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1.
天然气水合物开采涉及传热、水合物分解相变、多相渗流和地层变形4个物理过程。多相渗流过程伴随着对流传热,影响传热效率;多相渗流过程影响孔隙压力的消散速率,引起有效应力改变而影响地层变形;多相渗流过程影响传热的效率和孔隙压力的消散速率,使温度和压力条件发生变化,影响水合物的分解。多相渗流过程中,某相流体的有效渗透率不仅与该相流体的饱和度有关,还与地层绝对渗透率有关。地层绝对渗透率是多相渗流过程的关键参数之一。概述不同贮存状态水合物、地层孔隙率、水合物饱和度和地层有效应力对地层绝对渗透率影响的研究内容。以国内外天然气水合物地层绝对渗透率研究成果为基础,将来的研究重点主要包括粉细砂、黏土类地层和各向异性地层多相渗流研究,以及地层有效应力对绝对渗透率影响研究。 相似文献
2.
沉积物与流体流动的性质是影响水合物形成和聚集的两个重要因素,为研究水合物在沉积地层中的赋存机制必须探明高压环境下含水合物沉积物在非饱和渗流条件下的相互影响关系。以逸度差为水合物反应驱动力,反应动力学常数为Arrhenius类型,建立了包括非饱和流体流动-沉积物特征-水合物形成动力学耦合的二维模型,从理论上研究了多孔介质内流体与沉积物参数如含水率、去饱和系数、水力分布和水合物饱和度等在孔隙内的相互影响规律。结果表明,在设定的条件下,随着反应的进行孔隙水压力随时间逐渐大,在相同条件下水合物饱和度与温度增加导致孔隙水压力变大,其中水合物饱和度的影响较小,而沉积物基质吸力、去饱和系数与本征动力学常数则与孔隙水压力成反向变化,其中本征动力学常数的影响较大。 相似文献
3.
南海东北部海域水深、沉积厚度大、沉积速率高和有机质含量丰富,为马尼拉增生楔中天然气水合物成藏提供了必要的气源,且相应适宜的温压条件以及构造背景也有利于天然气水合物的形成与赋存,其中马尼拉俯冲带俯冲前缘以及增生楔中的断裂系统成为天然气水合物成藏的非常重要的运移通道。通过对地震剖面中断裂系统和三维地貌图的精细解释,分析了马尼拉海沟俯冲带存在的海沟前缘正断层、海沟轴部的盲断层以及增生楔中的盲冲断层或逆冲断层,直到最后发育成隔断叠瓦状岩片的逆冲断层组,这些断裂系统反映出增生楔上天然气水合物的含气流体的形成、运移及聚集过程,成为天然气水合物成藏的运移通道。 相似文献
4.
海底多相流动区域沉积物孔隙内流体迁移-甲烷输运-水合物形成是一种普遍模式,形成的水合物在孔隙内沉淀并与多孔介质骨架胶结从而改变当地的地层结构和性质。水合物的不断形成将减少沉积地层孔隙度,改变孔隙内各相间界面张力,增大当地孔隙的进入压力及毛细压力,增强地层滞后效应,降低地层渗透率,同时多相流体流动前缘气液分离带变厚而使得气柱变长。建立了在这类环境里水合物-水-气-盐共同作用下的水合物成藏模型,选择合适的参数分析了水合物形成对沉积地层静水力学性质等的影响关系。最后根据资料估算了南海北部神狐海域沉积物内甲烷气柱的分布,结果表明：随着水合物在沉积物孔隙内逐渐饱和,临界甲烷气柱长度将在接近海底面处达到最大,约为09 m。 相似文献
5.
《地质科技情报》2017,(2)
含气流体运移是影响天然气水合物成藏的重要因素,包括流体运移方式、运移通道类型、运移效能等。基于全球典型海域天然气水合物勘探研究结果,围绕含气流体运移这一重要因素,系统回顾和总结了底辟构造、断层及裂隙和渗透层对天然气水合物形成与分布的影响。研究结果表明,以对流形式的运移是流体有效的运移方式,有利于烃类气体聚集及水合物成藏。已知水合物富集区内含气流体运移通道都不以单一形式存在,而是多种运移通道共同作用,呈复合型运移通道形式。在通道类型上,底辟构造、断层及裂隙、渗透层等都属于聚集型高通量流体运移通道类型,但这种通道类型与高饱和度、富集型天然气水合物藏并不存在一一对应的关系,其还与运移效能密切相关。因此有必要开展重点区域的流体运移的分析,揭示流体运移通道的展布以及运移规模,以达到更为准确预测和描述水合物藏的目的,并为水合物钻探站位部署提供有力依据。 相似文献
6.
神狐钻探区天然气水合物成藏地质条件分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以天然气水合物成藏系统理论为指导,对神狐钻探区天然气水合物成藏地质条件进行了系统研究。研究结果表明：神狐钻探区具有优越的烃类生成体系和流体运移体系。天然气水合物气源以生物气-热成因气混合气为主,气源岩生烃潜力大;断层、气烟囱以及断层滑脱面可以为含烃流体在纵向和横向上的运移提供优势运移通道。地温特征和成藏就位体系-沉积物岩性及其岩性组合特征是控制该区水合物层在空间尺度上分布不均匀的主要原因,地温和地温梯度越低,沉积物粒度越粗,且具备“上细下粗”的沉积物岩性组合更有利于水合物的形成。 相似文献
7.
试论天然气水合物成藏系统 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
针对天然气水合物理论预测和实际产出的不一致性、各种标志或异常未与天然气水合物建立起严格的对应关系、世界范围内已知或由BSR等间接指标所指示的天然气水合物在垂直方向和水平方向上分布的不确定性,如何更好地从地质系统论角度研究天然气水合物成藏过程和分布规律,尝试提出天然气水合物成藏系统概念,分别从烃类生成体系、流体运移体系、成藏富集体系对天然气水合物成藏过程进行了初步探讨;同时运用此思路对世界上调查研究程度较高的分布区开展了天然气水合物成藏系统初步分析。 相似文献
8.
通过对神狐海域沉积物组分与水合物成藏关系的研究, 得到SH7B孔含水合物层(155~177 m)有孔虫丰度以及有孔虫壳体微结构与水合物饱和度的关系.结果表明, 有孔虫丰度与水合物饱和度有良好的对应关系, 有孔虫丰度高, 水合物饱和度也高; 反之亦然.有孔虫丰度与水合物饱和度二者的相关系数为0.72, 说明有孔虫与水合物的分布和富集有关.扫描电镜研究表明, 有孔虫成岩作用不明显, 有孔虫为有效孔隙, 有孔虫独特的壳体结构增加了沉积物的孔隙空间, 有利于水合物的储存和富集.大部分有孔虫壳体大小相当于砂粒级, 它的存在一方面增加沉积物粗组分砂的含量, 另一方面增加沉积物的孔隙度.沉积物中生物组分——有孔虫, 是南海神狐海域水合物富集的重要因素之一. 相似文献
9.
海洋天然气水合物成藏系统研究进展 总被引：18，自引：8，他引：10
在系统总结海洋天然气水合物形成的物质来源及成因机理、物理化学响应、形成环境及成藏模式、分布规律和资源评价进展的基础上,提出了我国开展天然气水合物成藏机理研究的方向和科学问题。2007年4—6月通过钻探获得了测井、原位测量、沉积物岩心及其顶空气、孔隙水、微生物、水合物等样品和资料。南海北部陆坡神狐海域是研究天然气水合物成藏机理和分布规律的理想区域。采用重点分析天然气水合物成藏的物质基础、形成环境、成藏过程、响应机理和成藏系统等研究思路,针对天然气水合物成藏系统中气—水—沉积物—水合物体系的相互作用机理、天然气水合物成藏过程中的物理化学响应机理、天然气水合物成藏要素的耦合控矿机理等3个关键科学问题,开展天然气水合物成藏物源、地质与温压场等成藏条件、成藏演化热动力学机理、成藏响应机理和天然气水合物成藏系统等5个方面研究。 相似文献
10.
为寻找有资源前景的高富集天然气水合物及水合物储层的精细刻画方法,利用南海6次钻探发现的高饱和度水合物层的测井、岩心和三维地震数据,分析水合物富集层测井与地震异常特征.发现:（1）不同饱和度的孔隙与裂隙充填型水合物层的测井和地震异常不同,裂隙充填型水合物层具有各向异性;（2）受高通量流体运移的影响,在粉砂沉积物的水合物稳定带底界附近能形成中等饱和度的水合物层,识别标志为稳定带内极性与海底一致的强振幅反射,而非BSR和振幅空白;（3）裂隙充填型中等饱和度水合物层在地震剖面上表现为地层上拱和弱-中等强度振幅反射.储层-疏导-气源的耦合控制着水合物的富集特征和分布,断层与流体运移控制着细粒粉砂质沉积物中水合物的富集与厚度.基于饱和度岩相的统计学反演,能识别3 m非水合物和低饱和度水合物层及空间分布. 相似文献
11.
晚期泥底辟控制作用导致神狐海域SH5钻位未获水合物的分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海底泥底辟构造与天然气水合物成藏关系密切,泥底辟既能为水合物提供充分的气源物质,同时又能促使地层温度场改变进而影响水合物成藏稳定性。南海北部神狐海域SH5站位虽然BSR明显,但钻探证实不存在天然气水合物。该钻位温度剖面异常高,温度场上移,同时在其下伏地层中发现泥底辟构造和裂隙通道。根据上述事实并结合泥底辟发育各个阶段中的特点,认为泥底辟构造对天然气水合物成藏具有控制作用。泥底辟发育早期和中期阶段,低热导率和低热量有机气体有利于天然气水合物生成;而在晚期阶段,高热量液体上侵稳定带底界,导致水合物分解迁移。SH5站位很可能由于受到处于晚期阶段的泥底辟上侵而未能获取天然气水合物。 相似文献
12.
海上气态烃快速测试与西沙海槽天然气水合物资源勘查 总被引：15，自引：6，他引：15
西沙海槽具有适合天然气水合物形成和赋存的地形地貌及地质条件 ,是中国海洋天然气水合物资源勘查的远景区。为配合中国首次天然气水合物资源的调查研究 ,在该区进行了海底表层沉积物甲烷、乙烷等气态烃快速现场测试。研究发现 ,海底沉积物随着埋深的增加气态烃含量具有增高的趋势 ;最佳取样深度应在埋深 1～ 4m处 ;海底沉积物甲烷高含量异常区域主要分布在B33周围、A0 9—A11周围、B17—A0 2周围和B0 1—B0 3周围等区域。西沙海槽北部陆坡比槽底及南部斜坡具有更好的甲烷异常显示。该研究成果为以后该区天然气水合物资源的重点勘查提供了科学依据 相似文献
13.
琼东南盆地南部隆起带天然气水合物赋存特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
天然气水合物是21世纪最具潜力的接替煤炭、石油和天然气的新型洁净能源之一。我国南海蕴藏着丰富的水合物资源,目前已在南海北部陆坡神狐、东沙、海马区发现丰富的水合物资源。本文分析了琼东南盆地南部隆起带天然气水合物赋存的地质条件,开展了地球物理资料的分析与海底反射(BSR)识别,计算了水合物热动力学稳定带厚度。研究表明,琼东南盆地南部隆起带具备水合物赋存的地质条件,渗漏构造发育,游离气丰富,BSR表现为强振幅、不连续等特征,水合物稳定带厚度大,具有较大的天然气水合物资源潜力。 相似文献
14.
Abstract. Simulation experiments with a one-dimensional static model for formation of methane hydrate are used to demonstrate models of hydrate occurrence and its generation mechanism for two end-member cases. The simulation results compare well with experimental data for two natural examples (the Nankai Trough and the Blake Ridge).
At the MITI Nankai Trough wells, the hydrate occurrence is characterized by strongly hydrated sediments developing just above the BGHS. Such occurrence can be reproduced well by simulation in which the end-member case of upward advective fluid flow from below the BGHS is set. The strongly hydrated sediments is formed by oversaturated solution with free gas which directly enters the BGHS by the upward advective fluid flow. The recycling of dissociated methane of preexisting hydrate also contributes to the increase of hydrate saturation.
At the Site 997 in the Blake Ridge area, the hydrate occurrence is characterized by thick zone with poorly hydrated sediments and no hydrate zone developing above the hydrate zone. Such occurrence can be reproduced well by simulation in which the end-member case of in-situ biogenic production of methane in the sediment of methane hydrate zone is set. The distribution pattern of hydrate saturation is basically controlled by that of TOC. However, the hydrate concentration near the bottom of the hydrate zone is increased by the effect of recycling of dissociated methane of pre-existing hydrate. No hydrate zone expresses the geologic time needed until the local concentration of methane exceeds the solubility by gradual accumulation of in-situ biogenic methane with burial. 相似文献
At the MITI Nankai Trough wells, the hydrate occurrence is characterized by strongly hydrated sediments developing just above the BGHS. Such occurrence can be reproduced well by simulation in which the end-member case of upward advective fluid flow from below the BGHS is set. The strongly hydrated sediments is formed by oversaturated solution with free gas which directly enters the BGHS by the upward advective fluid flow. The recycling of dissociated methane of preexisting hydrate also contributes to the increase of hydrate saturation.
At the Site 997 in the Blake Ridge area, the hydrate occurrence is characterized by thick zone with poorly hydrated sediments and no hydrate zone developing above the hydrate zone. Such occurrence can be reproduced well by simulation in which the end-member case of in-situ biogenic production of methane in the sediment of methane hydrate zone is set. The distribution pattern of hydrate saturation is basically controlled by that of TOC. However, the hydrate concentration near the bottom of the hydrate zone is increased by the effect of recycling of dissociated methane of pre-existing hydrate. No hydrate zone expresses the geologic time needed until the local concentration of methane exceeds the solubility by gradual accumulation of in-situ biogenic methane with burial. 相似文献
15.
LIU Liping SUN Zhilei ZHANG Lei WU Nengyou Yichao Qin JIANG Zuzhou GENG Wei CAO Hong ZHANG Xilin ZHAI Bin XU Cuiling SHEN Zhicong JIA Yonggang 《《地质学报》英文版》2019,93(3):731-755
Natural gas hydrates have been hailed as a new and promising unconventional alternative energy, especially as fossil fuels approach depletion, energy consumption soars, and fossil fuel prices rise, owing to their extensive distribution, abundance, and high fuel efficiency. Gas hydrate reservoirs are similar to a storage cupboard in the global carbon cycle, containing most of the world’s methane and accounting for a third of Earth’s mobile organic carbon. We investigated gas hydrate stability zone burial depths from the viewpoint of conditions associated with stable existence of gas hydrates, such as temperature, pressure, and heat flow, based on related data collected by the global drilling programs. Hydrate-related areas are estimated using various biological, geochemical and geophysical tools. Based on a series of previous investigations, we cover the history and status of gas hydrate exploration in the USA, Japan, South Korea, India, Germany, the polar areas, and China. Then, we review the current techniques for hydrate exploration in a global scale. Additionally, we briefly review existing techniques for recovering methane from gas hydrates, including thermal stimulation, depressurization, chemical injection, and CH4–CO2 exchange, as well as corresponding global field trials in Russia, Japan, United States, Canada and China. In particular, unlike diagenetic gas hydrates in coarse sandy sediments in Japan and gravel sediments in the United States and Canada, most gas hydrates in the northern South China Sea are non-diagenetic and exist in fine-grained sediments with a vein-like morphology. Therefore, especially in terms of the offshore production test in gas hydrate reservoirs in the Shenhu area in the north slope of the South China Sea, Chinese scientists have proposed two unprecedented techniques that have been verified during the field trials: solid fluidization and formation fluid extraction. Herein, we introduce the two production techniques, as well as the so-called “four-in-one” environmental monitoring system employed during the Shenhu production test. Methane is not currently commercially produced from gas hydrates anywhere in the world; therefore, the objective of field trials is to prove whether existing techniques could be applied as feasible and economic production methods for gas hydrates in deep-water sediments and permafrost zones. Before achieving commercial methane recovery from gas hydrates, it should be necessary to measure the geologic properties of gas hydrate reservoirs to optimize and improve existing production techniques. Herein, we propose horizontal wells, multilateral wells, and cluster wells improved by the vertical and individual wells applied during existing field trials. It is noteworthy that relatively pure gas hydrates occur in seafloor mounds, within near-surface sediments, and in gas migration conduits. Their extensive distribution, high saturation, and easy access mean that these types of gas hydrate may attract considerable attention from academia and industry in the future. Herein, we also review the occurrence and development of concentrated shallow hydrate accumulations and briefly introduce exploration and production techniques. In the closing section, we discuss future research needs, key issues, and major challenges related to gas hydrate exploration and production. We believe this review article provides insight on past, present, and future gas hydrate exploration and production to provide guidelines and stimulate new work into the field of gas hydrates. 相似文献
16.
南海北部东沙群岛HD196站位地球化学特征及其对水合物的指示 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5
南海北部是中国海上油气的重要基地,也是中国天然气水合物调查的首选地区。对南海北部东沙群岛附近具有BSR特征的HD196站位沉积物样品的地球化学特征进行综合分析,得到以下结果:柱状样沉积物的常量元素的分布具有分段性,且与沉积物孔隙水中的离子浓度和甲烷含量的变化趋势相一致,可能对其下面是否存在天然气水合物有指示意义;同时柱状样沉积物孔隙水中离子浓度的变化与世界上发现天然气水合物地点的孔隙水离子浓度的变化一致。HD196站位的地质条件表明本站位具有天然气水合物形成的温压条件、气源条件和构造条件,因此在本站位的下面赋存天然气水合物的可能性比较大,在此进一步工作有可能取得天然气水合物勘查的突破。 相似文献
17.
松散沉积物中天然气水合物生成、分解过程与声学特性的实验研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为了解松散沉积物中天然气水合物的生成和分解规律以及水合物对沉积物声学特性的影响,在粒径为0.18~0.28mm天然沙中进行了甲烷水合物的生成和分解实验,并利用超声波探测技术和时域反射技术实时测量了反应体系的声学参数与含水量。结果表明:根据水合物的生成和分解速率,可将水合物的生成过程分为初始生长期、快速生长期和稳定期3个阶段,分解过程可分为初始分解期和样品表层水合物快速分解期以及样品内、外层水合物均快速分解期3个阶段;由温度和压力数据的分析,得出水合物先在沉积物表层生长,然后在沉积物内、外层迅速生成;由水合物分解过程3个阶段的平均分解率,得出水合物的分解是一个由慢到快的过程。对声学参数的研究表明:水合物在松散沉积物中先胶结骨架颗粒而生成,使纵波速度和声波衰减在饱和度0~1%之间陡然增大;随后水合物开始在沉积物孔隙中形成悬浮粒子,造成超声波信号在饱和度1%~90%间淬熄,声波速度无法获取。研究结果在揭示沉积物中水合物与颗粒间接触机制的同时,为海上地球物理勘探中地震信号的解释提供了新的思路。 相似文献
18.
祁连山冻土区木里地区天然气水合物矿藏是迄今为止在中纬度带首次发现的水合物矿藏,为了研究中纬度带水合物地球化学勘查技术,选择木里矿区作为方法技术的试验区。试验指标内容有土壤顶空气、酸解烃、碳酸盐和甲烷碳同位素。研究表明:祁连山木里天然气水合物矿藏存在明显的近地表地球化学异常;由甲烷碳同位素和烃类组成判断地表油气化探异常为热解成因,指示该区天然气水合物成藏物质来源于油气和煤成气。进一步研究了中纬度带冻土区天然气水合物成藏模式,指出该区进行天然气水合物勘探的同时应进行石油和煤成气的综合勘探。 相似文献
19.
This study provides new estimates for the global offshore methane hydrate inventory formed due to microbial CH4 production under Quaternary and Holocene boundary conditions. A multi-1D model for particular organic carbon (POC) degradation, gas hydrate formation and dissolution is presented. The novel reaction-transport model contains an open three-phase system of two solid compounds (organic carbon, gas hydrates), three dissolved species (methane, sulfates, inorganic carbon) and one gaseous phase (free methane). The model computes time-resolved concentration profiles for all compounds by accounting for chemical reactions as well as diffusive and advective transport processes. The reaction module builds upon a new kinetic model of POC degradation which considers a down-core decrease in reactivity of organic matter. Various chemical reactions such as organic carbon decay, anaerobic oxidation of methane, methanogenesis, and sulfate reduction are resolved using appropriate kinetic rate laws and constants. Gas hydrates and free gas form if the concentration of dissolved methane exceeds the pressure, temperature, and salinity-dependent solubility limits of hydrates and/or free gas, with a rate given by kinetic parameters. Global input grids have been compiled from a variety of oceanographic, geological and geophysical data sets including a new parameterization of sedimentation rates in terms of water depth.We find prominent gas hydrate provinces offshore Central America where sediments are rich in organic carbon and in the Arctic Ocean where low bottom water temperatures stabilize methane hydrates. The world’s total gas hydrate inventory is estimated at (at STP conditions) or, equivalently, 4.18-995 Gt of methane carbon. The first value refers to present day conditions estimated using the relatively low Holocene sedimentation rates; the second value corresponds to a scenario of higher Quaternary sedimentation rates along continental margins.Our results clearly show that in-situ POC degradation is at present not an efficient hydrate forming process. Significant hydrate deposits in marine settings are more likely to have formed at times of higher sedimentation during the Quaternary or as a consequence of upward fluid transport at continental margins. 相似文献
20.
《China Geology》2020,3(1):16-27
Bottom simulating reflector (BSR) has been recognized as one of the indicators of gas hydrates. However, BSR and hydrate are not one-to-one correspondence. In the Xisha area of South China Sea (SCS), carbonate rocks wildly develop, which continuously distribute parallel to the seafloor with high amplitude on seismic sections, exhibiting reflections similar to BSRs in the Shenhu area nearby. This phenomenon causes some interference to hydrates identification. In this paper, the authors discussed the typical geophysical differences between carbonate rocks and hydrates, indicating that the main difference exists in relationship between porosity and velocity, causing different amplitude versus offset (AVO) characters. Then the authors proposed a new model assuming that the carbonates form the matrix and the hydrate fill the pore as a part of the matrix. The key modeling parameters have been optimized constrained by P-velocities and S-velocities simultaneously, and the model works well both for carbonate rock and gas hydrate bearing sediments. For quantitative identification, the authors calculated the velocities when carbonates and hydrates form the matrix together in different proportions. Then they proposed a carbonate and hydrate identification template (CHIT), in which the possible hydrate saturation (PHS) and possible carbonate content (PCC) can be both scaled out for a group of sample composed by P-velocity and S-velocity. If PHS is far larger than PCC, it is more likely to be a hydrate sample because carbonates and hydrates do not coexist normally. The real data application shows that the template can effectively distinguish between hydrates and carbonate rocks, consequently reducing the risk of hydrate exploration. 相似文献