共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
喀斯特地质与生态系统是地球表层系统中的重要组成部分,其变化将对其他地区以及整个地球系统产生影响.生物地球化学循环是全球和区域变化研究的核心内容,而生态系统的演化与系统内水分和养分的生物地球化学循环密切相关。因此,我们有必要将喀斯特生态系统纳入到更大区域或全球生态系统中进行分析研究,在充分研究认识整个喀斯特生态系统物质生物地球化学循环规律的基础上,进一步研究喀斯特生态系统的全球变化响应或影响机制,为喀斯特生态系统优化调控对策和措施提供科学基础。研究生态系统演化过程中物质的生物地球化学循环规律,是研究植物适生性、物种优化配置和适应性生态系统调控机理的关键基础。在介绍前人工作基础的同时,本文全面而概括地总结了我们近年利用元素、同位素(如δ13C、δ15N、δ34S、87Sr/86Sr)示踪和化学计量学理论和方法对喀斯特生态系统中不同界面和流域中物质的生物地球化学循环及其生态环境效应的研究成果。认识到:喀斯特流域生物地球化学循环活跃,相互耦合,并与流域生态环境变化相互制约;人类活动正干预流域物质的自然生物地球化学循环过程,并导致相应的生态和环境效应;全球变化科学深化有赖于区域生态环境变化及物质生物地球化学循环的研究。这些认识是我们将来系统深入开展喀斯特以及其他流域生态系统物质生物地球化学循环研究的重要方向。 相似文献
2.
Wei-min Ye Zi-yuan Qi Bao Chen Ji Xie Yu Huang Yao-ru Lu Yu-Jun Cui 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(1):269-276
Karst rocky desertification is a process of land degradation involving serious soil erosion, extensive exposure of basement
rocks. It leads to drastic decrease in soil productivity and formation of a desert-like landscape. In this regard, changes
in climatic conditions are the main origin of the soils degradation. Indeed, soils subjected to successive dry/wet cycling
processes caused by climate change develop swelling and shrinkage deformations which can modify their water retention properties,
thus inducing the degradation of soil–water capacity. The ecological characteristics of cultivation soils in karst areas,
Southwest of China, are extremely easy to be affected by external environmental factors due to its shallow bedding and low
vegetation coverage. Based on the analysis of the climate (precipitation) of this region during the past decades, an experimental
study has been conducted on a cultivated soil obtained from the typical karst area in southwestern China. Firstly, the soil–water
properties have been investigated. The measured soil–water retention curve shows that the air-entry value of the soil is between
50 and 60 kPa, while the residual saturation is about 12%. Based on the experimental results, three identifiable stages of
de-saturation have been defined. Secondly, a special apparatus was developed to investigate the volume change behavior of
the soil with controlled suction cycles. The vapor equilibrium technique was used for the suction control. The obtained results
show that under the effect of dry/wet cycles, (1) the void ratio of the cultivated soil is continuously decreasing, leading
to a gradual soil compaction. (2) The permeability decreases, giving rise to a deterioration of water transfer ability as
well as a deterioration of soil–water retention capacity. It is then obvious that the long-term dry/wet cycling process caused
by the climate change induce a continuously compaction and degradation of the cultivated soil in karst rocky desertification
areas. 相似文献
3.
Fotini E. Stamati Nikolaos P. Nikolaidis Danae Venieri Eleftheria Psillakis Nicolas Kalogerakis 《Applied Geochemistry》2011
Soil degradation in the Mediterranean and other arid and semi-arid regions of the world is caused mainly by cultivation and grazing. A consequence of de-vegetation due to overgrazing has been a decrease in organic matter (litter) input to soil and a decrease of aggregate size and stability making soils more susceptible to erosion and to organic matter losses. This study provided evidence linking the Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) export from river basins to livestock grazing intensity and the resulting decrease in vegetation. Koiliaris River Basin in Crete was selected to study the effects of livestock grazing on water quality because it offers a unique morphologic situation due to its karstic hydrogeology draining the upland grazing areas through karstic springs. Mass balance calculations of N loads indicated that organic N is behaving as a conservative substance. It is postulated that the two potential mechanisms of Mineralization–Immobilization-Turnover and Direct Uptake did not operate in the degraded soils of the karst and arguments are presented justifying the hypothesis. De-vegetated soils of the area had lower C and N content, the same bacterial count, but lower microbial activity, lower fungi counts and species richness and lower mineralizable N compared to naturally vegetated soils. DON was the predominant N species in both extracted soluble N pools. De-vegetated soils had lower decomposition potential compared to vegetated soils. Mineralization and plant uptake appeared to be restricted and leaching of soluble low aromaticity organic matter was favored. A linear relationship between DON export and livestock N load was obtained for five Greek basins suggesting a mechanism that operates on regional scales. The de-vegetation of grazing lands in Koiliaris River highland calcaric leptosols was shown to be a primary factor causing the decline of soil biochemical quality and DON can be used as a reliable indicator for livestock grazing impacts to soil biochemical quality. 相似文献
4.
为了揭示季节性低温胁迫下陇东黄土高原油污土壤环境因子对耐冷混合菌场地生态修复的响应机制,利用自主筛选构建的耐冷石油降解混合菌在甘肃省庆阳市庆城县马岭镇长庆油田陇东油泥处理站开展了为期7个月的场地修复实验,采用常规方法测定了不同季节土壤理化特性、酶活性和微生物群落特性等环境指标。结果表明：（1）在季节性低温胁迫下（9-11月）M2组（耐冷混合菌处理组）月平均降解率明显增加（P<0.01）,JZJ+M1组（金盏菊联合常温混合菌处理组）和M2组累计TPH降解率分别为15.37%±3.51%和28.64%±4.12%。（2）M2组土壤脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶在低温季节（LT）活性最高,且温度和处理存在显著交互作用（P<0.01）。在土壤营养元素方面,无论何种处理方式（JZJ+M1和M2）二者含量均为RT（常温季节）高于LT（P<0.05）,同时明显高于CK组（P<0.05）。（3）M2组土壤微生物群落Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数在LT高于RT（P<0.05）。（4）NMDS和Pearson相关性分析结果显示,M2组在低温季节具有较高TPH降解率主要与土壤多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶、单月TPH降解率（μ2）和Shannon-Wiener指数有关,且均呈极显著正相关关系。通过分析环境因子的季节响应,优化场地修复在低温环境的降解条件、加速低温期石油烃降解速率,以期为陇东地区低温耐冷混合菌场地生态修复技术的推广应用提供参考和基础数据资料。 相似文献
5.
The Carboniferous carbonates of the Um Bogma Formation of the west-central Sinai include two rock successions. The lower succesion consists of karstic carbonates, intrakarstic products, weathering varieties, manganese deposits, and soil cover. The lower karstic rocks and the associated soil cover are preserved under a rhythmic alternation of dolostone and shale forming the upper rock succession of the Um Bogma Formation. The all over congruent relations between the manganese deposits and the fossilized karst profile, karst products, and the associated pedogenesis demonstrate the role of weathering in the accumulation of these deposits during Carboniferous karstification. It is clear that the manganese oxides were deposited during the mature stage of Carboniferous karstification, i.e., during the soil formation, preceeding initial diagenetic change of the karstic rocks and final deposition of the related late-diagenetic caliche cement. The geochemical behavior of Mn during the karstification and the microbiological processes involved in pedogenesis played an essential role in the concentration of the manganese ore in the subsoil horizon of the paleokarst profile. The Um Bogma Formation has been subjected to another episode of karstification during the Quaternary and resulted in lowering of the landforms of the Carboniferous carbonates and destruction of the Carboniferous karst and the associated manganese deposits in some localities. 相似文献
6.
论青藏铁路修筑中的冻土环境保护问题 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
本文通过研究已建青藏公路修筑过程中寒区冻土环境和生态环境的破坏特征，分析总结了寒区环境破坏对公路工程的影响。青藏公路工程修建活动极大地改变了冻土环境，使得多年冻土退化，上限加深，诱发了一系列冻胀、融沉、热融滑塌等冻融灾害，使得生态环境原本就很脆弱的寒区环境更加恶化，如植被退化、荒漠化等，同时，冻土环境的破坏也使得工程环境恶化，直接影响青藏公路正常交通运输。因此，在即将进行的青藏铁路修筑工程中，必须深入研究其对冻土环境的影响，对冻土环境问题和环境保护应予以足够的重视。 相似文献
7.
生态-地质作用关系模式诠释的重要内容之一是将基岩风化成土过程及对生态特征的影响进行形象化表达,包括基岩类型、风化过程中成土元素特征和迁移规律、土壤结构,以及与之相对应的生态特征等,重点突出基岩风化成土过程等表生地质过程对生态特征的影响作用。选择内蒙古阴山北麓、张北坝上、西南典型岩溶区等地区,分别研究、分析了不同表生地质条件下土壤垂向结构特征与物质组成、成壤过程中元素迁移特征、生态支撑层的元素富集与亏损等基岩风化成土过程与特征及其对生态分布特征的影响作用,建立了植被分布与风蚀作用基岩风化成土模式、凹陷盆地人工林退化与风化冲洪积土壤栗钙化模式、成土母岩对石漠化发育程度的影响模式等3种生态-地质作用模式,揭示了成土过程对植被分布特征与不同类型生态问题的影响,以期为国土空间生态保护修复提供科学依据。 相似文献
8.
Variation of infiltration rate through karstic surfaces due to land use changes: A case study in Murgia (SE-Italy) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Filomena Canora M. Dolores Fidelibus Antonella Sciortino Giuseppe Spilotro 《Engineering Geology》2008,99(3-4):210
Groundwaters of the Murgia carbonate aquifer represent the main groundwater resource of the Apulia region (SE Italy). In the highlands (Alta Murgia) karst crops out in different forms and textures which have been preserved up to the 1970s: little evolved agriculture and sheep rearing produced only a marginal modification of the epikarst while a high degree of division into parcels by drystone walls helped in preserving soils from erosion. In the last years the original scenery of the Alta Murgia changed due to widespread transformations of surface karstic textures for agricultural purposes, with undeniable negative consequences on the hydrogeological balance, concerning both the infiltration and the runoff terms. Stone shattering led to flattening and deep alteration of a large part of the original karstic landscape and to demolition of drystone walls.In a study area of about 139 km2 located in the Alta Murgia, the comparison of aerial photos related to the period 1950–2001 indicated that stone shattering had occurred for about 42% of the area.The hydrological behaviour of the first soil layer of experimental parcels representing both shattered stone and natural karstic surface textures was analysed by using the numerical model Hydrus-2D with the aim of estimating the variation on infiltration rate due to stone shattering. Intensive field and laboratory measurements concerned soil texture, soil water content, pressure head, saturated hydraulic conductivity, pan evaporation and meteorological parameters. 相似文献
9.
Desert–oasis ecotone is an interactive area between desert and oasis ecosystems which plays an important role in ensuring
oasis ecological security and maintaining oasis internal stabilization. The studied region had experienced dramatic landscape
change and soil degradation during the 20th century, especially in the last two decades. To document the status and evaluate
this degradation process, geostatistics and GIS map algebra were used to quantify the temporal–spatial changes in landscape
pattern and soil degradation from 1983 to 2005. The results showed that: (1) the change of landscape pattern due to human
activities was the key reason responsible for the increasing of landscape diversity and fragmentation; (2) the extent of soil
degradation was higher near desert ecosystem than oasis, and human activities were the major driving forces in ameliorating
the soil properties; and (3) soil degradation is weaker in regions of bad soil quality than regions of good soil quality due
to both human activities and natural processes. 相似文献
10.
严重威胁可持续发展的土壤退化问题 总被引：21，自引：2，他引：21
土壤退化已成为严重的全球性环境问题之一，全球共有20亿hm 2的土壤资源受到土壤退化的影响，即全球农田、草场、森林与林地总面积大约22%的土壤发生了不同程度的退化。土壤侵蚀、化学退化、物理退化是全球范围内最主要的退化形式。土壤退化是人类活动诱导和加速的一种自然过程，其中最主要的人为驱动因素为农业土壤不适当的利用与管理、森林破坏以及过度放牧等。土壤退化的直接后果是导致土壤生产力的大幅度下降，在过去50年中，由于土壤退化而导致的全球农业产量下降幅度为11.9%～13.4%。此外，土壤退化还造成如河流与湖泊淤积、土壤有机碳储量变化、特殊生境消失以及生物多样性减少等其它环境与生态问题，对人类的生存与可持续发展形成极大威胁。因此，为了确保粮食安全与维护生态环境健康，全球在不同尺度、不同水平上防治土壤退化、修复与重建退化土壤，切实有效地实施土壤资源可持续利用战略已经成为公众关注的重要议题。 相似文献
11.
圆梁山深埋特长隧道是渝怀铁路越岭线路方案的关键性控制工程,隧道总长11.070km。隧道穿越四周被志留系和泥盆系泥岩包围的二叠系及三叠系碳酸盐岩构成且受众多NW～NWW向横张断裂切割的毛坝紧密向斜。穿越毛坝向斜碳酸盐岩长度约2.2km。地表多为岩溶洼地及槽谷,岩溶泉、泉群、暗河多出露于横张断裂端部碳酸盐岩与下伏泥岩接触带。泉出露高程,亦即向斜岩溶水局部排水基准面,多在850～900m以上。隧道高程低于局部排水基准面400～450m。隧道施工开挖揭示,向斜核部和东翼在隧道洞身附近当地地下水位400m以下发育有3个罕见的特大型充填溶洞。其中平切面积达6000m2充填有紫红色粉细砂的2#溶洞多次发生涌砂突水灾害,总涌砂量高达6104m3。3#溶洞则发生过极其特殊的黏性土爆喷型突出灾害。初步综合分析认为:向斜核部的层间滑脱和纵向张裂隙以及东翼茅口碳酸盐岩中部的层间错动带,被NW～NWW向横张断裂所交切,为岩溶水的深循环提供了较通畅的原始通道; 横断层间的水头差,导致岩溶水在此通道中做倒虹吸循环; 长期差异溶蚀使原始导水能力强的裂隙或断裂发展为溶洞,其中的水流转化为管道流。强烈溶蚀冲刷与顶板坍塌导致向斜核部吴家坪组碳酸盐岩中的层间滑脱与纵向张裂隙分别发育为1#、2#溶洞,东翼茅口碳酸盐岩中的层间错动带则发展为3#溶洞; 后因深部径流条件改变而被充填,形成现今这种罕见的深饱水带特大型充填溶洞。 相似文献
12.
2005-2015年贵阳市生境退化程度对土地利用变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于2005和2015年贵阳市土地利用数据,利用InVEST模型,分析了2005-2015年贵阳市生境退化程度对土地利用变化的响应,结果表明:（1）2005-2015年贵阳市城镇建设用地、农村居民点和有林地大幅增加,水田和旱地大幅下降,其他地类变化相对较小;水田和旱地转化为城镇建设用地、农村居民点和有林地最为突出;（2）10年间,贵阳市生境退化程度以下降为主,生境退化程度增加区主要分布在南部,下降区主要分布在北部、东部和西部;（3）生境退化程度热点变化以低值减少和高值减少为主;生境退化程度热点空间变化主要分布于南部。退耕还林政策及快速城镇化引起的水田和旱地转化为有林地、城镇建设用地和农村居民点是导致该区生境退化程度变化的主要因素。 相似文献
13.
Source and flux of POC in two subtropical karstic tributaries with contrasting land use practice in the Yangtze River Basin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Elemental (C/N ratio) and C isotope composition (δ13C) of particulate organic C (POC) and organic C content (OC) of total suspended solids (TSS) were determined for two subtropical karstic tributaries of the Yangtze River, the Wujiang (the eighth largest tributary) and Yuanjiang (the third largest tributary). For the latter, two headwaters, the karstic Wuyanghe and non-karstic Qingshuijiang were studied. The Wujiang catchment is subject to intensive land use, has low forest coverage and high soil erosion rate. The δ13C of POC covered a range from −30.6‰ to −24.9‰, from −27.6‰ to −24.7‰, and from −26.2‰ to −23.3‰ at the low-water stage, while at the high-water stage varied in a span between −28.6‰ and −24.4‰, between −27.7‰ and −24.5‰, and between −27.6‰ and −24.2‰ for the Wujiang, Wuyanghe, and Qingshuijiang, respectively. The combined application of C isotopes, C/N ratio, OC, and TSS analyses indicated that catchment soil was the predominant source of POC for the Wujiang while for the Wuyanghe and Qingshuijiang, in-stream processes supplied the main part of POC in winter and summer. A significant increase in δ13C value (1.4‰) of POC was found in the Wujiang during summer, and was attributed to the enhanced soil erosion of the dry arable uplands close to the riverbanks of the main channel. Based on a conservative estimate, POC fluxes were 3.123 × 1010, 0.084 × 1010, and 0.372 × 1010 g a−1 while export rates of POC were 466, 129, and 218 mg m−2 a−1 for the Wujiang, Wuyanghe, and Qingshuijiang, respectively. The POC export rate for the karstic Wujiang, with intensive land use, was 2–3 higher than that of the karstic Wuyanghe or of the non-karstic Qingshuijiang where soil erosion was minor. Such high values imply rapid degradation of related karstic ecosystems impacted by intensive land use activities, and pose a potential threat to the health of the Three Gorges Reservoir. 相似文献
14.
15.
The evaluation of the vulnerability of the karst aquifer and the source in the Coteţul Dobreştilor system was performed on
the basis of geological, hydrogeological and pedological data. The methods proposed in the Final Report of COST Action 620
were used. The available field data resulted in assessing the parameters P, I and in characterizing the saturated aquifer karstic network parameter (K). The soil cover over the carbonate deposits is generally shallow and easily bypassed by the superficial flow, the protection
of the karstic aquifer and the source thus being minimal. 相似文献
16.
Jianghua Wu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(1):141-151
Peatlands contain approximately 25% of the total soil organic carbon, despite covering only 3% of earth’s land surface. The
ecological, hydrological and biogeochemical functions of peatlands are tightly coupled to climate. Therefore, both direct
human impacts and indirect effects of climate change can threaten the ecological function of peatlands through changes in
hydrology. However, little is known about how peatland ecosystems, and specifically their biogeochemistry, carbon cycling,
and development, may respond to climatic change. In this study, the Peat Accumulation Model was adapted to investigate the
response of peatland development and carbon cycling to climatic change through simulating changes in precipitation and temperature
at different stages of peatland development history. The warming and wetting were imposed on this system at 10,000 years since
its initialization (mid-development stage) and at 20,000 years since its initialization (late-development stage). Here, it
was revealed that peatlands can switch between carbon sinks and sources suddenly, but the extent to which the change takes
place depends on the developmental stage of peatland ecosystems. The simulation results for the late-development stage showed
that peatlands could function as carbon sources once warming and wetting was imposed but that peatland ecosystems during the
mid-development stage can still function as carbon sinks under warming and wetting conditions. Moreover, peatland ecosystems
have self-regulation capabilities so that they can go back to their normal ecological and biogeochemical functions under newly
stabilized climates. Also, it is the change in temperature that results in the fundamental change in peatland development
and carbon cycling. This study indicates that the response of peatland ecosystems to climate change is largely determined
by their developmental stages. 相似文献
17.
矿山疏干排水引起岩溶地区致塌机理分析与预测——以平顶山矿区七矿及附近区域为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在分析平顶山矿区水文地质背景和岩溶发育状况以及各岩溶含水层的水力联系基础上,引入岩溶致塌机理确立了岩溶塌陷的判定准则,得出了岩溶塌陷地区的疏干警戒水位公式,从定量上论证煤矿开采疏干排水是该区岩溶致塌的关键因素,当水位下降幅度达到2．52～8．03m时,平顶山七矿及附近区域容易产生岩溶塌陷,同时指出岩溶稳定系数K=1时,是临界危险警戒的地下水降深。 相似文献
18.
19.