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1.
新元古代”雪球”假说与生命演化的环境   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
新元古代末期,地球至少经历了两次全球性的冰川作用,研究者提出了“雪球”假说来解释新元古代时期一系列特殊的地质现象,该假说已成为研究新元古代全球冰川作用和其后生物大爆发事件的窗口。但一些学者并不赞成地球曾经是被冰雪完全覆盖的“雪球”,并分别提出了“半融雪球/无冰水体”和“薄冰”假说。尽管每一种假说都不能解释所有的地质、地球化学现象,但越来越越多的证据,特别是分子有机地球化学和古生物学的证据表明,“雪球”时期的海洋并没有完全被冰封盖,在赤道地区的冰盖可能很薄或存在无冰的水体。无冰水体的存在可以使一些光合生物继续生存和演化,这对其后的“寒武纪生物大爆发”事件和生命演化具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

2.
新元古代全球冰川事件对早期生物演化的影响   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
新元古代曾发生过强烈的全球性冰川作用 ,紧随冰川作用之后 ,发生了两次生物大辐射事件。这一时期是地球上早期生命演化的重要时期 ,特别是宏观后生动物的出现标志着生物演化史进入了一个新纪元。全球性冰川作用与早期生命演化这二者之间是否存在着密切的联系呢 ?过去地质学家对于新元古代的冰川沉积物多偏重于地层学、沉积学等方面的研究 ,古生物学家又很少关心前寒武纪的冰期地层 ,“新元古代冰川作用”和“早期生命演化”二者很少放在一起讨论。文章重点讨论了冰川作用对早期生物演化的影响。论述了新元古代晚期全球性冰川作用存在的证据及其特点 ,分析了新元古代冰期前后地球上生物的重大演化特点 ,重点讨论了新元古代全球性冰川作用对地球早期生命演化特别是在真核细胞生物向多细胞动物进化的影响方式和作用机理 ,从而说明新元古代全球性冰川作用对地球早期生命演化起着重要的作用  相似文献   

3.
中国新元古代疑源类生物地层及其国际对比   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
尹崇玉 《现代地质》1999,13(2):227-228
新元古代是地球演化史中一个非常重要而独特的时期,期间经历了古大陆聚合离散、古气候变迁及重大生命演化事件。长期以来,国内外地质界一直努力建立一个可靠的该时期全球性地层对比框架。近年来,作者在前人研究工作基础上,对中国新元古代地层进行了以生物地层为主的综...  相似文献   

4.
该文论述了地球演出的方向性和周期性、大气圈和水圈(及生物圈)形成演化、前寒武纪构造作用及其与地球功力学初成矿作用的关系,提出了前寒武纪划分成矿时代的几条值得重视的地质界线.对太古宙成矿期、古元古代成矿期、中元古代成矿期和新元古代成矿期的成矿作用进行了深入讨论。  相似文献   

5.
新元古代的"雪球地球"   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
“雪球地球”假说的提出解释了一些新元古代冰川现象,如低纬度和低海拔冰川沉积、帽碳酸盐岩、负的碳酸盐δ^13C漂移和BIF铁矿等现象。尽管有不同的假说与解释,但“雪球地球”最为流行。“雪球地球”事件被认为起因于地球系统的变化,如Rodinia超大陆的裂解、超级地幔柱的活动及古地磁真极的漂移等。“雪球地球”的极端气候环境变化,促进了生命的演化,造成了寒武纪生物大爆发。  相似文献   

6.
华北前寒武纪成矿系统与重大地质事件的联系   总被引:13,自引:7,他引:6  
翟明国 《岩石学报》2013,29(5):1759-1773
前寒武纪是指显生宙最古老的地质时代——寒武纪之前的地质时代,它占了地球演化历史的近90%.地球陆壳的80%~90%以上是在前寒武纪形成的,记录了复杂和惊心动魄的地质构造过程,还赋存着丰富的矿产资源.前寒武纪最重要的地质事件有陆壳的巨量增生、前板块机制/板块机制的构造转折、由缺氧到富氧的地球环境的剧变.华北克拉通是全球最古老陆块之一,前寒武纪各阶段全球性重大地质事件几乎都被记录下来,并表现出一些特殊性.与全球其它克拉通相比,华北陆壳生长-稳定化过程具有多阶段特征,太古宙末-古元古代环境剧变记录复杂多样,古元古代与板块体制建立和超大陆演化相关的俯冲碰撞和伸展裂解等地质记录丰富,中-新元古代经历持续伸展并接受巨量裂谷沉积.这些重大地质事件都伴随大规模成矿作用,形成了华北克拉通丰富的矿产资源和独特的优势矿种.  相似文献   

7.
新元古代为距今约1 000~540 Ma的地质历史时期,当时地球处于Rodinia超大陆汇聚和裂解期,板块运动和岩浆作用强烈,且伴随全球性气温下降以及大范围的几期冰期作用,形成覆盖整个地球的冰雪,形成雪球地球(Snowball Earth)。就华南板块而言,在新元古代时期存在有几期冰期冰碛物残留,学者们对其的定年工作成果也相当丰富,但对雪球地球的形成和消融因素方面还存在的一定争议,包括形成与消融时间、方式、影响因素等。通过总结前人研究成果,从而提出关于华南板块新元古代“雪球地球”形成与消融因素,即在当时古地理环境下雪球地球的形成与消融是多因素综合性作用的结果,包括地史早期微生物作用、超大陆裂解以及超级地幔柱、甲烷渗漏、冰期岩浆热液作用。从新元古代以来,随着Rodinia超大陆的裂解以及在超级地幔柱作用下,海岸线不断增加,大量微生物以及小壳动物繁殖,呈现峰值增加,CO2等温室气体含量迅速下降,从而破坏温室平衡。后期由于冰期岩浆热液作用以及海底温室气体CH4排放,导致温室效应重新加剧,恢复原始地球形貌。  相似文献   

8.
寒武纪生物与古海洋环境演化的成因联系是追溯生命起源、发展及地球环境变迁和两者协同演化的前沿科学问题之一。寒武纪第4期是其中重要的时间节点,华南板块是寒武纪相关问题研究的重要窗口,而古海洋氧化还原条件是分析论证古生物种属及数量巨变地质成因的关键切入点。据此,在大量文献调研基础上,对华南板块寒武纪第4期的沉积古地理背景、古海洋环境条件、生物发育情况、突发性地质事件等进行系统的梳理与总结,认为陆源水体注入、风暴作用等区域性地质作用以及突发性火山活动、海侵等全球性地质事件对古海洋氧化还原条件影响显著,而生物消亡与地质突变事件所引发的海洋缺氧密切相关;但氧化还原条件不同波动阶段的生物丰度差异和不同古生物丰度点位的氧化还原条件差异尚不明确,古海洋氧化还原条件与可诱发其产生波动的地质事件精确时限对应关系仍存在争议,古海洋氧化还原条件波动以何种速度、幅度突破古生态系统耐受阈值仍然未知,难以探索三者之间更深层次的内在联系,可作为后续研究工作重点以进一步揭示寒武纪突发性地质事件、古海洋氧化还原条件和生物演化间的成因联系。  相似文献   

9.
微亮晶(臼齿)碳酸盐岩:21世纪全球地学研究的新热点   总被引:25,自引:2,他引:25  
国际地质对比计划委员会批准启动了 IGCP44 7-元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩和地球演化项目 ( 2 0 0 1~ 2 0 0 5 )〔1〕。本文简要地回顾了臼齿碳酸盐岩的研究历史和最新进展。臼齿碳酸盐岩是一种具有类似大象臼齿的肠状褶皱构造的岩石 ,具有特殊的时限范围 (中 -新元古代 )。试图解释其成因和可能用于古大陆地层对比是本项目研究的重要课题 ,其重要意义还在于它们是解决前寒武纪生物学和地球化学事件的关键。臼齿碳酸盐岩的发育和衰退关系到地球生命起源和海洋碳酸盐岩沉积地球化学的突变。 87Sr/86 Sr年龄同位素测定证明 ,微亮晶 (臼齿 )碳酸盐消失的时限很可能为75 0 Ma。另外 ,中 -新元古代碳酸盐岩地层具有重要的生烃潜力。  相似文献   

10.
正全球变暖等气候问题日益引起世界的关注和重视,在地质历史过程中,也发生过极端的气候现象。现代冰川作为寒冷气候的产物分布于极地或高海拔地区,在地质历史时期,地球曾多次被冰雪覆盖,陆地、海洋到处分布有巨厚的冰川。据地质学家研究,在距今654-635百万年之间[1-2]的新元古代成冰纪,发生了极端的冰川事件,地球被冰雪完全覆盖,就连赤道地区都不能幸免,这被称之为"雪球地球"[2-3]。在这次极端寒冷事件期间,地表温度降  相似文献   

11.
王叶  延晓冬 《第四纪研究》2009,29(6):1055-1063
新元古代(650MaB.P.)是地球演化历史上最重大的转折时期之一,这一时期地球气候的模拟研究,对于了解气候变迁、现代气候的形成、自然地理环境的演变有重要意义; 在地质学上,对于地层划分和对比,地壳演化研究以及矿产资源成因和探测都有重要意义。本文在借鉴国内外已有研究的基础上,应用MPM­2——一个中等复杂程度的地球系统模式(EMIC),通过太阳常数和大气二氧化碳浓度的敏感性试验,对新元古代地球气候进行了模拟研究,结果表明在650Ma前,地球全球平均温度一直低于零度,即地球一直是“雪球”,直到650Ma前,全球平均温度大于零,“雪球”消融,雪球时代才结束。  相似文献   

12.
Kent Brooks 《Geology Today》2012,28(4):144-146
Throughout Earth history there have been many important milestones: e.g. the emergence of life, the rise of oxygen in the atmosphere, snowball Earth events. One of these major events was the emergence of multicellular life, which, as we are all told in Palaeontology lectures, took place in the Cambrian, when a sudden flowering of life forms emerged, including all of the major groups we have today: the ‘Cambrian explosion’. Two great questions emerge: what happened before this (a problem which worried Darwin as it seemed to threaten his thesis of steady evolution) and how, in detail did this ‘explosion’ take place?  相似文献   

13.
《Gondwana Research》2014,25(3):1153-1163
Encounters with nebulae, such as supernova remnants and dark clouds in the galaxy, can lead to an environmental catastrophe on the Earth through the negative climate forcings and destruction of the ozone layer by enhanced fluxes of cosmic rays and cosmic dust particles. A resultant reduction in primary productivity leads to mass extinctions through depletion of oxygen and food starvations as well as anoxia in the ocean. The model shows three levels of hierarchical time variations caused by supernova encounters (1–10 kyrs), dark cloud encounters (0.1–10 Myrs), and starbursts (~ 100 Myrs), respectively. This “Nebula Winter” model can explain the catastrophic phenomena such as snowball Earth events, repeated mass extinctions, and Cambrian explosion of biodiversities which took place in the late Proterozoic era through the Cambrian period. The Late Neoproterozoic snowball Earth event covers a time range of ca. 200 Myrs long spanning from 770 Ma to the end of Cambrian period (488 Ma) with two snowball states called Sturtian and Marinoan events. Mass extinctions occurred at least eight times in this period, synchronized with large fluctuations in δ13C of carbonates in the sediment. Each event is likely to correspond to each nebula encounter. In other words, the late Neoproterozoic snowball Earth and Cambrian explosion are possibly driven by a starburst, which took place around 0.6 Ga in the Milky Way Galaxy. The evidences for a Nebula Winter can be obtained from geological records in sediment in the deep oceans at those times.  相似文献   

14.
华南伊迪卡拉纪宏体生物群的古地理分布及意义*   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
伊迪卡拉纪(635—542Ma)是前寒武纪全球大规模末次冰期(Marinoan)结束后至寒武纪“生命大爆发”之前一段重要的地质时期,由于受到新元古代气候和环境剧变的影响,真核生物乃至多细胞生物迅速演化、分异,出现显著的适应辐射。中国华南的伊迪卡拉系——震旦系陡山沱组和灯影组及其相当地层代表着这一特殊地史时段的沉积,地层记录完整,岩相环境多样,化石产出丰富,是深入研究伊迪卡拉(震旦)纪(Ediacaran/Sinian)地层划分及全球对比、探讨早期多细胞生物起源和辐射的理想地区之一。其中,扬子台地边缘相地层中出露丰富的宏体化石材料,分异显著,具有较为独特的组合面貌。近年取得的研究成果表明华南宏体化石群中也含有澳洲伊迪卡拉生物群和俄罗斯白海生物群的典型分子。作者总结了前人关于华南伊迪卡拉纪岩相古地理的研究成果;重点展示了近年来开始研究的贵州江口“翁会生物群”、云南“江川生物群”的宏体化石;简要记述了华南伊迪卡拉系中以“庙河生物群”为代表的若干宏体生物群的古地理位置及其宏体化石组合特征,据此提出了华南伊迪卡拉纪丰富多样的宏体生物群基本发育在扬子台地边缘碎屑岩至碳酸盐岩相的过渡带和斜坡带;各生物群宏体化石的组合面貌受沉积微相的制约,存在一定的变化规律。宏体化石记录表明在这一时期,伴随着显著的气候和环境变化,不仅发生了一系列重要的生物演化事件,比如:多细胞藻类和后生动物普遍开始出现多样化发展,为寒武纪生命的演化辐射奠定了生态基础;而且在华南地区已经形成了一个全新的浅海生态系统,以浮游和底栖真核藻类为主的海洋初级生产者大量繁盛,尤其是丰富的多细胞藻类可能成为前寒武纪末期至寒武纪早期主要的生烃植物类群。  相似文献   

15.
The snowball Earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
The gradual discovery that late Neoproterozoic ice sheets extended to sea level near the equator poses a palaeoenvironmental conundrum. Was the Earth's orbital obliquity > 60° (making the tropics colder than the poles) for 4.0 billion years following the lunar‐forming impact, or did climate cool globally for some reason to the point at which runaway ice‐albedo feedback created a `snowball' Earth? The high‐obliquity hypothesis does not account for major features of the Neoproterozoic glacial record such as the abrupt onsets and terminations of discrete glacial events, their close association with large (> 10‰) negative δ13C shifts in seawater proxies, the deposition of strange carbonate layers (`cap carbonates') globally during post‐glacial sea‐level rise, and the return of large sedimentary iron formations, after a 1.1 billion year hiatus, exclusively during glacial events. A snowball event, on the other hand, should begin and end abruptly, particularly at lower latitudes. It should last for millions of years, because outgassing must amass an intense greenhouse in order to overcome the ice albedo. A largely ice‐covered ocean should become anoxic and reduced iron should be widely transported in solution and precipitated as iron formation wherever oxygenic photosynthesis occurred, or upon deglaciation. The intense greenhouse ensures a transient post‐glacial regime of enhanced carbonate and silicate weathering, which should drive a flux of alkalinity that could quantitatively account for the world‐wide occurrence of cap carbonates. The resulting high rates of carbonate sedimentation, coupled with the kinetic isotope effect of transferring the CO2 burden to the ocean, should drive down the δ13C of seawater, as is observed. If cap carbonates are the `smoke' of a snowball Earth, what was the `gun'? In proposing the original Neoproterozoic snowball Earth hypothesis, Joe Kirschvink postulated that an unusual preponderance of land masses in the middle and low latitudes, consistent with palaeomagnetic evidence, set the stage for snowball events by raising the planetary albedo. Others had pointed out that silicate weathering would most likely be enhanced if many continents were in the tropics, resulting in lower atmospheric CO2 and a colder climate. Negative δ13C shifts of 10–20‰ precede glaciation in many regions, giving rise to speculation that the climate was destabilized by a growing dependency on greenhouse methane, stemming ultimately from the same unusual continental distribution. Given the existing palaeomagnetic, geochemical and geological evidence for late Neoproterozoic climatic shocks without parallel in the Phanerozoic, it seems inevitable that the history of life was impacted, perhaps profoundly so.  相似文献   

16.
21世纪地球科学研究的重大科学问题   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
凝炼地球科学研究的重大科学问题,对推动地球科学基础研究的发展具有重要意义。美国国家研究理事会(National Research Council)2008年3月发布的研究报告《地球的起源和演化:变化行星的研究问题》提出了21世纪固体地球科学研究的10个重大科学问题:①地球和其他行星的起源;②地球早期的演化历史;③生命的起源;④地球内部的运动及其对地表的影响;⑤地球的板块构造与大陆;⑥地球的物质特性对地球过程的控制;⑦气候变化的原因与幅度;⑧地球—生命的相互作用;⑨地震、火山喷发等灾害及其后果的预测;⑩地球内外流体运动对人类环境的影响。这些重大科学问题对我国的地学发展战略研究及地球科学基础研究均将具有重要的借鉴和指导意义。主要依据NRC的《地球的起源和演化:变化行星的研究问题》报告,对这些重大科学问题进行了解读和分析。  相似文献   

17.
NASA地球科学事业(ESE)计划中的科学问题   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
作为NASA地球科学事业(ESE)分计划之一的ESE研究战略,在未来10年中,将主要关注以下 5个科学问题:①全球地球系统是怎样变化的?②地球系统的主要驱动力是什么?③地球系统如何响应自然和人为引起的变化?④地球系统的变化对人类文明造成的后果是什么?⑤如何更好地预测地球系统未来的变化?这 5个问题都是大范围的跨学科问题,涉及到地球系统科学的各个方面。在这 5个大的科学问题之下,又具体细化为23个二级问题,并对这些问题 进行了极其详尽的讨论。  相似文献   

18.
D. A. D. Evans   《Tectonophysics》2003,375(1-4):353
It has recently been found that Neoproterozoic glaciogenic sediments were deposited mainly at low paleolatitudes, in marked qualitative contrast to their Pleistocene counterparts. Several competing models vie for explanation of this unusual paleoclimatic record, most notably the high-obliquity hypothesis and varying degrees of the snowball Earth scenario. The present study quantitatively compiles the global distributions of Miocene–Pleistocene glaciogenic deposits and paleomagnetically derived paleolatitudes for Late Devonian–Permian, Ordovician–Silurian, Neoproterozoic, and Paleoproterozoic glaciogenic rocks. Whereas high depositional latitudes dominate all Phanerozoic ice ages, exclusively low paleolatitudes characterize both of the major Precambrian glacial epochs. Transition between these modes occurred within a 100-My interval, precisely coeval with the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian “explosion” of metazoan diversity. Glaciation is much more common since 750 Ma than in the preceding sedimentary record, an observation that cannot be ascribed merely to preservation. These patterns suggest an overall cooling of Earth's longterm climate, superimposed by developing regulatory feedbacks involving an increasingly complex biosphere.  相似文献   

19.
The end of the Proterozoic–beginning of the Cambrian is marked by some of the most dramatic events in the history of Earth. The fall of the Ediacaran biota, followed by the Cambrian Explosion of skeletonised bilaterians, a pronounced shift in oceanic and atmospheric chemistry and rapid climatic change from ‘snowball earth’ to ‘greenhouse’ conditions all happened within a rather geologically short period of time. These events took place against a background of the rearrangement of the prevailing supercontinent; some authors view this as a sequence of individual supercontinents such as Mesoproterozoic Midgardia, Neoproterozoic Rodinia and Early Cambrian Pannotia. Assembled in the Mesoproterozoic, this supercontinent appears to have existed through the Neoproterozoic into the Early Cambrian with periodic changes in configuration. The final rearrangement took place during the Precambrian–Cambrian transition with the Cadomian and related phases of the Pan-African orogeny. The distribution of Early Cambrian molluscs and other small shelly fossils (SSF) across all continents indicates a close geographic proximity of all major cratonic basins that is consistent with the continued existence of the supercontinent at that time. Subsequently, Rodinia experienced breakup that led to the amalgamation of Gondwana, separation of Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia and some small terranes and the emergence of oceanic basins between them. Spreading oceanic basins caused a gradual geographic isolation of the faunal assemblages that were united during the Vendian–Early Cambrian.  相似文献   

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