共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
海水珍珠微结构棱柱层的新认识 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：7
棱柱层是珍珠层微结构中与珍珠质层明显不同的结构单元。运用XRD、IR显微镜和偏光显微镜对我国优劣海水珍珠层微结构——棱柱层进行微区测试研究，结果发现海水珍珠微结构棱柱层不是以往认为的仅由方解石组成，而是有各种形态的文石棱柱，文石与方解石共同组成的棱柱。珍珠质量与棱柱体层的厚度及空间分布有密切关系，而并非完全是以往认为的文石含量越高海水珍珠质量就越好。 相似文献
2.
采用同步辐射微区X射线荧光光谱技术,探测古铜色日本马氏贝珍珠剖面(珠核与珍珠层)的元素分布。测试结果表明,样品中主要含有Ca、Sr、Ba等3种碱土金属元素,Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn等4种3d过渡金属元素以及稀土元素,各元素在珍珠中表现出一定的空间分布规律:珠核表面稀土元素浓度最高,珍珠层和珠核的稀土元素浓度大致相当;Mn和Fe元素浓度自珠核浅表层向珠核表面有降低趋势;珍珠层内Mn和Fe元素浓度都出现大幅降低现象,且是在相同的圈层降低,显示其具有一定正相关性,推测二者大幅降低的圈层是平行层和棱柱层的分界,且Mn元素主要赋存于棱柱层;Ca与Sr、Ba元素的分布具有负相关性。 相似文献
3.
4.
近年来海水灰色Akoya珍珠是珍珠类饰品的新宠,前期研究主要聚焦在对其海水属性、各结构单元的元素赋存特征、辐照处理及其鉴别方法等方面。本文借助紫外可见(UV-Vis)反射光谱仪、显微红外光谱仪、扫描电镜等技术,对具有白色内核的一类灰色珍珠的宝石学与其精细结构特征进行研究。结果表明:①在珍珠的珠核与珍珠层之间,基本存在厚约几十微米的褐色有机质过渡层。在珠核至珍珠表面的径向上,靠近褐色过渡层的珍珠层区域中存在无特定形态区域,该区域物相组成所对应的红外光谱中可见分别归属球文石(约1444cm-1、887cm-1)与方解石(约1410cm-1、872cm-1、708cm-1)的特征吸收。同时,在接近珍珠表面处的珍珠层中,文石板片形貌较不规则;而在珍珠径向上并位于珍珠层的中间区域中,文石则呈规则的板片形貌,且自内核至珍珠表层方向上,文石板片的厚度呈现渐薄特征。②整个珍珠表面的反射光谱与外层单一的珍珠层的光谱特征一致,上述褐色过渡层对整个珍珠的UV-Vis反射光谱无直接影响,因此该褐色过渡层是否对珍珠呈现灰色产生影响有待进一步商榷。本研究工作对灰色Akoya珍珠的呈色机理探究及形成属性的鉴别具有较重要的指导意义,同时可进一步丰富人们对具有0.3~0.6mm薄层珍珠层的珍珠品类精细结构及矿化特征的认知。 相似文献
5.
珍珠的呈色机理一直存在有机物致色学说与微量金属离子致色学说,鉴于有机物致色机理与物体本身结构无关及珍珠中微量金属元素的测定,这些理论用于解释珍珠时呈色存在明显的局限,直至目前珍珠的呈色机理尚无定论。本文采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)等技术,对白、紫、粉红三种颜色的淡水养殖珍珠的呈色机理进行较为系统的研究。结果表明:不同颜色珍珠的红外光谱无明显差异;粉色珍珠中Ti、Fe、Mg与Cu的含量较白色与紫色珍珠高,白色珍珠中Mn的含量较粉色珍珠高;粉色与白色珍珠中Ti、Fe、Cu的含量差异较大,但紫色与白色珍珠中Ti、Fe、Cu的含量几乎接近;不同颜色珍珠的研磨粉体的颜色基本一致,反射主波长为(582±1) nm,说明珍珠内有机质与致色金属元素不应是珍珠呈色差异的主要原因。在同一直径不同颜色的珍珠中,其近外表面区域内珍珠层文石板片的厚度大小不一,其中粉色珍珠中文石板片的厚度相对较薄;珍珠表面的"叠瓦状"结构疏密也并不一致,粉色珍珠表面的文石片层更为紧密。研究认为,珍珠中内部文石板片厚度及其外表面形貌的差异应是珍珠呈现不同颜色的直接原因。 相似文献
6.
淡水珍珠中球文石的XRD谱 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
球文石是CaCO3的同质多象变体，在自然界中很少出现。对不同质量淡水珍珠进行XRD物相分析，结果表明不同颜色的优质淡水珍珠中几乎全部由文石组成，方解石不发育；劣质淡水珍珠中主要含有文石、球文石；在劣质的淡水无光珠发现有球文石，可能与这些珍珠混有较多的有机物有关，文中例举了含球文石与不含球文石的淡水珍珠XRD谱。 相似文献
7.
为了研究染色对海水珍珠结构和表面光泽的影响以及染料的主要渗透途径与结合部位,通过对比染色实验、扫描电子显微镜和宝石显微镜,对染色前、后的海水珍珠样品表面和内部特征进行了观察与分析,采用显微分光光度-偏光显微镜测量染色前、后海水珍珠样品的表面反射率变化以及运用红外光谱测定染色前、后海水珍珠样品的成分。结果表明,在染色过程中,染料是通过海水珍珠珠孔处珠核和珍珠层间的有机质空隙以及漂白造成海水珍珠表面有机质疏松结构而渗透到珍珠的内部,主要与海水珍珠内的有机成分作用而使其着色。染色后海水珍珠样品的砖墙型层状结构未改变;染料对海水珍珠表面的有机质疏松结构具有填充作用,增强了其表面的镜面效应,使光泽度增强。 相似文献
8.
珍珠显微结构及纳米矿物的电镜分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
采用SEM(扫描电子显微镜)和HRTEM(高分辨透射电子显微镜)技术,系统地研究了珍珠层及其微结构.发现珍珠质层是由有机质胶结的文石组成片状晶层,文石大量为六边形、不规则多边形和近圆形,并与有机质层交互平行叠置.在棱柱层的柱状晶体周围也有纤维状、胶状有机质.同时,在棱柱状和片状文石晶体的截面上,含有大量纳米级的圆形、椭圆形等形状的有机质、气液包裹体或孔洞.其中许多部位的有机基质中不同程度地显现出晶格条纹像,均为纳米矿物所致.以上结果均表明珍珠层具有有序、精细、多层次、整体性好等优良的结构特点.这一结论对于探讨珍珠的成因、机械强度及医药保健性能等方面均具有重要的意义. 相似文献
9.
应用傅里叶变换红外光谱与紫外可见吸收光谱鉴别两类海水养殖灰色珍珠 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Akoya珍珠属生物矿化有机宝玉石,该类珍珠的矿物组成与微结构分析、定性与其颜色形成属性的鉴定方法尚为缺乏。本文通过光学显微镜、紫外可见吸收光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、能量色散X射线荧光光谱对具有白色或灰色珠核的两类Akoya灰色珍珠的珍珠层与珠核的结构特征及显色机制、紫外吸收光谱、微量金属元素赋存特征进行了对比研究。结果表明:①灰色珍珠的珠核有白色与灰色两类,两类珍珠的直径主要分布在5～9mm,珍珠层厚度约300～500μm;②两类珍珠的珍珠层和珠核的主体矿物组成均为生物文石,且两者的珍珠层中均富Sr贫Mn。③灰色的珠核具有明显的富Mn特征,且由于辐照使得Mn元素的价态升高并使得珠核致灰色,并导致整个珍珠呈现灰色;④紫外可见吸收光谱检测中,一般而言具有白色珠核的灰色珍珠在300～400nm波段可见明显的反射带,而具有灰色珠核的灰色珍珠在400～500nm波段可见明显的反射带。两类灰色珍珠皆为海水养殖珍珠,研究表明这两类珍珠的紫外吸收光谱的差异可作为初步评判灰色系珍珠是否经辐照改色的依据之一。 相似文献
10.
11.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
12.
The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements. 相似文献
13.
14.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
15.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(10):1510-1522
Quantum-chemical interpretations of differentiation of the “normal” magmatic melt (the “Bowen's fork”) show certain defects in the traditionally crystallochemical interpretations of mineral structures and of the sequence of crystallization of minerals. The “dynamic unit,” in transitions from phase to phase and from lattice to lattice, proves to be the uncharged SiO2 molecule and not the SiO4 tetrahedron, which is but a static architectural detail of crystal structures. Different mechanisms and types of silicification (figs. 3-8), condensation and structures of the chains (figs. 9-14), structures of zeolites and other aluminosilicates (figs. 14, 17, 18), and the quantumchemical representation of corundum, as “molecular” Al2O3, illustrate further reevaluations of traditionalism in mineralogy. 相似文献
16.
Fish and invertebrate assemblages in seagrass, mangrove, saltmarsh, and nonvegetated habitats 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Many studies compare utilization of different marine habitats by fish and decapod crustaceans; few compare multiple vegetated
habitats, especially using the same sampling equipment. Fish and invertebrates in seagrass, mangrove, saltmarsh, and nonvegetated
habitats were sampled during May–August (Austral winter) and December–January (Austral summer) in the Barker Inlet-Port River
estuary, South Australia. Sampling was undertaken using pop nets in all habitats and seine nets in seagrass and nonvegetated
areas. A total of 7,895 fish and invertebrates spanning 3 classes, 9 orders, and at least 23 families were collected. Only
one fish species,Atherinosoma microstoma, was collected in all 4 habitats, 11 species were found in 3 habitats (mangroves, seagrass, and nonvegetated), and 13 species
were only caught in seagrass and nonvegetated habitats. Seagrass generally supported the highest numbers of fish and invertebrates
and had the greatest species richness. Saltmarsh was at the other extreme with 29 individuals caught from two species. Mangroves
and nonvegetated habitats generally had more fish, invertebrates, and species than saltmarsh, but less than seagrass. Analyses
of abundances of individual species generally showed an interaction between habitat and month indicating that the same patterns
were not found through time in all habitats. All habitats supported distinct assemlages although seagrass and nonvegetated
assemblages were similar in some months. The generality of these patterns requires further investigation at other estuaries.
Loss of vegetated habitats, particularly seagrass, could result in loss of species richness and abundance, especially for
organisms that were not found in other habitats. Although low abundances were found in saltmarsh and mangroves, species may
use these habitats for varying reasons, such as spawning, and such use should not be ignored. 相似文献
17.
Average concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and other metals, as well as S and As, were calculated for the Aue granitic cupola,
the contact aureole of which hosts the large vein-type uranium deposit of Schlema-Alberoda and the Schneeberg uranium-base
metal deposit (Erzgebirge, Germany). The cupola was exposed by mine workings and boreholes, which provided an opportunity
to evaluate variations in the abundances of metals in the granites over a vertical interval of more than 2.5 km and estimate
their losses in the upper oxidized part of the investigated volume of the cupola (coefficient of iron oxidation, KO
Fe, increases in the granites from bottom to top from 7 to 70%) compared with the lower unaltered and unoxidized part (with
a KO
Fe plateau at about 5%). The average concentrations of metals in the upper part of the cupola are lower than those in the lower
part by a factor of 2.5 for Pb, 1.56 for Zn, 1.45 for Cu, 1.3 for Co, etc. A similar decrease in the abundances of ore elements
along the vertical section associating with the relative epigenetic alteration and oxidation of the granite was previously
described by us for U and Th and for the components of high-temperature ores, W, Sn, and Mo. The removal of ore elements from
the granite was accompanied by a decrease in the bulk contents of sulfur and arsenic by a factor of 1.35 and 1.65, respectively.
The leaching of trace metals from the granites of the upper part of the Aue cupola was followed by their partial redeposition
above the cupola in the ore veins of the Schlema and Schneeberg deposits.
Original Russian Text ? Vikt. L. Barsukov, N.T. Sokolova, O.M. Ivanitskii, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 9, pp.
967–982. 相似文献
18.
Stratiform quartz-sulphide lodes in Ingladhal occur in a typical Precambrian green-stone-belt environment comprising metabasalts, tuff, chert and cherty iron-sulphide formation. Unusually high cobalt contents of metavolcanics and of sulphide minerals in orebodies suggest a consanguinity between ores and rocks. 90% of total nickel, 70% of total cobalt but only 30% of total copper in rocks occur in silicate phases and thus indicate an early separation of copper from cobalt and nickel. Unusually high non-sulphide copper in barren bedded cherts implies availability of Cu-rich solution prior to their lithification. Pyrite in sediments, in volcanics, and in orebodies is characterized by a distinctive pattern of Co-Ni distribution in each case. Partitioning of Co and Ni between coexisting sulphide pairs is complex, but gross equilibrium is indicated. Very high trace metal content of orebody pyrite sharply contrasts with very low such values in pyrite from adjacent sediments and points to a higher temperature of formation of orebodies. 相似文献
19.
20.
Acid leaching of the primitive C-chondrite Murchison and O-chondrite QUE 97008 reveal nucleosynthetic anomalies in Cr, Sr, Ba, Nd, Sm and Hf. The anomalies in all but Cr and Sm are best explained by variable additions of pure s-process nuclides to a background nebular composition slightly enriched in r-process isotopes compared to average Solar System material. Leaching leaves a residue in Murchison that is strongly enriched in s-process nuclides with depletions of over 0.1% in 135Ba and seven parts in 10,000 in 84Sr. If there are p-process anomalies in these two elements, they are lost in the variability caused by different r-, s-process contributions to the normalizing isotopes. The concentration and isotope systematics are consistent with the Ba and Sr isotopic composition in the Murchison residue being strongly influenced by s-process-rich presolar SiC. In general, the nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies are 2- to 5-fold smaller in QUE 97008 than in Murchison. The different magnitudes of isotope anomalies are similar to the difference in matrix abundance between CM and O chondrites consistent with the suggestion that the carriers of nucleosynthetically anomalous material preferentially reside in the matrix and that some of this material has been distributed throughout the O-chondrite minerals as a result of thermal metamorphism.Neodymium, Sm and Hf display variable s-, r-process nuclide abundances as in Ba and Sr, but the anomalies are much smaller (e.g. ε148Nd, ε148Sm = −5.7, 2.1, respectively, in Murchison and −0.43, 0.16, respectively in QUE 97008 residues). After correcting Nd and Sm for s-, r-process variability, Sm in whole rock chondrites shows variable relative abundances of the p-process isotope 144Sm that correlate weakly with 142Nd suggesting that the direct p-process contribution to 142Nd is small (∼7-9%). Nucleosynthetic variability in Nd explains the range in 142Nd/144Nd seen between C and O, E-chondrites, but not the difference between chondrites and all modern Earth rocks, leaving decay of 146Sm and a superchondritic Sm/Nd ratio as the likely explanation for Earth’s high 142Nd/144Nd. 相似文献