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1.
海洋沉积物中由微生物硫酸盐还原作用(MSR)驱动的碳、硫耦合作用及甲烷消耗，是影响全球碳、硫循环和气候变化的关键生物地球化学过程。准确认识微生物硫酸盐还原代谢过程及其环境影响因子，是探究MSR驱动的碳、硫循环及生态环境效应的重要基础。沉积物孔隙水中硫酸盐的硫、氧同位素组成是揭示MSR过程及其驱动的硫循环的重要方法。本文从细胞内代谢途径和胞外硫循环过程角度，厘清影响孔隙水硫酸盐硫、氧同位素组成的硫的生物地球化学过程，阐述其在示踪有机质驱动和甲烷驱动的硫酸盐还原过程类型及“隐秘”硫循环的意义，为探究微生物硫酸盐还原作用在地球表层环境演化中的作用提供新启示。 相似文献
2.
极端环境下的微生物及其生物地球化学作用 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
极端微生物是地球生物圈的重要组成部分。极端微生物的地球化学定位在微生物学与地球化学以及一些相关学科的交叉点上,最近10年已经发展成为地质生物学研究的热门领域。对极端微生物的研究不仅有助于回答生命起源、生命极限、生命本质甚至其他生命形式等生命科学问题,而且其生物地球化学作用在地球系统科学研究中具有重大科学研究价值,对揭示生物圈与地圈协同演化的奥秘、认识生命与环境相互作用规律及地球的化学演化提供重要证据。总结了嗜热菌、嗜冷菌、嗜酸菌、嗜碱菌、嗜压菌、嗜盐菌以及抗辐射菌的主要类群,论述了极端微生物适应环境的机制,探讨了极端微生物的生物地球化学意义。作者预测未来将会在生物标志化合物研究、同位素地球化学分析和分子生物学综合研究的基础上协同推进极端微生物地球化学学科的发展。 相似文献
3.
利用厌氧微生物分离技术,对深度为1.2 m 的海南红树林湿地沉积物钻孔样品进行了分离培养,共获得11 株
厌氧sulfate-reducing bacteria（SRB） 菌株。经显微观察和16S rDNA序列分析,可归纳为6个属,其中已经报道有芽孢杆菌
属（Bacillus）、弧菌属（Vibrio） 和梭状芽胞杆菌属（Clostridium）,另外3个属分别为伯克霍尔德菌属（Burkholderia）、希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella） 和海杆菌属（Marinobacterium）。不同属的细菌对硫酸盐还原的速率最低为14.71%,最高可达
56.78%,并且以上6属11株菌都能将+6价的硫还原生成-2价硫,并与培养基中的Fe2+结合生成黑色FeS沉淀,而这些无定
形FeS沉淀是生成黄铁矿的前体。红树林湿地SRB种群数量随沉积物深度的增加而降低,结合沉积物的地球化学分析测试
结果表明,表层（0 cm） 水界面的沉积物由于处于氧化-还原界面,氧气的周期性输入在一定程度上抑制了SRB的生长;随着
深度增加（10~40 cm）,充足的有机质、偏中性的pH值以及厌氧环境的增强,使得SRB种类和数量明显增加;而60 cm以下
沉积物中因TOC含量降低,减少了微生物可利用的碳源,pH值明显降低,Na+和Ca2+离子浓度明显增加,这些因素都抑制了
SRB的生长,使得深部沉积物中SRB的种类和数量显著减少。 相似文献
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6.
万曦 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》1994,(3)
阿哈湖沉积物─水界面Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ循环的微生物影响分析万曦（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词阿哈湖，沉积物，Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ循环，微生物微生物参与的湖泊沉积地球化学作用在沉积物－水界面物质循环中具有重要意义。本文通过贵阳阿哈湖沉积物－水界面Ｆ... 相似文献
7.
已有的研究结果表明:极地冰下存在生命活动的证据。生物地球化学过程以其独特的视角,从生物学和地球化学学科交叉的角度,对于诠释冰下环境微生物生存及其对全球气候的影响提供了一条新途径。目前对于冰下生命的研究多集中在温型冰川和多温型冰川,关于冷型冰川冰下环境的生物起源、生存条件、能源转化方式和生物体的空间分布特征及种属关系等研究均还处在起步阶段。在简要阐述冰下化学风化机理发展历程的基础上,对近年应用生物地球化学过程研究极地冰下环境的研究成果进行总结和分析。此外,针对该领域目前研究上的空白和热点,分别对利用生物地球化学过程研究冰下环境微生物生存和繁衍,冰下温室气体释放,重大古气候事件探索及星际生命探索等科学命题进行展望。 相似文献
8.
矿山环境地表水系的硫同位素研究——以贵州赫章后河为例 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
为更好地了解矿山环境中元素迁移释放的地球化学过程,本文研究了赫章后河地表水系硫酸根和沉积物中的硫同位素组成。结果发现,水体和沉积物中硫同位素组成差异较大,不同水体中SO42-的浓度与δ34S值之间有较好的相关性,主河道水体和沉积物中的硫主要来自矿业活动的释放。水体中硫同位素组成不仅能反映水体的受污染情况和污染水体的扩散范围,还能反映沉积物中硫化物氧化作用的地球化学过程。 相似文献
9.
贵州地表土壤及沉积物中镉的地球化学与环境问题 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
镉(Cd)是对人体有害的微量元素。镉含量过高会给动植物带来危害,镉过量可导致人体多种疾病或中毒死亡。本文综述了镉的化学性质及其在自然界的分布规律、存在形式及生物地球化学效应,利用区域化探扫面成果资料,特别分析了贵州地表覆盖的土壤和水系沉积物等介质中镉的地球化学分布特征。研究表明,贵州的镉主要分布在碳酸盐岩及其风化的土壤和沉积物中,镉的高含量异常与中低温热液成矿作用中的锌和有机物含量密切相关。镉的化学结合形态有多种,但以可溶态和可交换态形式存在的镉才能具有生物地球化学效应。贵州应重视和防止镉及汞、砷、铅、铊等生命有害元素发生“化学定时炸弹”的可能性。 相似文献
10.
海底深部生物圈微生物的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
由于极端环境条件和有限有机碳输入及长期埋藏和矿化,大洋海底深部沉积物一直被认为是一个巨大的荒漠,根本无法支持任何生命活动。DSDP（Deep Sea Drilling Project）和 ODP（Ocean Drilling Program）计划的实施对此提出了严峻的挑战。海底深部生物圈微生物区系在世界大洋沉积物和上部洋壳中的普遍存在是 ODP计划的重大发现之一。一系列的研究表明在海底深部沉积物中蕴藏着巨大的微生物生物量、生物和分子多样性以及复杂多样的生理生态功能过程。海底深部生物圈微生物正成为生命起源和进化、地球系统进化和演化、全球变化和海洋生物技术开发利用的研究焦点。 相似文献
11.
The extensive spread ofPhragmites australis throughout brackish marshes on the East Coast of the United States is a major factor governing management and restoration
decisions because it is assumed that biogeochemical functions are altered by the invasion. Microbial activity is important
in providing wetland biogeochemical functions such as carbon and nitrogen cycling, but there is little known about sediment
microbial communities inPhragmites marshes. Microbial populations associated with invasivePhragmites vegetation and with native salt marsh cordgrass,Spartina alterniflora, may differ in the relative abundance of microbial taxa (community structure) and in the ability of this biota to decompose
organic substrates (community biogeochemical function). This study compares sediment microbial communities associated withPhragmites andSpartina vegetation in an undisturbed brackish marsh near Tuckerton, New Jersey (MUL), and in a brackish marsh in the anthropogenically
affected Hackensack meadowlands (SMC). We use phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and enzymataic activity to profile sediment
microbial communities associated with both plants in each site. Sediment analyses include bulk density, total organic matter,
and root biomass. PLFA profiles indicate that the microbial communities differ between sites with the undisturbed site exhibiting
greater fatty acid richness (62 PLFA recovered from MUL versus 38 from SMC). Activity of the 5 enzymes analyzed (β-glucosidase,
acid phosphatase, chitobiase, and 2 oxidases) was higher in the undisturbed site. Differences between vegetation species as
measured by Principal Components Analysis were significantly greater at the undisturbed MUL site than at SMC, and patterns
of enzyme activity and PLFAs did not correspond to patterns of root biomass. We suggest that in natural wetland sediments,
macrophyte rhizosphere effects influence the community composition of sediment microbial populations. Physical and chemical
site disturbances may impose limits on these rhizosphere effects, decreasing sediment microbial diversity and potentially,
microbial biogeochemical functions. 相似文献
12.
Zhuanxi Luo Zhaozheng Qiu Qunshan Wei Gijs Du Laing Yanling Zhao Changzhou Yan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(7):2225-2237
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a very important factor controlling the nitrogen cycle in wetlands. However, it is still unclear to what extent the presence of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), and related nitrification, are influenced by DO in estuarine wetlands. The aims of this study were to determine changes of nitrification at the sediment–water interface, to examine the abundance and diversity of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers in estuarine sediments, and to identify the correlation between nitrification and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms along a simulated dissolved oxygen gradient in a Chinese estuarine wetland. The results showed that the nitrification rate was positively correlated with the diversity and abundance of AOA but not AOB, and the abundance and diversity of AOA can explain 87 % of the total variance of the first axes in the redundancy analysis. This indicates that AOA were primarily involved in ammonia oxidation in this study. Additionally, AOB were much more influenced by DO than AOA inferred from the assessment of dominant species and principal coordinates analysis of AOA and AOB. Higher diversity and abundance of AOA occurred in the mangrove sediments, which explain the higher nitrification rates in the mangrove sediments compared to the bare mudflat sediments. Notably, the trend of nitrification rate in the bare mudflat sediments was different from that in the mangrove sediments, suggesting that the extent of nitrification as impacted by DO depends largely on the sediment biotic and nutrient properties, and its environmental conditions including DO levels. 相似文献
13.
Patrick J. Kearns Nathaniel B. Weston Jennifer L. Bowen Tatjana Živković Melanie A. Vile 《Estuaries and Coasts》2016,39(4):981-991
Rates of sea level rise associated with climate change are predicted to increase in the future, potentially altering ecosystems at all ecological levels. Sea level rise can increase the extent of brackish water intrusion into freshwater ecosystems, which in turn can affect the structure and function of resident microbial communities. In this study, we performed a year-long mesocosm experiment using intact tidal freshwater marsh sediment cores to examine the effect of a 5-part per thousand (ppt) salinity increase on the diversity and community composition of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes. We used a clone library approach to examine the dsrA gene, which encodes an important catalytic enzyme in sulfate reduction. Our results indicate that tidal freshwater marshes contain extremely diverse communities of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Members of these communities were, on average, only 71 % similar to known cultured sulfate reducers and 81 % similar to previously sequenced environmental clones. Salinity and associated increases in sulfate availability did not significantly affect the diversity or community composition of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes. However, carbon quality and quantity, which correlated with depth, were found to be the strongest drivers of sulfate-reducing community structure. Our study demonstrates that the sulfate-reducing community in tidal freshwater marsh sediments appears resistant to increased salinity in the face of sea level rise. Additionally, the microorganisms that comprise this sulfate-reducing community appear to be unique to tidal freshwater marsh sediments and may represent novel lineages of previously undescribed sulfate reducers. 相似文献
14.
Examination of small-scale spatial variation in essential to understanding the relationships between environmental factors and benthic community structure in estuaries. A sampling experiment was performed in October 1993 to measure infauna association with sediment composition and salinity gradients in Nueces Bay, Texas, USA. The bay was partitioned into four salinity zones and three sediment types. Higher densities of macrofaua, were found in sediments with greater sand content and in areas with higher salinity. High diversity was also associated with high homogeneous salinity (31–33‰) and greater sand content. Macrofauna biomass and diversity were positively correlated with bottom salinity, porewater salinity, and bottom dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). Furthermore, species dominance shifted along the estuarine gradient.Streblospio benedicti dominated at lower salinity, but,Mediomatsus ambiseta andMulinia lateralis were the dominant species at higher salinity. Statistical analyses revealed significant correlations for sediment characteristics (i.e., increased fine sediments, water content, and total organic carbon) with decreased total abundance and diversity. Increased salinity and DIN were correlated with increased total biomass, diversity, and macrofauma community structure. These physico-chemical variables are regulated by freshwater inflow, so inflow is an important factor influencing macrofauna community structure by indirectly influencing the physico-chemical environment. 相似文献
15.
Little is known about the diversity, community composition, or distribution of benthic microbial eukaryotes in organic carbon (OC)-rich mangrove sediments. We hypothesized that the distribution of microeukaryotes was related to the spatial heterogeneity of mangrove sediment geochemistry due to tidal zonation and the rhizosphere effect. A range of geochemical properties of surface sediments were characterized, and alpha and beta diversities of microeukaryotes in a mangrove ecosystem were investigated using MiSeq sequencing of 18S rRNA genes. We found that the sequence proportions of Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were notably high in the datasets. Both operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and microeukaryotic community structure (MCS) were significantly different between the OC-rich upper tidal zone and the sulfate- and ammonium-rich lower tidal zone, indicating a strong response of microeukaryotic diversity to tidal zonation. The zonewise community differences were characterized by distinct shifts in the proportions and OTUs of chlorophytes, diatoms, and fungi. However, neither OTU richness nor MCS was significantly different between near-root and bulk sediments, though several geochemical parameters varied. Similarly, the assemblages of fungi showed a pattern of tidal zonation. Overall, variations in MCS in mangrove sediments were mainly driven by the quantity and quality of organic matter, grain size, and concentration of sulfate. 相似文献
16.
Catherine E. Lovelock Maria Fernanda Adame Vicki Bennion Matthew Hayes Julian O’Mara Ruth Reef Nadia S. Santini 《Estuaries and Coasts》2014,37(3):763-771
Mangrove forests and saltmarshes are important habitats for carbon (C) sequestration in the coastal zone but variation in rates of C sequestration and the factors controlling sequestration are poorly understood. We assessed C sequestration in Moreton Bay, South East Queensland in mangrove forests and tidal marshes that span a range of environmental settings and plant communities, including mangrove forests and tidal marshes on the oligotrophic sand islands of the eastern side of Moreton Bay and on the nutrient enriched, western side of the bay adjacent to the city of Brisbane. We found that rates of C sequestration in sediments were similar among mangrove forests over the bay, despite large differences in the C density of sediments, because of different rates of vertical accretion of sediments. The C sequestration on the oligotrophic sand island tidal marshes, dominated by Juncus kraussii, had the highest rate of C sequestration in the bay while the western saltmarshes, which were dominated by Sarcocornia quinqueflora, had the lowest rate of C sequestration. Our data indicate C sequestration varies among different tidal wetland plant community types, due to variation in sediment characteristics and rates of sediment accretion over time. 相似文献
17.
高寒地区湖泊浮游病毒时空分布特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
湖泊中浮游病毒的丰度在105~108 mL-1,是浮游微生物中丰度较高的组分,在湖泊水生态系统中扮演着重要角色。病毒对宿主的侵染和裂解可以调节微生物群落的丰度、生产力、组成和种群多样性,同时还可以将宿主细胞的大量物质释放到湖泊中,改变碳循环和营养物质流通,进而影响生物地球化学循环。高寒地区湖泊水生态系统结构简单,主要以微生物为主,浮游病毒对微生物具有重要的调节作用,但目前研究较少。综述了近几年国内外对高寒地区湖泊病毒生态学的相关研究进展,主要包括病毒的时空分布以及与生物和非生物因子的关系、病毒与宿主的相互作用关系以及病毒对湖泊碳循环和微生物食物环的作用,发现高寒湖泊浮游病毒分布较广、多样性较高以及溶原性是病毒重要的生活策略,同时也得出由病毒裂解作用释放的有机碳对微生物活性和微生物食物环具有重要的作用。在此基础上,对今后我国青藏高原湖泊浮游病毒的研究提出了展望。 相似文献
18.
黄河湿地孟津段不同植物群落类型土壤有机质含量变化特征研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对黄河湿地孟津段不同湿地植被群落类型土壤进行采样分析,探讨了黄河小浪底水库修建之后调水调沙对下游滨河湿地不同植被群落类型土壤沉积特征的影响,并系统研究了滨河湿地土壤有机质的空间分异特征。研究结果表明：受上游小浪底水库建设的影响,滨河湿地不同植被群落类型土壤沉积层次和沉积厚度变化较大,近岸湿地植被向陆生演替的特征明显,土壤沉积加速、并不断向河道推移;滨河湿地不同植物群落类型、不同土壤层次的土壤有机质含量差异显著;典型湿地特征的植被群落表层土壤有机质含量明显高于其它深部沉积土壤;滨河湿地土壤有机质含量的显著差异性和受外部条件的显著控制作用,充分反映了滨河湿地生态系统的脆弱性。 相似文献
19.
In the Patía River delta, the best-developed delta on the western margin of South America, a major water diversion started in 1972. The diversion of the Patía flow to the Sanquianga River, the latter a small stream draining internal lakes from the Pacific lowlands, shifted the active delta plain from the south to the north and changed the northern estuarine system into an active delta plain. The Sanquianga Mangrove National Park, a mangrove reserve measuring 800 km2, lies in this former estuary, where major hydrologic and sedimentation changes are occurring. Overall, major environmental consequences of this discharge diversion in terms of geomorphic changes along distributary channels and ecological impacts on mangrove ecosystems are evidenced by: (1) distributary channel accretion by operating processes such as sedimentation, overbank flow, increasing width of levees, sedimentation in crevasses, interdistributary channel fill, and colonization of pioneer mangrove; (2) freshening conditions in the Sanquianga distributary channel, a hydrologic change that has shifted the upper estuarine region (salinity <1%) downstream; (3) downstream advance of freshwater vegetation, which is invading channel banks in the lower and mixing estuarine zones; (4) die-off of approximately 5200 ha of mangrove near the delta apex at Bocas de Satinga, where the highest sediment accumulation rates occur; and (5) recurrent periods of mangrove defoliation due to a worm plague. Further analyses indicate strong mangrove erosion along transgressive barrier islands on the former delta plain. Here tectonic-induced subsidence, relative sea-level rise, and sediment starving conditions due to the channel diversion, are the main causes of the observed retreating conditions of mangrove communities. Our data also indicate that the Patía River has the highest sediment load (27 × 106 t yr−1) and basin-wide sediment yield (1500 t km−2 yr−1) on the west coast of South America. Erosion rates from the Patía catchment have been more pronounced during the decades of 1970–1980 and 1990–2000, as a result of land degradation and deforestation. The high sediment and freshwater inputs into the mangrove ecosystem create additional stress (both at ongoing background levels and, occasionally, at dramatic levels), which may periodically push local environmental parameters beyond the thresholds for mangrove survival. The future environmental state of the Sanquianga Mangrove National Reserve deserves more scientific and governmental attention. 相似文献
20.
沉积物中的重金属属于持久性污染物,具有富集性、难降解性和毒性,长时间累积会对生态环境和人体健康造成威胁。为研究珍珠湾红树林湿地表层沉积物中的重金属含量分布特征及质量现状,2021年9月在珍珠湾红树林分布区采集13件表层沉积物样品,分析测试重金属含量。结果表明: 与国内其他红树林湿地相比,珍珠湾红树林湿地表层沉积物中的重金属含量处于相对较低水平; 地累积指数法显示大部分表层沉积物样品无重金属污染,仅有2个站位受到Cd和Hg的轻微污染,潜在生态风险指数法表明湾内各站位均为低生态风险; 相关性分析和主成分分析表明,Cd主要受江平江输入和珍珠湾东南部海水养殖的影响,其他元素主要为自然背景的岩石风化沉积,利用主成分-多元线性回归模型对重金属的来源进行解析认为,表明江平江输入的重金属贡献率为57%,海水养殖影响的重金属贡献率为43%。综上所述,珍珠湾红树林湿地整体生态状况良好,但仍需重点关注Cd的输入。 相似文献