,在一号孔(WFSD-1)主断层上出现随钻流体多组分同时异常,且异常强度大。通过比较WFSD-1号孔主断层的钻探岩心岩性和随钻流体组分剖面,认为随钻流体组分的异常区间与主断层的区间保持一致,表明流体异常与断层的响应特征,主断层区间的流体异常为多组分的极值异常,强度与断层泥厚度成正比。这些钻探泥浆气体响应特征将为钻探工程、取心钻进提供第一时间支持。 相似文献
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以汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程WFSD-1钻孔高精度相对温度梯度测量确定汶川地震断层为例,探讨了地震断裂带断层摩擦残余热温度测量方法。利用WFSD-1钻孔相对温度梯度温度测量取得的科学数据进行分析,发现在400~500 m、580~610 m及620~750 m三个测量段内存在温度正异常。结合地质资料综合分析,判定400~500 m、620~750 m段温度异常可能由地层热导率差异引起,并非断层摩擦残余热异常,判定位于不透水断层泥中温度异常深度580~610 m范围为断层主滑移带位置。 相似文献
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地震过程中相当可观的一部分能量消耗于裂隙的活化与形成,来自汶川地震断裂带科学钻探一号孔(WFSD-1)的随钻流体表明,地震新形成的裂隙对应有较强的流体异常,它们为流体的入侵提供了良好的通道。随钻流体呈非对称性分布于主滑移面的两侧,主要的流体异常带集中在主滑移带下方须家河组顶部120 m范围内,该带中气体的含量以及变动的频率明显高于上部相同的宽度范围以及下部沉积岩层,来自地球物理测井的资料同样显示这一带破碎严重并伴随有大量水的侵入,暗示汶川地震形成的裂隙具有非对称性分布的特征。这一特征可能同时受控于断裂上盘彭灌杂岩与下盘须家河组岩层的力学性质差异以及地震破裂过程中形成的非对称性应力分布。 相似文献
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富流体的断层泥是浅部地震断层带中的特征岩石。一般认为，地震过程中摩擦热会导致粒间孔隙流体热膨胀增压，形成同震断层弱化(热增压机制),从而抑制摩擦熔融的发生。然而我们研究发现，在2008年汶川大地震(MW 7.9)中断层浅部发生了摩擦熔融。汶川地震发生一年后，我们在汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目一号钻孔(WFSD-1)732.6m深处的断层泥中发现了厚度约2mm的假玄武玻璃(凝固的摩擦熔融物)。该假玄武玻璃形成的位置极浅，且产生于非固结的、富流体的断层泥中。从岩心来看，断层面可见镜面构造和同震擦痕。微构造分析显示，该假玄武玻璃主要由石英碎屑和由长石与黏土矿物熔融的非晶质基质组成，基质中发育众多不规则的微裂隙，并可见流动构造。化学成分分析显示，其基质富Ba且被重晶石(BaSO4)小细脉切割，为同震及震后流体存在的证据。由于假玄武玻璃在流体存在的条件下会快速蚀变，且龙门山地区大地震复发周期为3000～6000年，因而这些完全未被蚀变的新鲜假玄武玻璃可能是最近一次大地震，即2008年汶川大地震的产物。针对钻孔中断层泥进行的高速摩擦试验，证实了在钻孔732... 相似文献
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四川龙门山安县-灌县断裂带的特征——以汶川地震断裂带科学钻探3号孔(WFSD-3)岩心为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
汶川地震断裂带科学钻探(WFSD)是由科技部、国土资源部和中国地震局联合组织实施的汶川地震断裂带科学钻探研究项目,计划在同震地表破裂带(龙门山映秀-北川断裂和安县-灌县断裂)的上盘布置5口科学群钻:WFSD-1、WFSD-2、WFSD-3、WFSD-3P和WFSD-4,其中WFSD-3和WFSD-3P位于龙门山前山断裂安县-灌县断裂的上盘。以WFSD-3钻孔岩心为研究对象,进行详细的岩石学、构造学、野外编录等研究。WFSD-3钻孔岩心中的断裂岩主要由断层角砾岩、碎裂岩和断层泥组成,未见假玄武玻璃。钻孔中存在26条规模不等的断裂带,断裂密度显示FZ634、FZ1215和FZ1250为主要断裂带,而FZ1250可能为2008年汶川地震的主滑移带。安县-灌县断裂在地表和WFSD-3P、WFSD-3钻孔岩心中的断层倾角分别约为60°、46°和38°,显示安县-灌县断裂倾角从地表至深部逐渐变缓,为一铲式逆冲断层。 相似文献
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汶川地震断裂带科学钻探（WFSD）是由科技部、国土资源部和中国地震局联合组织实施的汶川地震断裂带科学钻探研究项目,计划在同震地表破裂带（龙门山映秀-北川断裂和安县-灌县断裂）的上盘布置5口科学群钻：WFSD-1、WFSD-2、WFSD-3、WFSD-3P和WFSD-4,其中WFSD-3和WFSD-3P位于龙门山前山断裂安县-灌县断裂的上盘。以WFSD-3钻孔岩心为研究对象,进行详细的岩石学、构造学、野外编录等研究。WFSD-3钻孔岩心中的断裂岩主要由断层角砾岩、碎裂岩和断层泥组成,未见假玄武玻璃。钻孔中存在26条规模不等的断裂带,断裂密度显示FZ634、FZ1215和FZ1250为主要断裂带,而FZ1250可能为2008年汶川地震的主滑移带。安县-灌县断裂在地表和WFSD-3P、WFSD-3钻孔岩心中的断层倾角分别约为60°、46°和38°,显示安县-灌县断裂倾角从地表至深部逐渐变缓,为一铲式逆冲断层。 相似文献
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《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2015,(4)
综述了近几年国内外有关流体地球化学异常与地震活动、土壤气监测断裂构造活动与火山喷发以及深部流体地球化学研究方面的成果。多项研究表明,地下气体的映震能力较高,研究断层土壤气地球化学特征随时间的变化,可进一步研究地震动力学特征,从而为震情判定提供依据。因此加强断层土壤气测量来监测断裂活动,是探索地震前兆与地震预测的重要途径,是今后地震地下流体的研究方向。深部流体是地球各大圈层相互作用中最活跃因素,对地球深部构造活动起重要作用,可为地震预报提供有力依据。因此对其地球化学特征及运移机制的研究应给予充分重视。 相似文献
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WFSD-4孔深部流体分析和多组分地球化学特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用场内钻探流体实时分析和场外钻探泥浆分析的方法,获得汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程4号钻孔(WFSD-4)中深部井段流体多组分分析结果。研究钻孔深部井段的流体剖面地球化学特征,认为来自地下深部流体在钻探过程中会保存在钻探循环泥浆中,随钻流体实时分析可记录明显的组分变化信号。钻孔岩心的岩性变化易引起钻探泥浆气体的变化,特别是钻探泥浆气体中的多组分变化,在钻孔岩性裂隙较为丰富的井段,是钻探泥浆气体组分变化强度较大区间。通过比较钻探泥浆的多组分和岩心岩性的弱相关性,可以推测钻探流体与余震相关性较强的区域和周期,更可能获得钻探流体与余震的相关程度。 相似文献
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汶川地震断裂带结构、岩性特征及其与地震活动的关系 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
文章以龙门山中央断裂带映秀-北川断裂带为研究对象,重点对汶川地震破裂带南段虹口乡八角庙地区地表断裂带进行了详细研究,并结合汶川地震科学钻探1号孔(WFSD-1)岩芯部分研究成果,探讨龙门山中央断裂带的物质组成及其结构特征.研究表明,映秀-北川断裂带由很多次级小规模断裂(破碎带)以及夹持其中的块体所构成,其中断层泥的厚度由几毫米到25cm不等,与WFSD-1岩芯记录的地震断裂现象基本一致.从虹口乡八角庙露头来看,映秀-北川断裂带整体宽约120m,分布有近80条含有断层泥的次级断裂带.以台湾车笼埔断裂钻探项目(TCDP)和汶川地震科学钻探(WFSD)研究来看,一次大地震只能形成几毫米至约2cm厚的断层泥,推断映秀-北川断裂带中每层断层泥至少发生过1次到13次地震,该区总厚度约150cm的断层泥中发生地震次数至少为183次,说明沿着映秀-北川断裂带重复发生过多次强地震活动.每次地震活动并不完全沿袭老的地震断裂主滑移带滑动,而是沿着断层泥边部区域滑动.从整个断裂带中断层泥分布特征来看,地震断裂活动具有向断裂下盘迁移的趋势,并且断层泥的厚度与断裂活动性成正比关系,表明断裂带宽度与地震活动次数及其演化历史有着成因上的直接联系,多次地震活动叠加可能是龙门山形成的主要成因. 相似文献
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汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目WFSD-4S孔地层复杂,钻探施工难度大,孔内缩径、坍塌、掉块事故频发,给钻探施工带来了极大的困难。就WFSD-4S孔在孔深517 m发生的卡钻事故进行了详细的阐述,分析发生卡钻事故的原因及条件,采用了强力起拔、反钻杆、可退式打捞矛打捞、套铣等手段,最终成功处理该起卡钻事故。该起事故的经验,为同类事故的处理提供借鉴及参考。 相似文献
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汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目WFSD-4S孔是为了进一步了解汶川地震主滑移带情况,取得更为全面完整的地质资料,于南坝地区四号孔附近靠近地表破裂带的位置所补充施工的穿过汶川地震主滑移带的浅孔。主要介绍了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目WFSD-4S孔针对钻孔地质条件复杂、孔内岩心采取率低等难题所采用的关键工艺和技术措施,并对其应用成果进行了分析和总结,通过从地层情况、施工过程、取心钻具、冲洗液技术以及事故处理等几个方面的详细论述,为以后对复杂地层选用合理的取心技术提供重要参考依据。 相似文献
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The South Caspian sedimentary basin is a unique area with thick Mesozoic-Cenozoic sediments (up to 30–32 km) characterized by an extremely high fluid generation potential. The large amount of active mud volcanoes and the volumes of their gas emissions prove the vast scale of fluid generation. Onshore and offshore mud volcanoes annually erupt more than 109 cubic meters of gases consisting of CH4 (79–98%), and a small admixture of C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12, CO2, N, H2S, Ar, He. Mud volcanism is closely connected to the processes occurring in the South Caspian depression, its seismicity, fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level, solar activity and hydrocarbon generation.The large accumulations of gas hydrates are confined to the bottom sediments of the Caspian Sea, mud volcanoes crater fields (interval 0–0.4 m, sea depth 480 m) and to the volcanoes body at the depth of 480–800 from the sea bottom. Resources of HC gases in hydrates saturated sediments up to a depth of 100 m and are estimated at 0.2×1015–8×1015 m3. The amount of HC gases concentrated in them is 1011–1012 m3.The Caspian Sea, being an inland closed basin is very sensitive to climatic and tectonic events expressed in sea level fluctuations. During regressive stages as a result of sea level fall and the reducing of hydrostatic pressure the decomposition of gas hydrates and the releasing of a great volume of HC gases consisting mainly of methane are observed.From the data of deep drilling, seismoacoustics, and deep seismic mud volcanic activity in the South Caspian Basin started in the Lower Miocene. Activity reached its highest intensity at the boundary between the Miocene and Pliocene and was associated with dramatic Caspian Sea level fall in the Lower Pliocene of up to 600 m, which led to the isolation of the PaleoCaspian from the Eastern ParaTethys. Catastrophic reduction of PaleoCaspian size combined with the increasing scale of mud volcanic activity caused the oversaturation and intoxication of water by methane and led to the mass extinction of mollusks, fishes and other groups of sea inhabitants. In the Upper Pliocene and Quaternary mud volcanism occurred under the conditions of a semi-closed sea periodically connected with the Pontian and Mediterranean Basins. Those stages of Caspian Sea history are characterized by the revival of the Caspian organic world.Monitoring of mud volcanoes onshore of the South Caspian demonstrated that any eruption is predicted by seismic activation in the region (South-Eastern Caucasus) and intensive fluid dynamics on the volcanoes. 相似文献
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Methane (CH4) in terrestrial environments, whether microbial, thermogenic, or abiogenic, exhibits a large variance in C and H stable isotope ratios due to primary processes of formation. Isotopic variability can be broadened through secondary, post-genetic processes, such as mixing and isotopic fractionation by oxidation. The highest and lowest 13C and 2H (or D, deuterium) concentrations in CH4 found in various geologic environments to date, are defined as “natural” terrestrial extremes. We have discovered a new extreme in a natural gas seep with values of deuterium concentrations, δDCH4, up to + 124‰ that far exceed those reported for any terrestrial gas. The gas, seeping from the small Homorod mud volcano in Transylvania (Romania), also has extremely high concentrations of nitrogen (> 92 vol.%) and helium (up to 1.4 vol.%). Carbon isotopes in CH4, C2H6 and CO2, and nitrogen isotopes in N2 indicate a primary organic sedimentary origin for the gas (a minor mantle component is suggested by the 3He/4He ratio, R/Ra ~ 0.39). Both thermogenic gas formation modeling and Rayleigh fractionation modeling suggest that the extreme deuterium enrichment could be explained by an oxidation process characterised by a δDCH4 and δ13CCH4 enrichment ratio (ΔH/ΔC) of about 20, and may be accounted for by abiogenic oxidation mediated by metal oxides. All favourable conditions for such a process exist in the Homorod area, where increased heat flow during Pliocene–Quaternary volcanism may have played a key role. Finally we observed rapid variations (within 1 h) in C and H isotope ratios of CH4, and in the H2S concentrations which are likely caused by mixing of the deep oxidized CH4–N2–H2S–He rich gas with a microbial methane generated in the mud pool of one of the seeps.We hypothesize that the unusual features of Homorod gas can be the result of a rare combination of factors induced by the proximity of sedimentary organic matter, mafic, metal-rich volcanic rocks and salt diapirs, leading to the following processes: a) primary thermogenic generation of gas at temperatures between 130 and 175 °C; b) secondary alteration through abiogenic oxidation, likely triggered by the Neogene–Quaternary volcanism of the eastern Transylvanian margin; and c) mixing at the surface with microbial methane that formed through fermentation in the mud volcano water pool. The Homorod gas seep is a rare example that demonstrates how post-genetic processes can produce extreme gas isotope signatures (thus far only theorized), and that extremely positive δDCH4 values cannot be used to unambiguously distinguish between biotic and abiotic origin. 相似文献
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摘要：详细阐述不同成因的泥底辟流体输导模式,探讨了泥底辟输导体系的演化与天然气水合物成藏之间的关系,并分析神狐海域泥底辟输导体系对天然气水合物成藏的影响。底辟核外部伴生断裂、底辟核内部流体压裂裂缝和边缘裂缝带均可作为输导流体的通道。根据运移通道和动力等差异性,提出泥底辟输导流体的2种端元模式：超压-流体压裂输导型和边缘构造裂缝输导型。在此基础上,讨论了泥底辟(泥火山)的不同演化阶段对水合物的形成、富集和分解的影响。早期阶段,泥底辟形成的运移通道可能未延伸到水合物稳定带,导致气源供给不够充分;中期阶段,水合物成藏条件匹配良好,利于天然气水合物生成;晚期阶段,泥火山喷发引起水合物稳定带的热异常,可能导致水合物分解,直至泥火山活动平静期,水合物再次成藏。神狐海域内泥底辟分为花冠状和穹顶状两类,花冠状泥底辟以超压-流体压裂输导型为主;穹顶状泥底辟以底辟边缘裂缝输导型为主。泥底辟输导体系的差异性可能是神狐海域天然气水合物非均质分布的影响因素之一。
关键词：泥底辟;输导体系;天然气水合物;成藏机制;神狐海域 相似文献
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The Caucasian orogenic wedge formed as a consequence of the closure of the Tethyan Ocean, and numerous fields of active mud volcanoes pepper the area adjacent to the Black and Caspian Seas. Stable isotope ratios of boron, helium, and carbon have been measured for gas, fluid and sediment samples from active mud volcanoes of Taman Peninsula and Georgia to estimate the sources and mobilization depths of the fluid phase and mud. Boron concentrations in mud volcano fluids were found to be 5–35× higher than seawater. Fluid isotope ratios vary between 11B=22 and 39, while isotope ratios of the smectite- and illite-rich extruded mud are considerably depleted in heavy 11B (11B=–8 to +7). B contents of these muds are ~8× higher than modern marine sediments. This suggests that liquefaction prior to mud volcanism was accompanied by both B enrichment and isotope fractionation, most likely at an intermediate depth mud reservoir at 2–4 km.The hydrocarbon-generating source beds to the mud volcanoes are located at 7 to >10 km depth in the folded Maikop Formation and are of proposed Oligocene–Miocene age. The most likely mechanism is re-hydration of these shales by both hydrocarbons and a geochemically mature fluid from greater depth within the orogenic wedge. Such a deep fluid source is supported by our results from gas analyses, which imply an admixture of minor amounts (less than 1%vol) of 3He (Georgia), thermogenic 13C in methane as well as "ultraheavy" 13C in CO2 (both Taman and Georgia). The overall results attest active local flow of geochemically different fluids along deep-seated faults penetrating the two study areas in the Caucasian orogenic wedge, with the waters as well as the gases coming from below the Maikop Formation. 相似文献