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1.
近50年来黄河流域400 mm等雨量线空间变化研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
以黄河流域及周边地区1 026个雨量(水文)站1956—2000年逐日降水过程资料为基础,以GIS技术为关键数据处理平台,建立等值线加权平均位置的定量化表征方法,采用时间序列分析技术,对黄河流域近50年来400 mm等雨量线的空间位移特征进行了系统揭示。1956—2000年间,黄河流域多年平均降雨量为454.62 mm;400 mm等雨量线加权平均位置坐标为(105°0′4″E,36°57′54″N)。整体上看,近50年来,黄河流域400 mm等雨量在纬向上的移动是典型的平稳随机序列过程;在经向上的移动尚不能满足平稳随机序列过程。趋势检验结果表明,黄河流域400 mm等雨量线有向东和向南发生移动的趋势,且向东移动的趋势显著。功率谱分析表明,黄河流域400 mm等雨量线在经向上发生迁移的显著周期为3年;在经向和纬向上均有7年和2年周期;同时,位移具有反向持久性。  相似文献   

2.
利用1979-2016年ERA-Interim再分析资料提供的1°×1°水汽通量和大气可降水量(PWV)数据,采用相关性分析、趋势分析法、累积距平及反距离加权(IDW)等方法,研究三江源地区PWV与水汽通量的时空分布特征和降水转化率(PCE)。结果表明:①过去38年来,经、纬向多年平均水汽通量分别为2.0 kg/(m·s)、10.3 kg/(m·s),水汽通量纬向增幅高于经向,水汽在纬向汇入为主,经向输出为主;② PWV呈微弱增多趋势,年平均PWV为1 791.6~2 278.9 mm,季节平均PWV为122.2~1 134.2 mm,不同季节内空间差异明显;③三江源区多年平均PCE为24.6%,1989年最高,达32.8%;季节与多年平均PCE空间分布一致,都表现出由东南向西北递减的变化特征,季节分布变化差异大;④该地区空中水资源丰富但自然PCE低,开发潜力大,应用前景广阔。  相似文献   

3.
东海冷涡中心位置及季节性变化的初步研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
使用1958—2001年SODA温度场资料,较为系统地对东海冷涡附近海域具代表性剖面温度场进行逐月分析,对冷涡中心提取方法进行了总结完善。结果表明,35 m深处冷涡44年的平均中心位于(32.0°N,125.7°E);冷涡的中心位置存在较显著的季节性变化:经向变化方面,由夏季、秋季至冬季,冷涡中心位置自北向南逐渐移动;从冬季、春季至夏季自南向北移动。纬向变化方面,冬季冷涡中心明显偏西,其他季节冷涡中心偏东且中心经度变化不大。以上变化主要是由冷涡周边流场的季节性变化引起的。冷涡中心在冬末春初和秋初表现不明显,这应是由环流场季节性转换导致。  相似文献   

4.
考古信息与历史文献记载一样是环境演变研究中独具特色的信息源.文章以考古信息为依据对中国北方农牧交错带地区3 500 a BP前后降水突变的幅度与速率进行了推断.中国北方农牧交错带分布在年降水量250~400 mm的地区,降水变化对该地带的影响十分显著.在位于北方农牧交错带内的内蒙古中南部及陕北、晋西北地区,大量的考古遗存详细记录了3 500 a BP前后该地区内土地利用性质的时空变化过程,可以用来定量地估算3 500 a BP降水突变的幅度和速率.4 200~3 400 a BP期间,在内蒙古中南部及陕北、晋西北地区先后发育了朱开沟文化和李家崖文化.文化的演变过程可分为两个阶段:从朱开沟一期到朱开沟二期为第一阶段(cal.4 000~3 800 a BP),在朱开沟文化区发生了从农业文化转变为农牧交错文化、进而变为畜牧业文化的过程,相当于从农业区的北界变为农牧交错区的北界;从朱开沟文化二期结束到李家崖文化为第二阶段(cal.3 800~3 400 a BP),期间农牧交错带的北界显著地向东南退缩.上述考古学文化的变化可以看作是人类对3 500 a BP前后降水突变的响应.4 000 a BP前后是从农业文化向半农半牧文化转变的临界点,其降水量大致与现代农牧交错带南界的降水量相当,为350~400 mm;3 800 a BP前后是从半农半牧文化向牧业文化转变的临界点,其降水量与现代农牧交错带北界处的降水量相当,即为250~300 mm,两相对比,从4 000 a BP到3 800 a BP的200 a中降水至少减少100 mm.从cal.3 800~3 400 a BP,农牧交错区北界的位置向东南退缩,相当于从现代年等雨量线400 mm左右一线南移到现450~500 mm左右一线,400 a中降水量减少50~100 mm左右.因此,从cal.4 000~3 400 a BP的600 a中,降水总体上呈减少的趋势,降水量总计减少150~200 mm,降水减少的平均速率为25~33 mm/100 a.  相似文献   

5.
属于帕米尔弧山前带的乌帕尔剖面和属于南天山山前带的巴对布拉克剖面,现今的纬度差为0.56°,但是下第三系古地磁测定结果表明其古纬度差很大.乌帕尔剖面齐姆根组上部的古纬度为8°N,而巴什布拉克剖面巴什布拉克组第5段的古纬度为36.1°N。若考虑到当时板块的相对运移速度,估计始新世早期巴什布拉克地区的古纬度大致为31°N,与当时乌帕尔所处位置的纬差达23°。又根据Klootwijk测得的帕米尔西北缘利什坦层的古纬度值,在始新世末期.包括乌帕尔在内的帕米尔前缘与以巴什布拉区为代表的南天山山前带之间还有至少10°的纬度差。古地磁资料表明,始新世早期,塔里木海宽达2000km,此时印度板块西北端已与欧亚板块局部碰撞,至始新世末,印度板块向北推进20°,帕米尔弧前缘与南天山山前的距离缩短到约1000km,原塔里木海的两侧上升为山前平原。  相似文献   

6.
吴锦成  朱烨  刘懿  尹航  袁飞  王洁 《水文》2022,42(3):72-77
为有效应对新形势下高温热浪的潜在危害性,利用中国气象站1961—2017年日最高气温资料,采用相对高温阈值方法识别热浪事件,分析了热浪频次、高温日数的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:中国热浪频次、热浪累积日数大体呈“南高北低”的空间格局;全国热浪开始于4月,空间上由西南向东北延伸,再向长江中下游和西北地区发展,9月全国热浪基本结束;除淮河流域外,高温热浪年累积日数呈显著增加趋势,7月全国热浪的持续性增强,以北方和东南地区变化最为显著;全国高温热浪日数于1980年和1990年发生突变,西北、东北北部及黄河中下游于1980年前发生突变,云南、福建及江西的突变年份为2000年以后;高温热浪日数呈逐年代先减(1960年至1980年)后增(1990年起)的变化趋势。  相似文献   

7.
1948-2009年塔里木盆地空中水汽输送时空分布特征   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
利用1948-2009年美国NCEP/NCAR的逐月再分析资料(2.5°×2.5°),分析了塔里木地区大气中不同层次水平和垂直方向的水汽输入、输出和收支情况及其变化趋势.结果表明:1)塔里木盆地上空水平方向为水汽汇,且纬向贡献大于经向,垂直方向水汽主要由下层向中上层输送;2)水汽的水平和垂直净收支均具有季节性变化,且夏季辐合为主,冬季辐散为主;3)水汽的水平和垂直输送都表现为较一致的年际变化,且均在1970年代中后期出现了较明显的年代际突变;4)在1978年到2003年全球变暖明显的时段内,水平方向水汽净输入量呈减少趋势,垂直方向呈增加趋势.可以认为,在气候变化背景下,全球变暖加速了水循环,但同时改变了纬向的热力差异,导致塔里木盆地局地水循环的加速,以及经向水汽净输入量的减少.  相似文献   

8.
基于冰川物质平衡和平衡线高度数据,对北极斯瓦尔巴、高亚洲和阿尔卑斯山的冰川物质平衡变化和平衡线高度空间分布特征进行了对比分析,得出以下结论:(1)阿尔卑斯山冰川年均负物质平衡值最大,为-907 mm;斯瓦尔巴为-431 mm;高亚洲最小,为-264 mm。(2)高亚洲和斯瓦尔巴冰川物质平衡年振幅较小,年际变化较小;阿尔卑斯山冰川物质平衡年振幅较大,年际变化较大。斯瓦尔巴冰川物质平衡趋向正平衡,阿尔卑斯山和高亚洲冰川物质平衡趋向负平衡。(3)斯瓦尔巴内陆的冰川平衡线高度高于沿海地区,高亚洲冰川平衡线高度呈纬向地带性、经向地带性和区域地带性的分布规律,阿尔卑斯山的冰川平衡线高度主要受冰川所处海拔的影响。  相似文献   

9.
近60年淮河流域夏季降水的变化特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
利用淮河流域1961~2017年夏季降水量资料,运用线性回归、滑动平均、Morlet小波、滑动T检验和Lepage检验方法分析了流域夏季降水的周期性特征和年代际变化特征。结果表明:流域夏季降水在大部分时段都具有明显的年际振荡特征,从20世纪90年代开始年代际振荡特征非常突出;流域夏季降水具有2~3a的年际变化周期和18~24a的年代际变化周期,1961~1967年、1997~2006年期间2~3a的短周期振荡非常显著,1990年以后18~24a的周期变得非常明显;在2000年前后,流域33~35°N纬向带状区域发生了显著的年代际突变现象,突变后与之前相比夏季降水增多了40%~60%;在2009年,流域沿淮河一线以北至35°N范围内再次发生显著的年代际突变现象,突变后降水减少了20%以上,此次年代际突变范围更广也更加显著,其物理成因值得进一步研究。  相似文献   

10.
郝晓光 《地学前缘》2018,25(6):338-338
传统世界地图于明朝万历十二年(1584年)由西方传教士在广东肇庆绘制,并从此传入我国,距今已有400多年的历史。我国地处东、北半球,但是,我国现行的世界地图适用于表达中国与东半球的地理关系,却不适用于表达中国与北半球的地理关系;而国际上通行的传统世界地图适用于表达东、西半球的地理关系,其投影方法采用经线分割地球仪,是一种“经向世界地图”。与“经向世界地图”对应的是“纬向世界地图”,其投影方法采用纬线分割地球仪,适用于表达南、北半球的地理关系。为了准确和完整地表达中国与东、西、南、北半球的地理关系,项目组于2000-2002年提出并成功实施了“双经双纬”的设计方案:新编世界地图一套四种,“东半球版”和“西半球版”为“经向世界地图”,“北半球版”和“南半球版”为“纬向世界地图”。 在“新编世界地图”之前,国际上通行的“传统世界地图”有两种:一种是以东经150°为中央经线的太平洋格局的世界地图,我国现行的世界地图就是这种模式,另一种是以0°经线为中央经线的大西洋格局的世界地图。这两种传统世界地图以不同经线为中央经线,沿着经线方向切割地球仪,就如同将苹果纵向切开,故可称为“经向世界地图”。“经向世界地图”适用于表达东、西半球的地理关系,但却不适用于表达南、北半球的地理关系。例如,南极大陆的实际面积为澳大利亚面积的1.8倍,但在“经向世界地图”上,南极大陆的图形面积却为澳大利亚图形面积的3.8倍;再如,2002年9月中国国际航空公司开通北京经北极直飞纽约的航线,这条北极航线在“经向世界地图”上无法直观标注。 新编世界地图包含了以上两种“经向世界地图”,同时创编了两种“纬向世界地图”。“纬向世界地图”以不同纬线为中央纬线,沿纬线方向切割地球仪,如同将苹果横向切开,适用于表达南、北半球的地理关系。 新编世界地图的“东半球版”是以东经150°为中央经线的太平洋格局的世界地图,“西半球版”是以0°经线为中央经线的大西洋格局的世界地图,“北半球版”是以北纬60°为中央纬线的北冰洋格局的世界地图,“南半球版”是以南纬15°为中央纬线的印度洋格局的世界地图。 新编世界地图的“经向世界地图”与“纬向世界地图”互为补充,扬长避短,克服了数学投影所带来的不可抗拒的局限性。在“纬向世界地图”上,南极大陆恢复了原有的面积和形状,北京经北极直飞纽约的航线可直观标注。所以,“新编世界地图”具有不同视角的“全球化功能”和不同内容的“专题化功能”两大基本功能:以东、西、南、北四种视角,从经度、纬度两个方向,准确地将世界地理和中国与世界的地理关系完整地展现在读者面前,能直观地表达航海、时区、航空和南北极科考等专题内容。 新编世界地图已被国家科考采用并由国家图书馆收藏,所提出北斗卫星导航系统的“北扩方案”被国家采纳,为国防建设做出了重大贡献。 经国家有关部门批准,新编世界地图中的“南半球版”(大全开,1∶3 100万竖版《世界(知识)地图》)已于2014年由湖南地图出版社出版。  相似文献   

11.
Spatial variability of aridity over northern India (north of 20°N) is studied by examining variations in the arid area. Area with an objectively determined summer monsoon rainfall (June to September total) of less than 500 mm is identified as arid area. The summer monsoon rainfall of 212 rain-gauges from 212 districts of the region for the period 1871–1984 are used in the analysis. An interesting feature of the arid area series is that it shows decreasing trend from beginning of the present century. The summer monsoon rainfall fluctuations over five subjectively divided zones over northern India are examined to understand the association between rainfall and the arid area variations. The rainfall series for northwest India shows a significant increasing trend and that for northeast India a significant decreasing trend from the beginning of this century. Rainfall fluctuations over the remaining zones can be considered intermediate stages of a systematic spatial change in the rainfall pattern. This suggested that the recent decreasing trend in the arid area is due to a westward shift in the monsoon rainfall activities. From correlation analyses it is inferred that perhaps the recent decreasing trend in the arid area and increasing trend in the monsoon rainfall over northwest India are associated with a warming trend of the northern hemisphere.  相似文献   

12.
The main objective of this paper is to analyze the spatial variability of rainfall trends using the spatial variability methods of rainfall trend patterns in Iran. The study represents a method on the effectiveness of spatial variability for predicting rainfall trend patterns variations. In rainfall trend analysis and spatial variability methods, seven techniques were used: Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope method, geostatistical tools as a global polynomial interpolation and the spatial autocorrelation (Global Moran’s I), high/low clustering (Getis-Ord General G), precipitation concentration index, generate spatial weights matrix tool, and activation functions of semiliner, sigmoid, bipolar sigmoid, and hyperbolic tangent in the artificial neural network technique .For the spatial variability of monthly rainfall trends, trend tests were used in 140 stations of spatial variability of rainfall trends in the 1975–2014 period. We analyzed the long and short scale spatial variability of rainfall series in Iran. Spatial variability distribution of rainfall series was depicted using geostatistical methods (ordinary kriging). Relative nugget effect (RNE) predicted from variograms which showed weak, moderate, and strong spatial variability for seasonal and annual rainfall series. Moreover, the rainfall trends at each station were examined using the trend tests at a significance level of 0.05. The results show that temporal and spatial trend patterns are different in Iran and the monthly rainfall had a downward (decreasing) trend in most stations, and the trend was statistically significant for most of the series (73.5% of the stations demonstrated a decreasing trend with 0.5 significance level). Rainfall downward trends are generally temporal-spatial patterns in Iran. The monthly variations of rainfall decreased significantly throughout eastern and central Iran, but they increased in the west and north of Iran during the studied interval. The variability patterns of monthly rainfall were statistically significant and spatially random. Activation functions in the artificial neural network models, in annual time scale, had spatially dispersed distribution with other clustering patterns. The results of this study confirm that variability of rainfall revealing diverse patterns over Iran should be controlled mainly by trend patterns in the west and north parts and by random and dispersed patterns in the central, southern, and eastern parts.  相似文献   

13.
Whether groundwater resources can be sustainably utilized is largely determined and characterized by hydrogeological parameters.Estimating the groundwater recharge is one of the essential parameters for managing water resources and protecting water resources from contamination.This study researched the spatial and temporal variation of groundwater recharge in the Thepkasattri sub-district through integrating chloride mass balance(CMB)and water table fluctuation(WTF)methods.The chloride content of representative rainfall and groundwater samples was analyzed.Besides,WTF method was adopted from groundwater level data from 2012 to 2015.According to the CMB method,the mean recharge was estimated to be 1172 mm per year,accounting for 47%of the annual rainfall.Moreover,the estimated recharge from the WTF method took 26%of annual rainfall in 2015.The recharge was underestimated according to the WTF method,because of the uncertainty in specific yield estimates and the number of representative wells in the study area.Moreover,the correlation between rainfall and water table fluctuation data indicated the positive linear relationship between two parameters.The spatial recharge prediction indicated that recharge was higher(1200-1400 mm/yr)in the eastern and western catchment,while that in the central floodplains was between 800 mm/yr and 1100 mm/yr.In addition,low recharge value between 450 mm/yr and 800 mm/yr was observed in the south-west part of Thepkasattri.The spatial variation of recharge partly reflects the influences of land use and land cover of the study area.  相似文献   

14.
The study assessed changes in the rainfall regime in Nigeria between 1961 and 2004 in terms of (a) absolute seasonality—the length of dry and wet season; (b) relative seasonality—rainfall contrast during the year; (c) number of rainfall maxima and minima; and (d) timing of rainfall maxima and minima. Trends in the mean monthly surface locations of the Inter-tropical Discontinuity (ITD) were also examined as a prominent factor of the rainfall regime. Changes in the regime were examined over four time slices: 1961–1971, 1972–1982, 1983–1993 and 1994–2004. The results show that, in the area of single rainfall maximum regime, the length of the wet season has increased from 4 months (in 1961–1971) to 5 months (since 1972–1982). The rainfall relative seasonality has consistently been ‘most rain in 3 months or less’. The rainfall maxima still indicate single rainfall maximum but shift in the peak from August to July. Rainfall during the months of June to September appears to have witnessed declining trends over the first three time slices. The last time slice however indicates trends towards a wetter condition. For the area of double maxima rainfall regime, the length of the wet season has consistently been 8 months. The rainfall relative seasonality has consistently been ‘rather seasonal with a short drier season’. The rainfall maxima and minima still indicate double rainfall maxima with August as the month of the minimum but shift in the primary peak from July to September. The northward latitudinal distance of the surface location of the ITD from the equator indicates significant upward trends during the months of May to September only and for a period of 1983–2000. The trend results of the ITD appears to account for most of the observed changes in the rainfall regime in Nigeria.  相似文献   

15.
Prediction of heavy rainfall events due to severe convective storms in terms of their spatial and temporal scales is a challenging task for an operational forecaster. The present study is about a record-breaking heavy rainfall event observed in Pune (18°31′N, 73°55′E) on October 4, 2010. The day witnessed highest 24-h accumulated precipitation of 181.3 mm and caused flash floods in the city. The WRF model-based real-time weather system, operating daily at Centre for Development of Advanced Computing using PARAM Yuva supercomputer showed the signature of this convective event 4-h before, but failed to capture the actual peak rainfall and its location with reference to the city’s observational network. To investigate further, five numerical experiments were conducted to check the impact of assimilation of observations in the WRF model forecast. First, a control experiment was conducted with initialization using National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)’s Global Forecast System 0.5° data, while surface observational data from NCEP Prepbufr system were assimilated in the second experiment (VARSFC). In the third experiment (VARAMV), NCEP Prepbufr atmospheric motion vectors were assimilated. Fourth experiment (VARPRO) was assimilated with conventional soundings data, and all the available NCEP Prepbufr observations were assimilated in the fifth experiment (VARALL). Model runs were compared with observations from automated weather stations (AWS), synoptic charts of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). Comparison of 24-h accumulated rainfall with IMD AWS 24-h gridded data showed that the fifth experiment (VARALL) produced better picture of heavy rainfall, maximum up to 251 mm/day toward the southern side, 31 km away from Pune’s IMD observatory. It was noticed that the effect of soundings observations experiment (VARPRO) caused heavy precipitation of 210 mm toward the southern side 49 km away from Pune. The wind analysis at 850 and 200 hPa indicated that the surface and atmospheric motion vector observations (VARAMV) helped in shifting its peak rainfall toward Pune, IMD observatory by 18 km, though VARALL over-predicted rainfall by 60 mm than the observed.  相似文献   

16.
中国降水演变趋势诊断及其新事实   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
利用动态泰森多边形模型,计算评价了中国1951-2006年全国尺度及各区域尺度的月、季、汛期、年等时段的降水量,并分析了年、季、汛期等降水量的时空分布、区域特征及其年际年内(月、季)变化等基本规律;分析诊断了年、季、汛期降水量的演变趋势、突变趋势、震荡周期等特性;对比分析了长期(1961-2006年)、近期(1980-2006年)以及近期与前期(1961-1979年)降水量的变化特征及其空间变化分布。结果表明,中国近期年降水量在环渤海湾600 mm等值线有所南移,100°E以西地区年降水量普遍增多;内蒙古中西部、海河沿海、黄河中部、淮河北部近期降水量比前期偏少10%以上,嫩江中部、长江下游、闽南沿海、西藏中北部、新疆中西部则偏多10%以上,而塔里木河、伊犁河上游偏多达30%以上。  相似文献   

17.
1849年长江中下游大水灾的时空分布及天气气候特征   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
清道光二十九年(1849年)长江中下游地区的大水灾,对民生造成了严重的影响。作者系统收集了档案、方志、日记和文集资料中关于该年份水灾的记载,以县级成灾分数资料为基础,重建了此次水灾的时空分布,并分析了形成这次水灾的天气气候特征。研究认为,该年度水灾基本在N28°~N33°间呈条状东西向分布,而以N31°一线的灾情最为严重;连续性的降水开始于5月18日左右,到7月18日才结束,中间还有3次持续各达10余天的强降雨过程;这次大水灾是全流域性的,涝灾大于洪灾,降水最集中区域为东部的太湖流域,这和有器测记录的几次长江全流域大洪水并不一致;本次大水灾的直接天气成因是梅雨期提前并超长,雨量明显偏大,持续时间长达62天左右,比有器测记录的更早、更长;当年夏季风应偏弱,副热带高压脊线位置异常偏南,且西风分支明显,经向环流发展,西风南支位置应该也异常偏南;夏季冷空气异常活跃可能是雨带长期在长江沿岸徘徊的真正原因。  相似文献   

18.
基于近30年长江口邻近陆架区域表层沉积物数据,对表层沉积物与流域入海泥沙特征的响应进行研究。结果表明:①沉积物表现为东粗西细,北粗南细的分布格局,砂百分比分布表现为东北向西南为减小,粉砂和黏土均表现为东北向西南增加趋势,其中整个区域黏土与粉砂百分比的比值在0.12~0.83之间;②2008~2010年与2003~2006相比,砂的百分含量表现为增加,粉砂和黏土表现为减少趋势,表层沉积物向粗化趋势发展;③砂-泥分界线在2003~2007年北侧(31°30’以北)为交替变化,2007~2010年为向西移动,南侧(31°30’以南)2003~2010年均为向西移动,长江口陆架区域表层沉积物砂泥分界线变化是综合作用的结果,砂质沉积物因海平面上升等作用再悬浮沉积在泥质区的作用将逐渐加强。④泥质区域面积在三峡水库蓄水后减小,且位置略有南偏,主要受北槽深水航道整治工程及自然因素的影响。  相似文献   

19.
西北气候由暖干向暖湿转型的信号、影响和前景初步探讨   总被引:601,自引:124,他引:477  
全球大幅度变暖,水循环加快,增强降水和蒸发.中国西北部从19世纪小冰期结束以来100a左右处于波动性变暖变干过程中.1987年起新疆以天山西部为主地区,出现了气候转向暖湿的强劲信号,降水量、冰川消融量和径流量连续多年增加,导致湖泊水位显著上升、洪水灾害猛烈增加、植被改善、沙尘暴减少.新疆其他地区以及祁连山中西段的降水和径流也有增加趋势.这样气候转型前景如何,是仅为年代际波动还是可发展为世纪性趋势,是只限于天山西部还是可能扩及整个西北以至华北.从引用现有区域气候模式预测,对径流变化模式预测和相似古气候情景的讨论,认为转向暖湿的趋势可以肯定,但目前尚不能确切预测转型扩大在时间上与空间上变化的速度和程度.  相似文献   

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