共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
南海南部末次冰期以来的孢粉记录及其气候意义 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
本文通过分析南海南部１７９６４柱状样的孢粉记录,重建了该地区２６０００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来的植被和气候变化历史。南海南部末次盛冰期时高山雨林的范围可能是现在的２～３倍,表明气温明显下降;从末次盛冰期到冰消期,巽他陆架一直为热带低地雨林及红树林占据,表明在此期间湿度没有明显变化,但存在着千年级的准周期波动。这种波动一直持续到全新世中期。本地区在２０００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来芒萁孢子大量增加,一些高山雨林的成分重新出现,可能与人类活动所导致的低地植被的破坏有关。 相似文献
2.
Early Pleistocene vegetation in upland southeastern Australia included diverse rainforests and sclerophyll forests, which alternated on precessional timescales. The nature and timing of transitions between these biomes, and the role of fire in maintaining or driving transitions between them, are uncertain. Here we present a high‐resolution pollen record from Stony Creek Basin, a small Early Pleistocene palaeolake in southeastern Australia. The pollen record documents a pattern of vegetation change, over ca. 10 ka at ca. 1590–1600 ka, between sclerophyll forests, dominated by Eucalyptus, Callitris (Cupressaceae) or Casuarinaceae, and rainforests dominated by either angiosperms or conifers of the family Podocarpaceae. Transitions between these biomes typically occurred within ca. 1–2 ka. The associated charcoal record suggests that greatest biomass combustion occurred when local vegetation was dominated by Eucalyptus, and the least biomass combustion occurred when local vegetation was dominated by Podocarpaceae. However, local fires burnt in both sclerophyll and angiosperm‐dominated rainforest vegetation, at least once every several centuries. Fire was very rare (less than about one fire per millennium) only when the local vegetation was rainforest dominated by Podocarpaceae. This suggests that fire was an irregular presence in both sclerophyll‐ and angiosperm‐dominated rainforest biomes during the late Neogene, though was largely absent in Podocarpaceae‐dominated rainforests. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
西北低阶煤中生物成因煤层气的成藏模拟实验 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以往经验认为,具有商业价值的煤层气资源主要存在于中煤阶的煤层中,煤阶太低,一般含气量不高,不具有勘探价值.但是近几年来发现美国的粉河和澳大利亚的苏拉特等低煤阶盆地煤层厚度大,渗透率高,资源丰度大,含气饱和度高,可获得商业性的气流.从其气体的成因来看,其中有很大一部分是生物成因的煤层气.通过本次采用FY-Ⅱ型煤层气成藏模拟装置和西北低煤阶含煤盆地的煤岩样品开展了低煤阶生物成因的煤层气成藏模拟,从实验角度证明了中国西北地区虽然煤层煤阶较低,热成因气较少,但是却存在着具有商业价值的二次生物成因的甲烷气,再加上含煤层系众多,煤层厚度大,资源丰度极高,仍具有巨大的勘探潜力. 相似文献
4.
Biopetrographic and chemical investigations carried out on the Lower Permian (Barakar Formation) coal seams encountered in two bore-holes (NCSM-3 and CMSA-111) from the Singrauli coalfield, Son Valley, reveal that they are, in general, rich in inertinite and mineral matter towards the eastern part. Whereas, towards the western part they are rich in vitrinite with subordinate amounts of inertinite and mineral matter. The Turra and Purewa Top seams, in the eastern part, consist chiefly of mixed and fusic coal types and the Turra and Purewa Merged seams, in the western part of the basin, are characterized dominantly by vitric and mixed coal types. The basin of deposition was shallower in its major part but deepened towards west. Consequently frequent oxic fluctuations are most common in the coal seams of the eastern part.The rank of these coal seams ranges between subbituminous-A to high-volatile bituminous-C stages. They show normal increase in rank with depth. The coal seams in the western part of the area are higher in rank than their counterparts in the east. The Purewa Bottom seam (NCSM-3) is petro-palynologically correlatable with the Turra seam (CMSA-111) of the western part.It has been presumed that Glossopteridophyta (a complex group of gymnospermous plants), arthrophytes and ferns were the vegetal source for the formation of Barakar coal seams. These plants during the Early Permian grew as thick forests along river valleys and as upland and subaquatic vegetation, and experienced a warm, humid and windy temperate climate. The coal seams were presumably deposited in backwater and lacustrine swamps in fluvial environment from hypoauchthonous source material.An attempt has been made to explain reasons for the high incidence of mineral matter and its apparent relationship with inertinite content in the coal seams while also discussing the depositional history. 相似文献
5.
The paper presents the application of adaptive resonance theory of artificial neural networks (ANN) for classification of coal seams with respect to their proneness to spontaneous heating. In order to apply this technique, 31 coal samples have been collected from different Indian coalfields covering both fiery and non-fiery coal seams of varying ranks spreading over 8 different mining companies. The intrinsic properties of these samples have been determined by carrying out proximate, ultimate and petrographic analyses. The susceptibility indices of these samples have been studied by five different methods, viz. crossing point temperature, differential thermal analysis, critical air blast analysis, wet oxidation potential difference analysis and differential scanning calorimetric studies. Exhaustive correlation studies between susceptibility indices and the intrinsic properties have been carried out for identifying the appropriate spontaneous heating susceptibility indices and intrinsic properties to be used for classification of coal seams. The identified parameters are used as inputs and adaptive resonance theory of ANN has been applied to classify the coal seams into four different categories. This classification system will help the planners and practising mining engineers to take ameliorative measures in advance to prevent the occurrence of fire in mines. 相似文献
6.
7.
D. Tao B. K. Parekh J. T. Liu S. Chen 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2003,70(1-4):235-249
Ultrafine coal dewatering is of great importance to the coal industry due to its impacts on the handling and utilization characteristics of coal products. Commercially available filtration techniques are either ineffective or costly for dewatering of ultrafine coal to the desired moisture level of about 20%. Considerable efforts have been devoted to understanding the dewatering process and developing new technologies for applications in the coal industry. Most of the previous work on ultrafine coal filtration was focused on the final filter cake moisture and few studies have been conducted to investigate the filtration kinetics. The present investigation was undertaken to better understand the kinetics of vacuum filtration of ultrafine coal under various conditions. The filtrate weight was continuously monitored using a precise load cell during the entire filtration process. Operating parameters such as vacuum pressure and reagent conditioning time were examined for their impacts on filtration kinetics. Use of cationic and anionic flocculants showed significant improvement in filtration kinetics. Kinetic data obtained from the study were used to determine the fundamental parameters of filtration such as cake permeability, specific cake resistance, and filter medium resistance using the integrated form of the Darcy's law. 相似文献
8.
The impact of disposal and treatment of coal mining wastes on environment and farmland 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Zhengfu Bian Jihong Dong Shaogang Lei Hailong Leng Shouguo Mu Hui Wang 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(3):625-634
In China, coal mining wastes have traditionally been dumped in cone-shaped heaps that have the potential to pollute air, soil
and water environments and landscapes through dust generation, leachate production, self-ignition and as a consequence of
an absence of vegetation cover. Since 1980s, the disposal technique for coal mining wastes has been changing and in many instances
the wastes are now transported directly to subsided land as a fill to enable the reuse of that land. Thus, today, both coal
mining waste dumps from the past and filled subsided lands are in existence. However, the comparative impacts of these different
disposal techniques on the environment and farmland productivity have not been studied in detail. Using Dongtan (DT), Nantun
(NT) and Xinglongzhuang (XLZ) coal mines as examples, the components of coal mining wastes and their potential pollution contribution
to soil, surface water and ground water are tested in-situ. The results show that contaminants are released after self-ignition
and weathering of coal mining wastes, but they are not above the allowable environmental standards. However, despite these
findings, more and closer attention needs to be paid to the mobility, transportation and accumulation of these contaminants
in the environment over time. 相似文献
9.
10.
The relationship between soil geochemistry and die back of montane forests in Sri Lanka: a case study 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
P. N. Ranasinghe C. B. Dissanayake D. V. N. Samarasinghe R. Galappatti 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(6):1077-1088
Tropical montane forests of Sri Lanka form a unique ecosystem with more than 50% of endemic plant species. It has been noted
that trees, belonging to different size and age classes of these forest, have been dying due to a yet unknown factor. This
phenomenon was first observed in the Horton Plains National Park, which is a high plateau, composed of tropical montane forests.
Later dying of forests were observed at several areas including Hakgala montane forest.
Physical parameters trace nutrients as well as toxic element concentrations in soils, were studied in order to identify the
possible geochemical factors behind the forest die back. Systematic soil sampling was carried out covering the entire Horton
Plains National Park and random samples were collected from Hakgala montane forest. Samples were analyzed for available Fe,
Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Al and Pb using standard colorimetric and atomic absorption spectrometric procedures. Physical parameters
such as pH, moisture content, and conductivity of the samples were also measured.
Among extractable micro-nutrients Cu and Zn, and Ni show no deficiency or excess levels. However, the recorded available high
concentrations of Fe, Mn and Al can be toxic to certain montane plant species. Acidic moist soil of the area may enhance the
toxic effects of these elements. Possible source of these elements should be the underground lithology of the area.
According to the results obtained, there is a relationship between forest die back and high Pb concentrations. The same phenomenon
was also observed in the Hakgala forest. The distribution pattern of Pb in the Horton Plains coincides well with the die back
distribution pattern. The observed Pb values at Horton Plains and Hakgala are almost similar to values observed at Pannipitiya
and Dombagaskanda locations, which are located close to main roads carrying heavy traffic. It is quite possible therefore,
that Pb toxicity may be a significant factor behind the forest die back even though other factors should not be completely
ruled out at this juncture. Strong monsoon winds, bringing Pb from the polluted southwestern part of the country, can be the
most possible source of soil Pb. Further studies however are indeed necessary to confirm the conclusion. 相似文献
11.
含煤岩系在富含丰富矿产资源的同时,还是地质历史时期高分辨率古环境、古气候恢复、地层旋回性及其全球成因动力学研究的有利载体。沉积环境分析是了解和认识煤系的重要方法和手段之一。为了促进煤系沉积环境分析程序的规范化和标准化以及分析结果的可靠性,以祁连山石炭纪等煤系为例进行了露头剖面沉积环境分析方法的探讨与研究。结合野外实践和前人研究成果,着重探讨了在野外工作时对沉积环境分析步骤、程序和方法。归纳总结出一套模式化的煤系露头剖面沉积环境分析方法,并将其概括为地质分层与描述-岩相归纳与环境解释-信手岩相剖面图绘制-沉积模式建立-剖面环境演化史总结等5个环节,明确了各环节分析内容和方法,指出地质分层与描述为沉积环境分析基础、岩相归纳和环境解释为核心、信手岩相剖面图绘制是主线、沉积模式建立和剖面沉积演化史总结是重点。 相似文献
12.
D. Mukherjee V. A. Selvi J. Ganguly L. C. Ram R. E. Masto 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,91(5):575-582
Coal contains abundant microbial genera which include archaebacteria. The study of archaea kingdom in coal mines is a significant tool for knowing the relationship between coal and archaebacteria, the major role in geochemical cycle and application for further coal bio–beneficiation. The present study related to exploration of archaebacteria and their habitat in coal mining area of Dhanbad with reference to their ecology and nutrient availability that have evolve to grow under extreme conditions. Total six different sites such as two underground coal mines (Sudamdih shaft and Chasnalla underground mine), two opencast coal mines (Chandan project and Bhowra abandoned mine), Jharia mine fire and Sudamdih coal washery of Dhanbad was selected. Seven gram negative obligate anaerobic bacteria were isolated from the selected sites. The isolated species were rod and cocci shaped and the colony was round, smooth, off white in colour and with entire margin and little are cluster of cocci in shape. The isolated species were identified as Methanococcus spp, Methanobacterium spp and Methanosarcina spp. Apart from that two thermoacidophilic sulfur oxidizing bacteria Sulfolobus spp was also isolated from Jharia Coal Mine Fire. The physicochemical and biological characterization of the habitat was also studied for the entire selected area. 相似文献
13.
我国东部煤田普遍存在岩浆侵入现象,其对煤矿安全生产影响极大,因此准确划分岩浆侵入煤层范围是煤炭生产迫切需要解决的关键问题之一。通过分析岩浆岩、天然焦、煤等物性特征,构建地质模型进行正演模拟,证实其在振幅、相位、频率等存在明显差异。以山东某煤矿3煤层为例,利用单属性技术、多属性聚类分析及谱分解技术等结合常规方法,圈定了煤、天然焦分界线及岩浆侵入范围。通过矿方布设的10个钻孔验证,与解释结果比较吻合。 相似文献
14.
Arpita Sharma Binoy K. Saikia Sarat Phukan Bimala P. Baruah 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2016,88(5):609-619
The Tertiary North East Indian coals, classified as sub-bituminous rank, have found less industrial application owing to their physico-chemical attributes. These coals are characterized by low ash (<15%), high volatile matter (>35%) and high sulphur (2.9-4.46%). Majority of the sulphur occurs in organic form affixed to the coal matrix owing to marine influence, is difficult to remove. The coal maceral analysis shows the dominance of vitrinite (>75%) with lesser amounts of liptinite and inertinite. Reflectance measurements (Rmax) of these sub-bituminous coals fall in the range of 0.57 to 0.65. In this study, the petrographical (maceral), thermal and other physico-chemical analyses of some low rank Tertiary sub-bituminous coals from north-east India were carried out to assess their potential for combustion, liquefaction and coal bed methane formation. The petrofactor, conversion (%) and oil yield (%), combustion efficiency of the coal samples were determined. The respective linear correlations of conversion (%) of the coals with their vitrinite contents, petrofactor and oil yield values have been discussed. The relative combustion efficiency of the coals was measured from the thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) of coals. The influence of maceral composition upon gas adsorption characteristics of these high volatile coals showed the increase in methane adsorption with vitrinite enrichment. Both the maceral and mineral matter contents were observed to have important influence on the gas adsorption characteristics. 相似文献
15.
湖南白兔潭矿区荷田区段构造特征与找煤前景 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
煤炭是湖南省的主要能源,经过多年的勘探开发,暴露区和浅部的煤炭资源已基本采完,因此,在隐伏区寻找新的煤炭资源已成为当务之急。隐伏区找煤主要指“三下”(老地层下、构造下和红层下)找煤,而“老地层下和构造下”找煤主要是指利用推覆构造理论寻找新的煤炭资源。为了深化对区域构造和煤田构造发育规律的认识,为本区煤炭资源勘探和矿井生产地质保障提供新思路、开拓新领域,以当代构造地质理论为指导,结合已有资料,对白兔潭矿区荷田区段的煤田构造进行了研究,揭示了煤田的构造格局,提出了该区可能存在的两种构造模式,对该区找煤前景做出了科学评价,指出了可供进一步勘探的有利区段。 相似文献
16.
地应力在软岩或深部煤矿设计、施工与安全生产中具有重要作用。采用空心包体应变计法对朱仙庄煤矿南翼II、III水平进行了地应力原位测试,获得了该矿地应力大小及主要方位;以此作为约束条件,基于多目标约束的最优化方法利用ANSYS软件建立了朱仙庄煤矿南翼地应力最优化反分析模型,反演得出了最优边界条件,并用数值分析了该区域地应力分布特征和变化规律。结果表明:朱仙庄煤矿南翼地应力以水平构造应力为主,且具有明显的方向性,最大主应力值变化范围是20~25 MPa,方位则分布在N 60°E和N 75°E之间,其水平地应力非均匀系数为1.1~1.8。 相似文献
17.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(11):89-93
Investigation of bituminous-coal macerals, accomplished through the Institut für Brennstoff Chemie (Fuel Chemistry Institute) of Aachen, is summarized here. Coal from five Ruhr coal beds was processed to obtain pure macerals in quantities sufficient to study their individual structure and chemical composition. Vitrinite, micrinite and exinite were recovered accordingly, and their chemical and physical properties studied; detailed, graphical interpretation of these data has been included. Chemical composition is derived for vitrinite, exinite, micrinite, and fusinite individually. Chemical structure of the macerals is discussed in relation to aromatically bound carbon content. It has been possible thus far, to determine maceral properties with respect to coalification rank as well as to indicate differentiation of these properties in macerals from the same coal bed. --D. D. Fisher. 相似文献
18.
Impact of transition from local swelling to macro swelling on the evolution of coal permeability 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jishan Liu Jianguo WangZhongwei Chen Shugang WangDerek Elsworth Yaodong Jiang 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2011,88(1):31-40
Laboratory observations have shown that coal permeability under the influence of gas adsorption can change instantaneously from reduction to enhancement. It is commonly believed that this instantaneous switching of permeability is due to the fact that the matrix swelling ultimately ceases at higher pressures and the influence of effective stresses take over. In this study, our previously-developed poroelastic model is used to uncover the true reason why coal permeability switches from reduction to enhancement. This goal is achieved through explicit simulations of the dynamic interactions between coal matrix swelling/shrinking and fracture aperture alteration, and translations of these interactions to perrmeability evolution under unconstrained swellings. Our results of this study have revealed the transition of coal matrix swelling from local swelling to macro-swelling as a novel mechanism for this switching. Our specific findings include: (1) at the initial stage of CO2 injection, matrix swelling is localized within the vicinity of the fracture compartment. As the injection continues, the swelling zone is extending further into the matrix and becomes macro-swelling. Matrix properties control the swelling transition from local swelling to macro swelling; (2) matrix swelling processes control the evolution of coal permeability. When the swelling is localized, coal permeability is controlled by the internal fracture boundary condition and behaves volumetrically; when the swelling becomes macro-swelling, coal permeability is controlled by the external boundary condition and behaves non-volumetrically; and (3) matrix properties control the switch from local swelling to macro swelling and the associated switch in permeability behavior from reduction to recovery. Based on these findings, a permeability switching model has been proposed to represent the evolution of coal permeability under variable stress conditions. This model is verified against our experimental data. It is found that the model predictions are consistent with typical laboratory and in-situ observations available in lietratures. 相似文献
19.
《Geoforum》2017
What started as a media-driven hype about the global land rush has developed into a well-established academic debate on land governance and an important domain for policy intervention. Research over the past decade has deepened our understanding of how land, water and forests, which were once considered to be local assets and the sources of livelihoods, are transformed into global goods and the focus of capital investments. We are now clearly aware that such transformation generates significant impacts on the livelihood security of vulnerable groups. In response to this, a variety of policy interventions have been devised to minimize the negative impacts (‘do not harm’) and create new opportunities (‘do good’). Yet, it is still unclear how actual policy implementations play out on the ground, what the real impacts are at the local level and whether these interventions help people to improve their livelihoods. In this paper, we present an overview of the existing intervention approaches and their theoretical underpinnings, and discuss how to optimize the developmental outcomes. We argue that the once popular livelihood research framework should be revised and then incorporated more robustly in the existing intervention approaches, as it could help investors and governmental actors to engage in making their investments more relevant to local development. 相似文献
20.
The distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons and stable carbon isotope ratios of organic matter in a series of nine Miocene Embalut coal samples obtained from nine coal seams of Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia were studied. The rank of the Embalut coals ranged from lignites to low rank sub-bituminous coals (0.36–0.50% Rr), based on measurements of huminite reflectance. The aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of all coal samples were dominated by cadalene in the lower boiling point range and picene derivatives in the higher boiling point range of the gas chromatograms. Cadalene can be attributed to the contribution of Dipterocarpaceae and various hydrated picenes to the contribution of additional angiosperms to the coal forming vegetation. The picenes originate from alpha- and beta-amyrin. However, in some coal samples minor amounts of simonellite and retene were also detected which argues for an additional contribution of gymnosperms (conifers) to coal forming vegetation preferentially in the Middle Miocene and at the beginning of the Late Miocene. The results of stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in most of the coal samples are consistent with their origin from angiosperms (δ13C between ?27.0‰ and ?28.0‰). During the Miocene the climate of Mahakam Delta was not uniformly moist and cooler than the present day climate. This would have been favourable for the growth of conifers, especially in the montane forests. The contribution of conifers to the Embalut coals might be a result of the cool Middle/Late Miocene climate during peat accumulation in the Kutai Basin. 相似文献