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1.
Mudstone compaction and its influence on overpressure generation, elucidated by a 3D case study in the North Sea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
H. Broichhausen R. Littke T. Hantschel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2005,94(5-6):956-978
Mudstones are one of the least permeable rocks in most sedimentary sequences. Accordingly they can act as seals for fluid
flow leading to abnormal overpressures. Nevertheless, mudstone compaction and related permeability and porosity decrease are
not adequately described in current basin modelling software, because only mechanical compaction is taken into account. In
reality, however, clay minerals undergo severe chemical diagenesis which certainly influences petrophysical properties and
compaction. In this context a mathematical approach which has been originally developed in soil mechanics has been adapted
to basin modelling. The underlying mathematical equations are carefully explained in the text. In the basic equation the compression
coefficient is a function of void ratio and effective stress. Using these equations, overpressure can be predicted by using
petroleum systems modelling techniques. This is shown for a real 3D case study in the North Sea, in which strong overpressure
occurs. A compaction model for mudstones that depends strongly on the clay content of the individual stratigraphic units is
used for the calibration of porosities in the 3D case study. In addition, a chemical compaction model that reduces porosities
by using a kinetic reaction is used for the deeper part of the basin where mechanical compaction processes are less important.
The pressure generation process depends strongly on permeability and compressibility of the porous medium. Therefore, the
use of mudstone compaction and permeability models is sufficient to produce pore overpressures. In the case studied, abnormal
overpressures are generated during burial together with the petroleum generation process. The mechanical and chemical compaction
mechanisms ensure that the pressures are preserved in the deeper part of the basin. 相似文献
2.
ALBERTO CONSONNI PAOLA RONCHI CLAUDIO GELONI† ALFREDO BATTISTELLI† DOMENICO GRIGO SIMONA BIAGI‡ FABRIZIO GHERARDI‡ GIOVANNI GIANELLI‡ Associate Editor: Dave Cantrell 《Sedimentology》2010,57(1):209-231
Dolomitization of a carbonate platform can occur at different times and in different diagenetic environments, from synsedimentary to deep burial settings. Numerical simulations are valuable tools to test and select the model that, among different hypotheses compatible with field and geochemical data, best honour mass balance, kinetic and thermodynamic constraints. Moreover, the simulation can predict the distribution of the dolomitized bodies in the subsurface and evaluate porosity changes; valuable information for the oil industry. This study is the first attempt to reproduce and investigate the compaction dolomitization model. The diagenetic study of the Jurassic carbonate basin and palaeohigh system of the Po Plain indicates that the carbonates of the palaeohighs were dolomitized by basin compaction fluids. The main goal of the simulations is to evaluate the origin and evolution of the dolomitizing fluids and to provide insights regarding the distribution of the potential reservoir‐dolomitized bodies in the Po Plain. The modelling process is subdivided into two steps: basin modelling and reactive transport modelling. The SEBE3 basin simulator (Eni proprietary) was used to create a three‐dimensional model of the compacting system. The results include compaction fluid flow rate from the basin to the palaeohigh, compaction duration and a determination of the total amount of fluid introduced into the palaeohigh. These data are then used to perform reactive transport modelling with the TOUGHREACT code. Sensitivities on dolomite kinetic parameters suggest that dolomitization was an efficient process even at low temperatures, with differences mainly related to the dynamics of the process. Fluid composition is one of the main constraints, the sea water derived compaction fluid is proven to be efficient for dolomitization due to its relatively high Mg content. Simulations also confirmed that permeability is the most important factor influencing fluid flow and, consequently, the dolomite distribution in the formation. Permeable fractured zones have a strong influence, diverting the dolomitizing fluids from their normal path towards overlying or lateral zones. Moreover, the simulations showed that, after dolomite replacement is complete, the dolomitizing fluids can precipitate dolomite cement, causing over‐dolomitization, with related localized plugging effects in the zone of influx. Mass balance calculations indicate that in the dolomitization compaction model, the amount of compaction water fluxed from the basin to the carbonate is the main constraint on dolomitization efficiency. This observation implies that the ratio between the volume of the basin undergoing compaction and the volume of the palaeohigh is a limiting factor on the final size of the dolomitized bodies. An isolated palaeohigh could be an ideal site for pervasive replacement dolomitization due to the large volume of compaction fluids available compared with the carbonate rock volume. In the case of large platforms, the more permeable margin lithofacies are the most likely sites for compaction model dolomitization. The combined use of a basin simulator and reactive transport modelling has proved to be a successful method to verify model reliability and it provides insights into the volumetric distribution of diagenetic products. 相似文献
3.
孔隙流体压力与流体排驱的关系 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
本文讨论了在压实作用下孔隙流体压力的形成以及与流体排驱的关系，指出异常孔隙流体压力是因岩石渗透率变化引起毛细管力增加而产生的，且二者之间在流体压力孕育过程中一直维持一个动态平衡状态。对于连续沉积的盆地，只有当异常孔隙流体压力增加到超过岩石的抗剪强度时，因岩石发生剪切破裂导致毛细管力降低，流体才被排出；对于强烈构造变动的盆地，因地层大量剥蚀引起负荷压力降低，其降低幅度达到或超过岩石的抗张强度时，岩石 相似文献
4.
油井开采过程中油层变形的流固耦合分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在油气开采过程中,随着油气的不断采出,必然造成孔隙流体压力的逐渐降低,由此导致储层岩石骨架的有效应力增大,使得油层产生变形或压实。当油层产生变莆或压实时,对油气生产将造成不利影响。比如：使得油藏的渗透率降低,继而使油井的产能降低,同时,油层的变形直接影响着油井和套管的变形与破坏等等。敢开采过程中油层的变形可以描述为三维变形与三维流体流动场的耦合问题,利用可变形多孔介质中流体渗流的流固耦合有限元数值 相似文献
5.
Magnus Wangen 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1997,21(2):91-120
The upstream-weighted finite element method with lumped mass matrix is applied to the modelling of oil migration in compacting sedimentary basins. An implicit formulation is made in Lagrangian co-ordinates of a pressure, saturation and a temperature equation, which is based on immiscible two-phase flow of oil and water. The formulation accounts for the compaction of the sediments, the generation of oil from solid organic material (kerogen), the eventual pore space generated by kerogen breakdown, and the density variations of the fluids which may set up thermal convection. The model is validated by comparison with results from a one-dimensional (1D) fractional flow-based migration model. A 2D case example showing oil expulsion from source rocks, and the filling of a trap is presented. The mass balance of the model is easily checked because all oil in the basin originates from breakdown of kerogen. Compared with other alternatives, the simple upstream-weighted finite element method is suggested as a possible first choice for a numerical method for the modelling of oil migration in compacting sedimentary basins. It easily deals with the complex geometry of a basin, it yields reasonably good results, is simple to implement, and the same implementation applies to all spatial dimensions. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
东营凹陷下第三系流体-岩石相互作用研究 总被引：38，自引：5，他引：33
盆地内地层流体-岩石相互作用导致储层特征和流体性质发生变化,影响油气藏的形成与分布。本文分析了东营凹陷下第三系地层孔隙流体的化学和动力学特征及其分布规律,根据地层中矿物的组成和结构特征对成岩过程中地层古流体的地球化学特征进行了推测。并通过对典型油田泥岩层和砂岩层中矿物组合及其在地层剖面上的变化规律的实例剖析,揭示了东营凹陷下第三系储层中流体-岩石相互作用的基本特点,在此基础上,建立储层中流体-岩石相互作用的地质/地球化学模型。 相似文献
7.
The evolution of fluid chemistry in compacting rock is controlled by coupled chemical processes and rock deformation. In order to characterize this evolution, we conducted water-rock interaction experiments using quartz aggregates at 150 °C and effective pressure of 34.5 MPa. A coupled fluid flow, chemical reaction, and creep compaction model is developed, in which both free-surface reaction and grain-contact dissolution are considered as system volume and porosity evolve.The direct experimental measurement and numerical modeling indicate that effective pressure has significant effects on pore-fluid chemistry. At the early stages of compaction, pore fluids are supersaturated with respect to bulk quartz. With increasing compaction and time, solute concentrations gradually decrease to saturated conditions. Supersaturation is caused mainly by dissolution of ultrafines and high-energy, unstable surfaces which are produced by stress concentrations at grain contacts during the very early stages of compaction. Grain-contact dissolution also contributes to the solute increase in pore fluid in the early stage of compaction, but the effect is small compared to that of ultrafines and unstable surfaces and only slight supersaturation can be produced by it. The gradual decrease in pore-fluid concentration is related to the mechanical removal of ultrafines by pore-fluid flow and the dissolution of ultrafines and unstable surfaces. It also results from the lessening of grain-contact dissolution.Pore fluids in compacting sedimentary basins of quartz sandstone are nearly saturated throughout most of diagenetic processes. Ultrafines and unstable surfaces produced by stress appear not to be the major sources of quartz cement. 相似文献
8.
Overpressure is a hot topic in the study of sedimentary basins. It is important in generation,maturation migration,and accumulation of hydrocarbon,but the effects of overpressure on rock frame have not been investigated. In this study,experiments were carried out to study the effects of overpressure on rock frame structures using five core samples from the Junggar basin,Northwest China. The deformations and velocities for the samples were measured at different effective pressures related to non-equilibrium compaction and fluid expansion overpressure mechanisms. The results show that the effect of overpressure on rock frames gradually increases when the effective pressure drops down to a certain value (called critical pressure). Moreover,non-equilibrium compaction mechanism has more effects on rock frames than fluid expansion mechanism under the same effective pressure. Furthermore to study rock frame structural changes,we use Kuster and Toks?z's expressions to simulate the effective aspect ratios of inclusions α (penny shapes) for different effective pressures. The results show that the α decreases dramatically when the effective pressure decreases from the critical pressure. Changes of α can be interpreted as responses to the rock frame changes when grains conform one another by rotating and self-adjusting. However,different mechanisms of overpressure have different effects on rock frames. The rock frame can be affected more easily by overpressure in shallow regions generated by non-equilibrium compaction mechanism. Once this kind of rock frames are preserved after overpressure releases to a normal hydrostatic pressure,they can be identified by their specific rock frame characters. This method provides a new way to study overpressure release and fluid migration and accumulation. 相似文献
9.
Mathematical modelling of the ascent of free fluid through relatively strong rock, deep in the Earth's mantle, presents a challenge in geomechanics. Here the medium is considered as fluid-saturated, porous, elastic and bounded, and the fluid enters at a point source. An explicit finite difference method is developed for the numerical solution to the problem of the dilatation of a fluid-saturated porous elastic sphere due to a point fluid source of constant strength at the centre of the sphere. A cubic spline interpolant is used to evaluate a definite integral which occurs in the boundary condition for the pore fluid pressure at the surface of the sphere. The numerical solutions for the dilatation and pore fluid pressure are compared with analytical solutions and the absolute and relative errors of the numerical solutions are calculated. When the fluid source is switched on, the pore fluid pressure starts to decrease, reaches a minimum value and then steadily increases. The initial time rate of decrease of the pore fluid pressure is independent of the radial distance from the source. It decreases as the radius of the sphere increases and vanishes for a point fluid source in an infinite porous elastic medium. 相似文献
10.
The complete solution is presented for the transient effects of pumping fluid from a point sink embedded in a saturated, porous elastic half-space. It is assumed that the medium is homogeneous and isotropic with respect to its elastic properties and homogeneous but anisotropic with respect to the flow of pore fluid. The soil skeleton is modelled as a linear elastic material obeying Hooke's law, while the pore fluid is assumed to be incompressible with its flow governed by Darcy's law. The solution has been evaluated for a particular value of Poisson's ratio of the solid skeleton, i.e. 0.25, and the results have been presented graphically in the form of isochrones of excess pore pressure and surface profile for the half-space. The solutions presented may have application in practical problems such as dewatering operations in compressible soil and rock masses. 相似文献
11.
12.
比德-三塘盆地含煤地层的储层压力普遍较高, 压力梯度较大, 异常高压发育.通过研究该盆地现今煤储层压力分布特点, 对煤层异常高压影响因素进行了综合分析, 阐明了其形成机制.结果表明: 构造作用是本区异常高压形成的最主要因素, 煤储层生烃作用和顶板泥岩的封闭性次之.盆地内部断裂较少, 具有良好的圈闭条件, 储层流体富集, 压力增大, 易出现超压地层.研究区煤层生烃能力强, 含气量高, 但渗透率普遍较低, 生成的烃类气体使得储层内部流体孔隙体积膨胀产生高压.同时, 超厚的顶板泥岩封闭性较好, 在沉积过程中极易产生欠压实作用, 进一步促进了异常高压的形成. 相似文献
13.
Sergio Llana-Fúnez John Wheeler D. R. Faulkner 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2012,164(1):69-79
Pressure is a key control on the progress of metamorphic reactions. When fluids are present in rocks, the fluid pressure is commonly different to the load supported by the solid framework. Here, we show experimentally that, when the two pressures are varied independently, fluid pressure exerts the dominant control on reaction rate, even when the rock is compacting. We present 35 experiments on gypsum dehydration with independently controlled confining pressure, pore fluid pressure and temperature. Results show that a pore fluid pressure decrease at constant confining pressure has a strong effect on the average rate of the reaction. A decrease in confining pressure at constant pore fluid pressure has relatively little effect. Our results have implications for reaction kinetics: even though the product phase is supporting more and more load as reaction proceeds, that load does not appear to exert a chemical effect. On the large scale, our results imply that changes in fluid pressure will drive or stop the progress of metamorphic reactions. When estimating depth at which a metamorphic devolatilization reaction occurs, knowledge of the pore fluid pressure may be necessary rather than commonly used lithostatic pressure. This is relevant for basin diagenesis, mineralization in hydrothermal systems and chemical evolution after pore fluid pressure is perturbed by earthquakes. 相似文献
14.
大港滩海区第三系湖相混积岩的成因与成岩作用特征 总被引：13，自引：7，他引：13
大港滩海第三系沙河街组一段下部分布的混积岩主要为陆源碎屑质-碳酸盐混积岩, 其次为碳酸盐质-陆源碎屑混积岩和含碳酸盐-陆源碎屑混积岩.其中白水头地区的混积岩发育于辫状河-扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道沉积体系之中,为相缘渐变混合沉积的产物;而马东-马东东地区的混积岩发育于重力流沉积体系之中,为浊流沉积的产物.本区混积岩主要经历了压实作用、胶结作用和溶蚀溶解作用.孔隙流体的化学性质经历了由碱性到酸性,最后又回到碱性的变化历程.其中海绿石、微晶方解石、部分石英溶蚀和连生方解石为碱性流体条件下的共生组合;次生加大石英、油气侵位、溶蚀溶解、高岭石为酸性条件下的共生组合;伊利石、绿泥石、钠长石化、孔隙充填方解石和白云石为碱性流体条件下的共生组合. 相似文献
15.
四川盆地东南部及其盆缘转换带（以下简称渝东南盆缘转换带）是中国常压页岩气勘探的热点地区。为了厘清渝东南地区页岩气富集规律、优选水平井穿层层段及指导多层系立体开发建设,本文基于扫描电镜的图像定量表征技术,结合三轴力学、液氮吸附等实验分析结果,研究了页岩压力体系与有机孔的发育关系。结果表明：渝东南盆缘转换带五峰组—龙马溪组页岩下部①—②小层有机孔孔径小（1~30 nm）,孔隙发育的密集程度高（55.55~808.03个/μm2）;其上部③—⑤小层有机孔孔径变大（30~50 nm）,孔隙发育的密集程度低（47.31~466.42个/μm2）;压力系数与有机孔圆度有明显的正相关性。基于液氮吸附实验的孔隙体积分形维数结果表明,研究区龙马溪组页岩孔隙内流体压力的增加,能够对孔隙进行更好的支撑作用,保证孔隙不会因为上覆地层压力而造成变形,使得孔隙能够得到更好的保存。因此,有机孔发育差异是上覆地层压力和孔隙内流体压力共同造成的结果。对于常压区,上覆地层的压力对孔隙发育有着更为重要的影响;对于超压区,孔隙内流体压力的增加会减缓孔隙的变形和消失。三轴力学实验表明,①小层上部观音桥段的存在使得岩石的抗压强度变大,由此在纵向上形成一种压力隔断,引起了上下压力系数的差异,形成了不同的亚压力体系,从而导致了孔隙发育特征的差异。 相似文献
16.
The reaction kinetics and fluid expulsion during the decarbonation reaction of calcite+quartz=wollastonite+CO2 in water-absent conditions were experimentally investigated using a Paterson-type gas apparatus. Starting materials consisted of synthetic calcite/quartz rock powders with variable fractions of quartz (10, 20, and 30 wt%) and grain sizes of 10 µm (calcite) and 10 and 30 µm (quartz). Prior to reaction, samples were HIPed at 700 °C and 300 MPa confining pressure and varying pore pressures. Initial porosity was low at 2.7–6.3%, depending on pore pressure during HIP and the amount and grain size of quartz particles. Samples were annealed at reaction temperatures of 900 and 950 °C at 150 and 300 MPa confining pressures, well within the wollastonite stability field. Run durations were between 10 min and 20 h. SEM micrographs of quenched samples show growth of wollastonite rims on quartz grains and CO2-filled pores between rims and calcite grains and along calcite grain boundaries. Measured widths of wollastonite rims vs. time indicate a parabolic growth law. The reaction is diffusion-controlled and reaction progress and CO2 production are continuous. Porosity increases rapidly at initial stages of the reaction and attains about 10–12% after a few hours. Permeability at high reaction temperatures is below the detection limit of 10–21 m2 and not affected by increased porosity. This makes persistent pore connectivity improbable, in agreement with observed fluid inclusion trails in form of unconnected pores in SEM micrographs. Release of CO2 from the sample was measured in a downstream reservoir. The most striking observation is that fluid release is not continuous but occurs episodic and in pulses. Ongoing continuous reaction produces increase in pore pressure, which is, once having attained a critical value (Pcrit), spontaneously released. Connectivity of the pore space is short-lived and transient. The resulting cycle includes pore pressure build-up, formation of a local crack network, pore pressure release and crack closure. Using existing models for plastic stretching and decrepitation of pores along with critical stress intensity factors for the calcite matrix and measured pore widths, it results that Pcrit is about 20 MPa. Patterns of fluid flow based on mineralogical and stable isotope evidence are commonly predicted using the simplifying assumption of a continuous and constant porosity and permeability during decarbonation of the rock. However, simple flow models, which assume constant pore pressure, constant fluid filled porosity, and constant permeability may not commonly apply. Properties are often transient and it is most likely that fluid flow in a specific reacting rock volume is a short-lived episodic process.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs 相似文献
17.
柴达木盆地异常地层压力及其成因探讨 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
世界范围的一些年轻沉积盆地内.在一定埋深处常发现有异常地层压力。这种异常地层压力往往与油气分布有一定的关系。很多学者认为,异常地层压力是石油从生油岩向储集岩运移的动力,而高压带的压力封闭又使发育异常地层压力的泥质岩成为下伏储集岩的盖层。异常地层压力带常与高地温梯度带相一致,从而有利于油源岩中有机质转化为烃类。因此,研究异常地层压力有助于对沉积盆地的演化、油气的形成作用和形成过程的认识。同时,由于高压力梯度带的钻探成本高,弄清油气分布与异常压力不同梯度之间的关系有利于提高石油勘探的成效。 相似文献
18.
Effects of phosphate ions on intergranular pressure solution in calcite: An experimental study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Intergranular pressure solution (IPS) is a coupled chemical-mechanical process of widespread importance that occurs during diagenesis and low-temperature deformation of sedimentary rocks. Laboratory experiments on IPS in halite, quartz, and calcite have largely concentrated on the mechanical aspects of the process. In this study, we report the effects of pore fluid chemistry, specifically varying phosphate ion concentration, on the mechanical compaction by IPS of fine-grained calcite powders at room temperature and 1 to 4 MPa applied effective stress. Phosphate was investigated because of its importance as a biogenic constituent of sea and pore waters. Increasing the pore fluid phosphate concentration from 0 to 10−3 mol/L systematically reduced compaction strain rates by up to two orders of magnitude. The sensitivity of the compaction strain rate to phosphate concentration was the same as the sensitivity of calcite precipitation rates to the addition of phosphate ions reported in the literature, suggesting that the rate of IPS in phosphate-bearing samples was controlled by calcite precipitation on pore walls. The results imply that IPS and associated porosity/permeability reduction rates in calcite sediments may be strongly reduced when pore fluids are enriched in phosphates, for example, through high biologic productivity or a seawater origin. Future modeling of IPS-related processes in carbonates must therefore take into account the effects of pore fluid chemistry, specifically the inhibition of interfacial reactions. 相似文献
19.
鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界低压异常研究中应注意的几个问题 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
通过对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界砂泥岩压实特征、压力成因的研究,结合上古生界不同岩性的组合关系分析,认为上古生界非烃源岩与烃源岩、砂岩和泥岩的地层压力成因有明显区别。非烃源岩系统泥岩的异常高压主要由“非均衡压实”作用产生;而生气作用是烃源岩增压的关键因素,同时也是上古生界天然气运移、成藏的主要动力源;砂岩与泥岩弹塑性有明显差别,构造抬升剥蚀成为砂岩降压的主要机理,而对泥岩影响有限,石千峰-上石盒子组非烃源岩目前仍具明显非均衡压实特征,多处于高压异常,而储层表现为低—正常压力,目前上古生界为一个高低压相间共存的复杂压力系统。上古生界压力的形成与演化历史表明,对于上古生界用流体势的高低来研究互不连通砂体之间的区域运移可能并不适宜。利用Berg临界烃类柱高度的公式计算,上古生界储层能引起天然气运移需要的最小连续气柱高度在22.07 m～67.36 m,远大于砂岩的单层厚度(5 m～15 m)。从天然气的生产能力、天然气聚集、成藏角度分析,山2段毛管中值压力平均值小于6.21MPa、砂岩厚度大于4 m以上的优质储层,才具有聚集、成藏和产出天然气能力,而排驱压力大、孔隙结构差、厚度小的砂岩,由于成藏动力小于成藏阻力,难于形成具规模的气层。 相似文献
20.
文13西块油藏岩石形变对采收率影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
低渗透、异常高压油藏弹性能量充足,储层欠压实,岩石易发生弹塑性变形。根据这些油藏特性,从达西定律的角度推导出了室内一维岩芯中最终采出程度与岩石物性变化的近似关系式,并引入渗透率变化因子分析采收率的影响因素,进而以文13西块油藏岩石为例,通过不同流体介质的渗透率压敏性试验,以及不同加压方式下渗透率变化试验,结合降压弹性开采试验和水驱物理模拟试验,以渗透率变化因子为基础,分析并讨论该类油藏的开采方法。结果表明：该类油藏在保持较慢降压速度、较高孔隙压力水平时,能够获得较高的油藏采收率。 相似文献