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1.
Sea-level variations are the major factor controlling sedimentation as well as the biogeographic patterns at continental margins over late Quaternary times. Fluctuations on millennial time-scales produce locally complex deposits in coasts and on shelves, associated with short-term influence on species development. This article reviews the sedimentary and biogeographic history of the tropical siliciclastic Sunda Shelf as an end-member of continental shelves regarding extreme width, an enormous sediment supply, and highest biodiversity in response to rapid sea-level fluctuations. We describe particular depositional segments as part of a genetic succession of zones from land to the deep sea based on literature data, field observations, and calculation of hydro-isostatic adjustment effects on changing relative sea level. These segments are characterized by individual sedimentary processes and deposits, and by a specific potential for material storage and re-mobilization.Long-term regressive intervals led to overall sigmoidal-promoting, extremely thick, and wide succeeding units. In contrast, rapid lateral shifts of defined depocentres over long distances took place in response to short-term sea level fluctuations. Fully isolated small-scale sediment bodies formed when sea level changed at exceptionally high rates. As a result of the high availability of organic-rich sediments, mangrove and freshwater peats formed frequently over late Quaternary times. The appearance of thick, massive and widespread peats is mainly linked to time intervals of a sea-level rise at slow rates, whilst organic matter appears much more dispersely in the sediments during episodes of rapidly changing sea level.The preservation potential of the regressive units is generally high due to highest initial sediment supply, stabilizing soil formation during exposure and rapid subsidence. Preservation of depositional elements from other periods is more exceptional and either restricted to local morphological depressions or to episodes of rapid sea level change. Besides complex channel incision, an overall lowering of the sediment surface related to erosion, as deep as 20 m or more, over wide areas took place mainly during sea level lowering. The final export of shelf material is documented by enormous mass-wasting packages on the associated continental slope.From a palaeogeographic perspective, the rapid formation or disappearance of special habitat zones, such as mangrove fringes and extended mud flats, led to species establishment or truncation in distribution. In addition, the opening or closure of ocean passages, as narrow bridges allowing limited species crossing or as fully colonized corridors, had severe impact on eco-fragmentation and the expansion or contraction of species. Independent of such particular conditions, sea-level changes have been too rapid over the past climatic cycle to allow full regeneration and mature development of coast-related ecosystems.  相似文献   

2.
Deepwater oil and gas exploration has become a global hotspot in recent years and the study of the deep waters of marginal seas is an important frontier research area.The South China Sea(SCS)is a typical marginal sea that includes Paleo SCS and New SCS tectonic cycles.The latter includes continental marginal rifting,intercontinental oceanic expansion and oceanic shrinking,which controlled the evolution of basins,and the generation,migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the deepwater basins on the continental margin of the northern SCS.In the Paleogene,the basins rifted along the margin of the continent and were filled mainly with sediments in marine-continental transitional environments.In the Neogene–Quaternary,due to thermal subsidence,neritic-abyssal facies sediments from the passive continental margin of the SCS mainly filled the basins.The source rocks include mainly Oligocene coal-bearing deltaic and marine mudstones,which were heated by multiple events with high geothermal temperature and terrestrial heat flow,resulting in the generation of gas and oil.The faults,diapirs and sandstones controlled the migration of hydrocarbons that accumulated principally in a large canyon channel,a continental deepwater fan,and a shelf-margin delta.  相似文献   

3.
Siliciclastic intervals in Lower Permian carbonate–siliciclastic cyclothems in western Kansas record climate control on facies progression, deposition and preservation. The 26 000 km2 study area comprises seven marine‐continental (carbonate–siliciclastic) cyclothems caused by glacioeustasy. Core data and a three‐dimensional geological model provide a detailed view of the sub‐surface on a gently sloping ramp. Siliciclastic intervals in the cyclothems are fine‐grained red beds with extensive pedogenic features, indicating a continental origin. Bed geometry (sheet‐like deposits that thin to the east), lateral grading, grain size (very fine‐grained sand to silt) and grain angularity (sub‐angular to angular) suggest that the sediment is loess sourced from the west, probably the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. There is a repeated record of glacial‐cycle‐scale, climate‐controlled cyclicity within siliciclastic intervals that has not been recognized previously. Aeolian silt grain size coarsens upward towards the middle, then fines upward in each siliciclastic interval. When sea‐level was high (interglacial) and carbonate production flourished, aeolian sedimentation nearly ceased, suggesting increased vegetation and rainfall at the source. As sea‐level fell, fine‐grained siliciclastic sediments were deposited under relatively dry, but seasonally wet conditions on an exposed ramp. Laterally graded coarser grained siliciclastic sediments with diagnostic fabrics indicate drier conditions with seasonal rainfall during a continued relative fall in sea‐level. The coarsest siliciclastic sediments were deposited during the lowest sea‐level and driest conditions, but still with sufficient seasonal moisture to allow vegetative cover and bioturbation. Subsequent upward fining is correlated with sedimentological indications of wetter conditions during relative sea‐level rise. Unlike common sequence stratigraphic models that relate siliciclastic sediment accumulation to base‐level rise, continental deposits were preserved because plants and pedogenesis stabilized aeolian sediment. The aggradational landscape formed by this process had several metres of positive relief that reduced accommodation for overlying marine carbonate strata. Thus, this mechanism for continental siliciclastic aggradation has a significant effect on sequence stratigraphic architecture.  相似文献   

4.
K.B. Lewis 《Earth》1974,10(1):37-71
The continental terrace, defined as the sediment and rock underlying the coastal plain, the continental shelf and continental slope, has been extensively explored during the last decade using seismic techniques. Some facts and theories about its structure and formation are reviewed.The development of the continental terrace is considered in three main stages: first, the formation of the major discontinuity between continent and ocean basin; second, the deposition of sedimentary strata; and third, the Quaternary modification of the continental terrace to form the present topography.The major discontinuity may be formed either by rifting of a continent or by accretion of a large mass of contorted continental terrace and continental rise sediments to a pre-existing edge of a continent. Both types of discontinuity may be either ancient or presently forming in an orogenic area. Sedimentary strata are built generally upwards and outwards but at most places development is modified either by basement structure, by current and slump erosion or by growth of organic and diapiric structures.During the Quaternary Era the terrace has been extensively modified as a result of large fluctuations of sea level. The present wide continental shelf and deep shelf break are at most places the result of wave planation and offshore deposition during the last low sea level and during the subsequent rise of sea level. The final process at many places has been formation of a Holocene coastal plain and deposition of a prism of sediment on the inner continental shelf.Most continental terraces show evidence of continental flexure, which is the seaward tilting of land and seabed with a zero isobase, a line of no vertical movement, close to the shore. The reasons for continental flexure are discussed. The relative positions of the shore line, the zero isobase and the boundary between erosion and deposition are controlled by rates of tilting, by rates of sedimentary processes and by eustatic movements of sea level.From an assessment of the general processes operating today, some conclusions are reached about the changes in form and topography of continental terraces of the past.  相似文献   

5.
At many North Atlantic continental margins, the early Neocomian is characterized by a major stratigraphic turning point from Late Jurassic-Berriasian carbonate bank/pelagic carbonate deposition to Valanginian-Barremian hemipelagic sedimentation with thick Wealden-type deltaic to deep-sea fan sequences. The stratigraphy and structure of the very old, starved passive margin of the Mazagan Plateau and adjacent steep escarpment off Morocco was studied during the French-German CYAMAZ deep diving campaign. The drowning of the Late Jurassic-early Berriasian carbonate platform was strongly influenced by a global late Berriasian sea level fall which was followed by a rapid late Valanginian sea level rise and/or by a major regional blockfaul ting event with accelerated subsidence rates. Upper Berriasian to (?) Hauterivian quartz-bearing bioclastic wackestones document the transition from the carbonate platform to the hemipelagic deposition on the drowned platform margin. Seawards, these deposits are correlated with a deep sea fan sequence. We discuss also an example from the Tarfaya Basin-Fuerteventura area further south. A 300 m thick succession of organic-rich claystone and sandstone turbidites (including m-thick debris flow units) of Hauterivian to Barremian age was an unexpected discovery at DSDP Site 603 off North Carolina (Leg 93). We discuss a tectonically confined fan model with laterally migrating channels, influenced by sea level fluctuations and varying terrigenous supply. During the Valanginian to Barremian time of high-standing (or rising) sea level, shelf construction (Wealden-type deltas) coincided with subdued, resedimentation-starved turbiditic system on the continental rise. Extensive unconsolidated sands, however, reflect sudden input of shelfal material into the basin during a mid-Aptian sea level lowstand (shelf destruction). The following global late Aptian transgression terminated the clastic fan deposition, raised the CCD and started the deposition of organic-rich shales.  相似文献   

6.
A prominent Western specialist on the geology of the oil and gas deposits of Russia provides an interpretation of the genesis of the West Siberian basin, relying, in part, on most recent Russian studies as well as information made available in 1994 evaluating the reserves of Russia's most important producing province. From Late Carboniferous through Middle Jurassic time, the region of West Siberia passed through orogenic, rift, and early platform stages. A domal high was present in the region during the orogenic stage, arising from cratonization of the Ural-Mongolian fold belt. Early Triassic rifting was part of a global rifting event and was a precursor to the subsequent crustal sagging that produced the West Siberian basin. The Early-Middle Jurassic was a time of cyclical marine and continental deposition, the sea moving back and forth from the north. The Talinskoye oil field occurs in Lower-Middle Jurassic sandstones that have the form of a river channel that extends more than 200 km. The Priobskoye field is associated with a Lower Cretaceous clinoform that has been traced N–S for more than 300 km. It is suggested that: (a) the oil in the Lower Cretaceous Neocomian sandstones was sourced by bituminous clays that interfinger with these sandstones on the west; and (b) that Upper Cretaceous Cenomanian gas was sourced in part by deeply buried Paleozoics and by overlying Upper Cretaceous Turonian clays. Predicted discoveries in West Siberia include several thousand small fields with reserves of less than 10 million tons, 250 to 300 medium-sized fields, and several large fields with 30 to 100 million tons.  相似文献   

7.
以世界被动大陆边缘含油气盆地构造演化、油气田资料为基础,采用地质综合分析方法,探讨了不同类型被动大陆边缘盆地在不同构造演化阶段深水区烃源岩的形成条件:开阔海型被动大陆边缘盆地群裂谷阶段发育大型局限湖盆,区域分布的厚层湖相富生油黑色泥页岩为主力烃源岩;边缘海型被动大陆边缘盆地群裂谷阶段发育受河流—波浪控制的大型三角洲,海陆过渡相富生气炭质泥页岩和煤系为主力烃源岩;被动大陆边缘阶段盆地群发生持续性海侵,在高水位体系域缺氧环境下的富有机质海相泥页岩为盆地重要的烃源岩。  相似文献   

8.
The salinity crisis of the Mediterranean during Messinian time was one of the most dramatic episodes of oceanic change of the past 20 or so million years, resulting in the deposition of kilometer thick evaporitic sequences. A large and rapid drawdown of the Mediterranean water level caused erosion and deposition of non-marine sediments in a large ‘Lago Mare’ basin. Both the surface loading by the Lower Messinian evaporites, and the removal of the water load resulted in isostatic/flexural rebound that significantly affected river canyons and topographic slopes. We use flexure models to quantitatively predict possible signatures of these events, and verify these expectations at well-studied margins. The highly irregular shape of the reconstructed basin calls for a three-dimensional model. Near basin margins, plate-bending effects are most pronounced which is why flexure is particularly important for a relatively narrow basin like the Mediterranean. We focus on one specific sea level scenario for the Messinian Salinity Crisis, where most of the evaporite load was deposited during a sea level highstand, followed by a rapid desiccation. Evaporite loading at current sea level is expected to cause subsidence of the deep basins by hundreds of meters and simultaneous uplift of continental parts of the margins. Differential uplift may lead to significant slope angle changes and thus gravity flows. The relative scarcity of Lower Evaporite sequences along the margins may be a result of these phenomena. Normal faulting of Lower Evaporite and older sediments and rocks is expected on the margins. Desiccation enhances erosion of the freshly exposed continental shelf and slope. Subsidence and riverbed sedimentation occurs on the continental margins, and significant uplift towards the basin center. Reverse faulting is predicted at the margins. Finally, regional isostatic uplift following Zanclean flooding is predicted to destabilize margin slope deposits, and to cause marginal uplift, river down-cutting, and normal faulting.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract The Early and Middle Triassic primary lower Yangtze sea basin was formed before the Yangtze and Sino-Korean blocks collided and were assembled, showing the characteristics of an open continental shelf-continental margin sea. In order to provide evidence useful for oil and gas exploration in the studied region, this paper centres on the features of the sediments and their facies framework in the basin and the sedimentation parameters such as the deposition rate, palaeotemperature, palaeosalinity, palaeodepth of water and palaeocurrents of the basin.  相似文献   

10.
通过研究新疆阿克苏 巴楚地区寒武 奥陶系沉积特征、层序地层序列及其海平面变化规律,首次识别出2个二级旋回层序、4个三级旋回层序和９个四级旋回层序。重点对三级旋回层序的层序界面性质及其体系域特点进行了深入、细致的分析。研究表明,每一旋回层序的形成,理论上均由海平面相对快速上升、缓慢上升、静止、缓慢下降和快速下降所引起,但实际情况较之复杂。海平面上升的最大幅度发生在丘里塔格晚期-吐木休克早期,之后由于构造运动和全球海平面下降,该区海平面亦快速下降,海水迅速退出本区,致使该区普遍缺失上奥陶统。  相似文献   

11.
The northeast of the Russian Arctic is a deep-water basin underlain by the Lomonosov and Mendeleev Ridges, with the Makarov basin in between. In most of this area, the water depth is ~1–4 km and the crust is thick (20–30 km), with a well-pronounced granitic layer. Therefore, some researchers regard this crust as continental. Others think that this is the oceanic crust, the same as that on the hotspots like Iceland in the Atlantic or Ontong Java in the Pacific. After their activity stops, such structures must subside as a result of the crust and mantle cooling, in the same way as the oceanic crust on a spreading axis. As regards the Lomonosov and Mendeleev Ridges, they subsided in quite a different way. In the absence of volcanism, they remained near sea level, almost not subsiding, for a long time (at least 70 and 190 myr, respectively). Since the late Early Miocene, these areas subsided rapidly and deep-water sediments overlay shallow-water ones. In the same epoch, the Makarov basin subsided rapidly, which also used to lie near sea level. Its subsidence was several times that which could have taken place over the same period of time as a result of lithosphere cooling on an extinct hotspot. Such tectonic movements were possible only for the continental crust. The data on the structure of the sedimentary cover preclude considerable lithospheric stretching in these areas. Therefore, the rapid subsidence is accounted for by the transformation of gabbro in the lower crust into denser rocks (garnet granulites and eclogites), catalyzed by infiltration of a mantle-derived fluid flows. Dense, deeply metamorphosed mafic rocks with a thickness of up to 10–20 km and P-wave velocities of ~8 km/s underlie the Moho in the area under study.  相似文献   

12.
Gregers Dam 《Sedimentology》2002,49(3):505-532
ABSTRACT After a period of early Palaeocene faulting and uplift of the Nuussuaq Basin, West Greenland, two valley systems were incised into the underlying sediments. Incision of the older Tupaasat valley took place during a single drainage event of large water masses, which resulted in catastrophic deposition. The valley was cut along early Palaeocene NW‐ to SE‐trending normal faults, clearly showing that the trend and the relief of the valley were structurally controlled. The valley fill is up to 120 m thick and consists of a lower part of sandstones and conglomerates deposited from catastrophic flows characterized by very high concentrations of suspended coarse‐grained sediment load. Catastrophic deposition was followed by rapid decrease in flow discharge and the establishment of a lacustrine environment within the valley characterized by the deposition of heterolithic sediments. The younger Paatuutkløften valley system was mainly cut into the Tupaasat valley fill, which was completely or nearly completely eroded away in many places. The younger valley is 1–2 km wide and up to 190 m deep. Incision of the Paatuutkløften valley probably reflected renewed tectonic activity and uplift of the basin. This phase was shortly followed by rapid major subsidence. The valley‐fill deposits comprise a uniform succession of fluvial and estuarine sandstones. The valley fill is topped by shoreface sandstones, which are succeeded abruptly by offshore mudstones deposited shortly before and during the initial extrusion of a thick hyaloclastite succession. The Paatuutkløften valley fill is attributed to a very rapid rise in relative sea level contemporary with extensive volcanism. It is suggested that this sequence of events coincided with the arrival of the North Atlantic mantle plume. In several respects, the early Palaeocene valley‐fill deposits of the Nuussuaq Basin are different from idealized facies models for incised valley systems and represent very special cases of incised valleys. Major differences from published examples include the dominance of catastrophic deposits and indications of large changes in relative sea level of several hundreds of metres taking place rapidly in less than 1 Myr. These changes were governed by the rise of the North Atlantic mantle plume.  相似文献   

13.
The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil gas resources.Unconventional oil gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy demand.Tight gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration development,with tight oil becoming a 'bright spot' domain and shale gas becoming a 'hotspot' domain.China has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil sand.China has an estimated(223-263)×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and(890-1260)×l0~(12)m~3 of gas resources.China has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil gas study.New progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir bodies.Great breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation conditions.Overall characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil gas geological theory,method and technology.The formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for extensive unconventional oil gas exploration and development.Theories and technologies of unconventional oil gas exploration and development developed rapidly,including some key evaluation techniques such as 'sweet spot zone' integrated evaluation and a six-property evaluation technique that uses hydrocarbon source,lithology,physical property,brittleness,hydrocarbon potential and stress anisotropy,and some key development engineering technologies including micro-seismic monitoring,horizontal drilling completion and "factory-like" operation pattern, "man-made reservoir" development,which have facilitated the innovative development of unconventional oil gas.These breakthroughs define a new understanding in four aspects:①theoretical innovation;② key technologies;③ complete market mechanism and national policy support;and ④ well-developed ground infrastructure,which are significant for prolonging the life cycle of petroleum industry,accelerating the upgrade and development of theories and technologies and altering the global traditional energy structure.  相似文献   

14.
The large North Chukchi Basin in the northeastern Eurasian shelf is filled with up to 22 km of sediments, which is far thicker than filling a basin upon oceanic crust would require. The basin sedimentation began 380 Myr ago, and about 16 km of sediments have been deposited for the past 125 Myr, long after the oceanic crust would have completed its subsidence. This fact is in favor of the continental instead of oceanic crust origin. Rapid basin subsidence appears to be driven by a mechanism other than crustal stretching as the latter has no evidence over the greatest part of the basin area. The suggested basin formation model implies a transformation of gabbro into denser eclogite in the lower crust and related contraction of mafic rocks. To sustain consolidated crust beneath 22 km thick sediments, the layer of dense eclogites under the granitic layer must be at least ～25 km thick. The presence of basement flexures formed at several stages of the basin evolution indicates a considerable loss of lithospheric rigidity under the effect of fluid infiltration from small mantle plumes. The fluids catalyzed the eclogitization and thus increased the subsidence rate. Rapid subsidence apparently occurred in Barremian-Albian time when the basin had accumulated up to 11.5 km of sediments. Besides the Early Cretaceous event, there were, possibly several older events of rapid subsidence. This basin subsidence history, along with the evidence of steep lithospheric flexure, is a known feature of large petroleum basins. Therefore, the North Chukchi Basin may be expected to be an oil and gas producer.  相似文献   

15.
海平面上升的淹没效应导致潮间带湿地面积损失,泥沙淤积可以抵消海平面上升的影响而使潮间带湿地面积持续增长。潮间带湿地面积的实际变化取决于这两个因素的抗衡。本文通过对崇明东滩固定断面高程的重复测量,结合海平面上升速率和潮间带坡度,尝试分离海平面上升和泥沙淤积两因子对潮间带湿地面积变化的影响。结果表明,2005～2010年间,泥沙淤积使崇明东滩潮间带湿地面积增加1.79km2（平均0.36km2/a）,而相对海平面上升的＂淹没＂效应导致崇明东滩潮间带湿地面积损失约0.44～0.64km2（0.09～0.13km2/a）,潮间带面积实际增长1.15～1.35km2（0.23～0.27km2/a）。今后几十年,受全球海平面加速上升和长江入海泥沙进一步减少的影响,崇明东滩潮间带湿地的净淤涨速率可能进一步下降,崇明东滩湿地的开发利用将面临新的挑战。  相似文献   

16.
深水重力流沉积领域是当前全球油气勘探与研究的热点,陆相盆地深水重力流沉积研究在我国已有50年历程,大致可以分为3个阶段,即浊流理论探索与发展阶段（1970—1980年）、浊流理论工业化应用阶段（1990—2000年）和砂质碎屑流研究阶段（2010年以后）。近10年来,随着国际深水沉积理论的发展与我国油气勘探技术的进步,湖盆深水沉积研究工作进展迅速,涌现出了大量的新成果、新认识,主要包括以下4个方面: 1）湖盆中央深水区至少存在浊流、异重流、砂质碎屑流及底流4种类型的重力流与牵引流沉积;2）湖盆中不同类型的流体在搬运与沉积过程中存在互相转化,形成混合事件层（Hybrid Event Bed）;3）建立了湖相砂质碎屑流搬运—沉积过程的鉴别标志—— “泥包砾”结构（Mud-coated intraclasts）;4）地震沉积学理论与技术方法在湖相重力流内部沉积单元解剖、湖盆深水沉积模式建立等方面取得巨大成功。展望未来,为适应油气工业勘探开发需求,湖盆深水沉积研究发展趋势主要有5个方面: 1）深水砂体成因类型划分、搬运—沉积过程及沉积模式的建立与完善;2）深水泥页岩（细粒沉积）成因机理、类型划分及其油气意义研究;3）深水沉积“源—汇”系统与地震响应及评价预测研究;4）深水沉积搬运—沉积过程实验模拟研究;5）新的深水沉积理论体系建立及其在油气勘探开发中的应用。  相似文献   

17.
川东—武陵山地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩有机质富集模式   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
有机质富集、保存对页岩气资源评价、勘探选区和开发具有重大的指导意义。以川东—武陵山地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩为例,利用岩石地球化学、油气地球化学和沉积岩石学方法和技术对牛蹄塘组有机质丰度、有机质来源及古环境演化进行了分析,对川东—武陵山地区页岩有机质富集和保存条件进行了评价。结果表明:牛蹄塘组页岩有机质主要来自于蓝藻、红藻、褐藻等自生海洋藻类;相比于牛蹄塘组高位体系域,在牛蹄塘组海侵体系域页岩沉积期,温暖湿润的古气候和大规模海侵使得海平面快速上升,海侵导致深水陆棚、斜坡甚至部浅水陆棚处于贫氧—缺氧环境,该深水贫氧—缺氧还原环境（部分硫化还原环境）有利于有机质保存,在川东—武陵山地区上形成大面积富有机质页岩。   相似文献   

18.
Postulated extreme sea-level rise of up to 1-1.5 km with the late Cryogenian Ghaub deglaciation in Namibia is contentious,as is the great rapidity(<104 yr)of the sea-level rise.Such extreme glacioeustatic events,if real,would have been global and affected all continents.In South Australia,up to six glacial advances and retreats during the late Cryogenian Elatina glaciation indicate a fluctuating ice margin.The latter stage of the Elatina glaciation and the immediate post-glacial environment are examined here for evidence of extreme and rapid sea-level rise.In the central Adelaide Rift Complex,diamictite with faceted and striated clasts occurs at the top of the Elatina Formation<1-2 m beneath the early Ediacaran Nuccaleena Formation’cap carbonate’.One hundred kilometres to the south,~30 m of siltstone and sandstone followed by^6 m of clast-poor diamictite with clasts 10+cm long occur between tidal rhythmites and the cap carbonate.Three hundred kilo metres further south,~70 m of siltsto ne,dolo mitic siltstone and minor dolomite separate tidal rhythmites and early Ediacaran strata.Hence the rhythmites were deposited during a high stand(interstadial or interglacial),not during post-glacial sea-level rise.Storm-generated erosional surfaces within tidal rhythmites at Warren Gorge indicate intermittent rhythmite deposition,and water depth and other palaeoenvironmental factors are uncertain,casting doubt on a published estimate of rapid sea-level rise during rhythmite deposition.The lack of late Cryogenian deeply incised valleys and thick valley-fill deposits in South Australia and central Australia argues against extreme sea-level variations.A hiatus occurred between Elatina deglaciation and deposition of the Nuccaleena cap carbonate,and three palaeomagnetic polarity chrons identified in the cap carbonate imply slow deposition spanning 10^5-10^6 yr.This is supported by independent evidence from magnetic chronostratigraphy for Ediacaran strata in South Australia and California,and by stratigraphic and sedimentological arguments for condensed deposition of cap carbonates.It is concluded that neither extreme nor rapid sea-level rise was associated with late Cryogenian deglaciation in South Australia.  相似文献   

19.
The large hydrocarbon basin of South Caspian is filled with sediments reaching a thickness of 20–25 km. The sediments overlie a 10–18 km thick high-velocity basement which is often interpreted as oceanic crust. This interpretation is, however, inconsistent with rapid major subsidence in Pliocene-Pleistocene time and deposition of 10 km of sediments because the subsidence of crust produced in spreading ridges normally occurs at decreasing rates. Furthermore, filling a basin upon a 10–18 km thick oceanic crust would require twice less sediments. Subsidence as in the South Caspian, of ≥20 km, can be provided by phase change of gabbro to dense eclogite in a 25–30 km thick lower crust. Eclogites which are denser than the mantle and have nearly mantle P velocities but a chemistry of continental crust may occur beneath the Moho in the South Caspian where consolidated crust totals a thickness of 40–50 km. The high subsidence rates in the Pliocene-Pleistocene may be attributed to the effect of active fluids infiltrated from the asthenosphere to catalyze the gabbro-eclogite transition. Subsidence of this kind is typical of large petroleum provinces. According to some interpretations, historic seismicity with 30–70 km focal depths in a 100 km wide zone (beneath the Apsheron-Balkhan sill and north of it) has been associated with the initiation of subduction under the Middle Caspian. The consolidated lithosphere of deep continental sedimentary basins being denser than the asthenosphere, can, in principle, subduct into the latter, while the overlying sediments can be delaminated and folded. Yet, subduction in the South Caspian basin is incompatible with the only 5–10 km shortening of sediments in the Apsheron-Balkhan sill and south of it and with the patterns of earthquake foci that show no alignment like in a Benioff zone and have mostly extension mechanisms.  相似文献   

20.
The duration of shoreline occupation at a given sea‐level, coastal response to sea‐level change and the controls on preservation of various shoreline elements can be recognized by detailed examination of submerged shorelines on the continental shelf. Using bathymetric and seismic observations, this article documents the evolution and preservation of an incised valley and lithified barrier complex between ?65 m and ?50 m mean sea‐level on a wave‐dominated continental shelf. The barrier complex is preserved as a series of aeolianite or beachrock ridges backed by laterally extensive back‐barrier sediments. The ridges include prograded cuspate lagoonal shoreline features similar to those found in contemporary lagoons. The incised valley trends shore‐parallel behind the barrier complex and records an early phase of valley filling, followed by a phase of extensive lagoonal sedimentation beyond the margins of the incised bedrock valley. Sea‐level stability at the outer barrier position (ca ?65 m) enabled accumulation of a substantial coastal barrier that remained intact during a phase of subsequent slow sea‐level rise to ?58 m when the lagoon formed. These lagoonal sediments are stripped seawards by bay ravinement processes which caused the formation of several prograded marginal cuspate features. An abrupt rise in sea‐level to ?40 m, correlated with melt‐water pulse 1B, enabled the preservation of thick lagoonal sediments at the top of the incised valley fill and preservation on the sea bed of the cemented core of the barriers. This situation is unique to subtropical coastlines where early diagenesis is possible. The overlying sandy sediment from the uncemented upper portion of the barriers is dispersed by ravinement, partly burying the ridges and protecting the underlying sediments. The high degree of barrier or shoreline preservation is attributed to rapid overstepping of the shoreline, early cementation in favourable climatic conditions and the protection of the barrier cores by sand sheet draping.  相似文献   

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