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廖九波李夕兵王少锋杜坤 《岩土力学》2023,(4):1009-1021
为了研究不同截割厚度和截线距对镐型截齿截割力和截割比能耗的影响,基于TRW-3000真三轴电液伺服测试系统及自主设计的创新型截齿加载平台,对炭质板岩和流纹质碎屑岩试样进行了室内直线截割试验。试验结果表明：截齿破岩呈现4种破坏模式,两相邻截齿之间存在显著的协同作用。平均截割力随截割厚度和截线距的增大呈线性增大。随着截割厚度的增大,截割比能耗呈幂函数减小;随着截线距和截割厚度的比值的增大,截割比能耗先减小后增大,且存在一个最小比能耗,即最优值,最优截割比能耗远小于无截槽影响的比能耗,此时截线距和截割厚度的比值为2或3。利用室内试验结论优化了悬臂式掘进机截割头上的截齿布置,并运用到掘进机非爆掘进现场工业试验,大幅提高了掘进效率并降低了掘进成本。 相似文献
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《岩土力学》2018,(Z2)
应变局部化是岩石破坏的先兆,为揭示单轴压缩条件下控制变形局部化带出现时间、位置和生长方向的主要因素。以白光数字散斑相关方法作为观测手段,获取实验过程中变形局部化的时间演变全过程数据,计算最大主应变场、最小主应变场、位移场,并结合轴力-位移关系曲线对多个试件的局部化演变特征进行了综合对比分析,发现类岩石脆性材料在单轴压受力条件下局部化带的发展沿最大主应变(最大压应变)方向,并随着最大主应变方向的偏转而发生偏转;局部化带的出现位置受最小主应变控制;短时位移场显示脆性类岩石材料局部化带内以张拉破坏为主,并非剪切破坏;局部化带不仅可在接近峰值载荷的高荷载条件下出现,还可能出现在荷载值较低的变形加速拐点处;局部化启动、局部化带两侧观测点水平位移分量反向是较好的构件破坏预警指标。 相似文献
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为了解决竖井冻土开挖难度大、人工挖掘效率低的问题,研究发明了一种新型重力式竖井掘进机,该掘进机利用截齿连续滚动向下、行走式掘进冻土,在竖井冻土掘进中具有较好的适应性,而截齿侵入深度是影响掘进冻土效率的重要因素。先采用三维软件建模,通过霍普金森压杆冲击试验,结合HJC压缩损伤模型原始参数,优化得到冻土本构模型参数;再利用有限元分析软件耦合,模拟截齿在不同侵入深度下滚动掘进冻土,得到冻土在不同凹陷破坏深度下的截齿三向力、冻土应力和应变的变化规律,便于直观研究截齿掘进冻土过程,寻求最优截齿侵入深度。仿真结果表明：随着截齿侵入深度增加,截齿三向力变大,冻土凹陷面积扩大,冻土应力向下无边界扩展递减;冻土与截齿接触区域应力、应变最大,远离截齿作用时冻土区域的应力、应变逐渐递减,其变化规律与截齿连续滚动掘进冻土特征相关;当冻土单轴抗压强度为9 MPa时,截齿滚动掘进冻土过程存在最优截齿侵入深度,为4 cm,此时冻土破坏特征明显,截齿滚动掘进冻土效率最高且能耗低。 相似文献
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煤岩两体模型变形破坏数值模拟 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用拉格朗日元法,在弹性岩石与弹性-应变软化煤体所构成的平面应变两体模型的上、下端面上不存在水平方向摩擦力条件下,模拟了模型的破坏过程、岩石高度对模型及煤体全程应力-应变曲线、煤体变形速率、煤体破坏模式及剪切应变增量分布的影响。结果表明,当模型的全程应力-应变曲线达到峰值时煤体内部的剪切带图案已经十分明显,在模型的应变硬化阶段,煤体中的应变局部化可视为模型失稳破坏的前兆,随岩石高度的增加,模型应力-应变曲线的软化段变得陡峭,这与单轴压缩条件下的解析解在定性上是一致的;煤体应力-应变曲线的软化段变得平缓,煤体消耗能量的能力增强;弹性阶段煤体的变形速率降低;煤体内部的剪切应变增量增加。煤体应力-应变曲线的软化段的斜率、弹性阶段煤体的变形速率、煤体内部的剪切应变增量及塑性耗散能都受岩石高度的影响,说明了岩石几何尺寸对煤体的影响(煤岩相互作用)是不容忽视的。 相似文献
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为研究渗流-应力耦合作用下砂岩变形局部化破坏特征,将三维数字图像相关（three-dimensionaldigitalimage correlation,简称3D-DIC）技术运用于可视化三轴伺服控制试验系统中,对砂岩开展了不同渗透水压条件下的三轴压缩试验研究。研究结果表明：（1）在渗流-应力耦合作用下,砂岩表面变形场云图经历了从均匀到非均匀的演化过程。在峰前的变形较为均匀,在峰值处出现应变集中,在峰后较短时间内迅速形成变形局部化带;（2）随着渗透水压的增大,岩石的峰值强度、弹性模量呈现指数型非线性衰减,峰值强度弱化系数和弹性模量弱化系数均增大,且渗透率逐渐增大,最大渗透率出现的时间点越早;（3）随着渗透水压的增大,砂岩变形局部化带从剪切状过渡到张拉-剪切状,轴向和径向变形局部化带带内外应变在峰后短时间内出现较大差异,且带内应变远大于带外应变;（4）随着渗透水压的增大,砂岩变形局部化启动应力水平越高,启动的时刻点越早。渗透水压与砂岩变形局部化启动应力水平呈线性相关性,轴向变形局部化启动水平受渗透水压的影响比径向更为显著。 相似文献
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利用自主开发的基于无网格法的岩石力学计算分析程序,采用Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,考虑材料塑性屈服后的软化特性,研究单轴压缩条件下含一个缺陷的岩石试样的变形特性,探讨含缺陷材料的岩石变形局部化的演化规律。计算结果表明,岩石试件的破坏是一个渐进破坏的过程;加载过程中试件中的缺陷弱粒子首先出现粒子破坏并产生声发射,随加载进行试件产生微裂隙并扩张形成一个变形局部化带,局部化带扩张、发展,最终形成一个明显的剪切破坏带,缺陷粒子对试件的破坏起到了控制作用。岩石的声发射记录了岩石材料的塑性破坏过程,岩石试件的剪切破坏带与塑性区的发展具有非常类似的规律,但塑性区面积要大于剪切破坏带,从所处位置来看剪切破坏带位于塑性区之内,通过研究声发射特征信息发现变形局部化发生在应力-加载步（应变）达到峰值强度前。 相似文献
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根据截齿侵入岩石的断裂特征和相关试验数据,分析了破岩机制及不同截线间距对破岩效果的影响。在单刀旋转截割试验平台上,以不同切削深度和截线间距进行组合试验,并结合比能耗、粗度指数及截割载荷3个评价指标,对截线间距进行优化,研究截割该类型砂岩时截线间距与切削深度的最佳比值。试验结果表明,岩石在单齿旋转截割作用下的破碎过程大致可以分为初始压碎区细粒岩屑生成、密实核形成并储能、各向裂纹的扩展与连通、断裂体崩落、二次压碎区细粒岩屑生成5个阶段,且岩屑的断裂是以拉伸为主并伴随着挤压和剪切的共同作用;在最佳截割条件下,粗度指数较高,岩屑成块率增加,且比能耗低。通过分析岩石破碎过程及对截线间距的优化,可为掘进机破岩机制研究及截齿布置提供参考。 相似文献
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基于亚像素角点检测的数字图像测量系统能够记录三轴试样表面方块角点的位移,从而获得试样表面每一时刻的局部应变及应变场。分析了试样不同位置的局部径向应变在剪切过程中的变化,获得了以不同初始成样含水率制备的松砂和密砂试样在不同特征时刻的应力与应变的特征值。通过轴向应变场的变化分析了从应变局部化出现到剪切带发育、形成的这一完整的渐进破坏过程,总结了剪切带形成时的局部最大轴向应变特征值,并定性地分析了剪切带内、外土体在渐进破坏过程中不同的轴向应变增长率。试验结果表明：在应变场中试样应变局部化明显,并可以依此确定应变局部化的出现、剪切带的形成;对于密砂及初始含水率为0%制备的松砂试样,应力在应变局部化出现之初即达到峰值,剪切带形成时应力已经开始下降,进入应变软化阶段;以初始含水率为6%和12%制备的松砂试样在达到应力峰值时剪切带已经形成;剪切带内土体的局部轴向应变增长幅度比剪切带外的土体大得多。试样整体轴向应变的增大主要是由剪切带内土体剪切破坏产生的较大轴向应变所致。 相似文献
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截齿是煤矿采掘机械上截割工作的主要承载对象,其与工作面的截割力预测对减小截齿磨损十分重要。利用颗粒流仿真软件PFC2D将被截割岩石作为颗粒物质进行单齿截割模拟仿真,通过研究截割时颗粒间力链的特性探讨了单齿截割岩石时接触状态对截割力的影响。利用单齿截割岩石试验台进行了截割力试验,获得了截割法向力和切向力随截割参数的变化规律及掉落碎片的特征。研究结果表明,单齿截割岩石颗粒物质的力链数目与力链长度的关系符合单轴压缩试验结果,能够采用离散元的方法对截齿截割状态进行模拟。力链网络沿着点接触方向扩散并延长,力链方向与截割角度有关,平均法向力方向呈“花生”状,切向力方向呈“花瓣”状。力链数目随截割角度的减小和截割深度的增加而减少,力链长度随截割距离的增加而增加,最大平均长度为8个颗粒尺寸。当截割角度较大时,较为容易形成力链。单齿截割天然砂岩法向力和切向力随截割角度的增加和截割深度的减小而减小。截割碎片尺寸与截割切向力线性拟合度为0.87。基于力链长度的截割力预测模型相比Evans预测模型法向力精度提高了17.6%,切向力精度提高了16.9%。研究结果能够为截齿和采掘机械截割系统的设计以及截割工艺的优化奠定一定的研究基础。 相似文献
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剪切带倾角尺度律与局部化启动跳跃稳定研究 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：9
研究了剪切带倾角是如何依赖于岩样高度以及剪切带的不稳定性。建立了准脆性材料试件剪切带倾角尺度效应模型,得到了剪切带倾角尺度效应的解析解,且与实验结果比较相符。研究结果表明:剪切带倾角随着试件高度的增加而增加,但其增加幅逐渐减缓,最终趋于稳定值。笔者还对剪应变局部化启动、跳跃和稳定进行了理论分析,解释了实验所观测到的剪切带跳跃现象和砂岩岩样应变局部化较煤样滞后的原因。剪应变局部化是否发生跳跃,关键取决于全程应力-应变曲线软化段是否存在拐点。对于没有拐点的情形,宏观剪切带图案不跳跃。局部化是导致准脆性材料试件剪切带倾角尺度效应的原因。 相似文献
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Geotechnical experiments show that Lode angle‐dependent constitutive formulations are appropriate to describe the failure of geomaterials. In the present study, we have adopted one such class of failure criteria along with a versatile constitutive relationship to theoretically analyze the effects of Lode angle on localized shear deformation or shear band formation in loose sand for both drained and undrained conditions. We determine the variation in the possible stress states for shear localization due to the introduction of Lode angle by considering the localized deformation as a bifurcation problem. Further, similar bifurcation analysis is performed for the stress states along a specific loading path, namely, plane strain compression at the constitutive level. In addition, the plane strain compression tests have been simulated as a boundary value finite element problem to see how Lode angle affects the post‐localization response. Results show that the inclusion of a Lode angle parameter within the failure criterion has considerable effects on the onset, plastic strain, and propagation of shear localization in loose sand specimens. For drained condition, we notice early inception of shear localization and multiple band formation when the Lode angle‐dependent failure criterion is used. Undrained localization characteristics, however, found to be independent of Lode angle consideration. 相似文献
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Estimating the Peak Indentation Force of the Edge Chipping of Rocks Using Single Point-Attack Pick 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article establishes a new model for estimating the peak indentation force of the edge chipping of rocks when using a
conical or a pyramidal point-attack pick. The investigation points out that the existing formulation in the literature is
based on an inappropriate stress assumption and equilibrium, and hence leads to incorrect cutting force estimations. The new
model developed in this study is based on an analysis of the penetration force and energy dissipation using fracture mechanics,
similarity of chip geometry, and edge chipping tests on four different rock materials. It is found that the peak indentation
force and the depth of cut follow a power law, that the new model can reasonably estimate the experimental measurements, and
that it provides useful information for the shape optimization of point-attack picks in mechanical excavation. 相似文献
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Various types of conical picks in different shapes are produced and widely employed on mechanical excavators. Depending on the mechanical and abrasivity properties of rocks, appropriate shape of pick is selected. In order to obtain maximum efficiency from the pick during excavation, the interaction between the pick and rock and the cutting mechanism play very important role. In this context, linear cutting tests were conducted by using a conical pick at the cutting depths between 3 and 18 mm and also at the various line spacings on sandstones exhibiting different mechanical properties. The results indicated that cutting depth and line spacing have significant influences on the tool forces acting on the pick, the ratio of normal to cutting force, and the specific energy. Accordingly, strong correlations and empirical models were developed. In conclusion, the empirical models proposed for estimating the forces and specific energy would be used for producing the conical bits and also designing the cutter heads of mechanical excavators on soft and medium-hard strength sandstones. 相似文献
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A two dimensional non-linear finite element simulation model has been developed using a mathematical model for progressive
rock failure for understanding the mode and sequence of rock failure under a drag pick cutter. Rock cutting simulation has
also been done using linear elastic modeling using local stability factor contouring. It has been observed from the simulation
results that during negative rake angle cutting the chipping occurs by shear failure of the elements. Whereas, in positive
rake angle cutting, some elements were observed to fail in shear and some under tension. The predicted peak cutting force
using the developed models was found to be up to 25% higher than the experimental values. The effect of input parameters such
as rake angle, flank wear, depth of cut and rock properties on the predicted peak cutting force has been studied, verified
from earlier experimental studies and compared with some earlier proposed theories on rock cutting. The elastic stress analysis
model based on the stability factor contouring method has also been found to be an effective tool to bracket the expected
peak cutting force for a given operational and rock parameters but failed to simulate the effect of pick geometry (rake angle)
correctly. The non-linear simulation model using progressive rock element failure is superior to elastic linear stress analysis
model by simulating the correct trends for all the rock and machining parameters. 相似文献
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Heterogeneity arises in soil subjected to interface shearing, with the strain gradually localizing into a band area. How the strain localization accumulates and develops to form the structure is crucial in explaining some significant constitutive behaviors of the soil–structural interface during shearing, for example, stress hardening, softening, and shear-dilatancy. Using DEM simulation, interface shear tests with a periodic boundary condition are performed to investigate the strain localization process in densely and loosely packed granular soils. Based on the velocity field given by grains’ translational and rotational velocities, several kinematic quantities are analyzed during the loading history to demonstrate the evolution of strain localization. Results suggest that tiny concentrations in the shear deformation have already been observed in the very early stage of the shear test. The degree of the strain localization, quantified by a proposed new indicator, α, steadily ascends during the stress-hardening regime, dramatically jumps prior to the stress peak, and stabilizes at the stress steady state. Loose specimen does not develop a steady pattern at the large strain, as the deformation pattern transforms between localized and diffused failure modes. During the stress steady state of both specimens, remarkable correlations are observed between α and the shear stress, as well as between α and the volumetric strain rate. 相似文献
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截齿贯入角度是双轮铣槽机布齿系统设计中的关键因素之一。基于连续−非连续单元法（CDEM）,建立截齿不同角度冲击贯入破岩的数值模型,通过断裂能本构模型实现岩体弹性−损伤−断裂的破裂过程,开展截齿有效角度50º～90º区间内的9组冲击贯入破岩模拟,研究贯入角度对截齿破岩性能的影响规律,讨论贯入角度对截齿几何排布的影响,总结布齿系统的截齿几何排布规律。结果表明,当贯入角度从90º降低到50º时,岩体由张拉−拉剪破裂向剪切−拉剪破裂转变,截齿平均贯入力与破碎程度提高,截齿的跃进式侵入特性的显著性减低;贯入角度为75º～90º的第I类截齿与小于55º的第III类截齿在破岩中起辅助作用,贯入角度为55º～75º的第II类截齿可在岩体内部产生范围较大的水平非贯通裂隙,在布齿系统破碎岩体过程中发挥主要作用;2个第II类截齿先后贯入岩体可较好地破碎截线间的岩体,可构成一类基本破岩单元,多个基本破岩单元按照正弦线形式排布,由此形成了一种布齿系统设计方法。研究成果为完善双轮铣槽机布齿系统设计方法,打破国外在双轮铣槽机布齿系统设计方法上的技术壁垒提供了理论基础。 相似文献