共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
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对山西省小灌区农田土壤水分在时空分布及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:大气降水、农田灌溉、作物蒸腾和田间土壤蒸发是影响土壤水分变化的主要因素.农田土壤水分分布随着作物的种类而变化. 相似文献
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基于热红外遥感的农田蒸散估算方法研究综述 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
农田蒸散是农田土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾的总称,基于热红外遥感的农田蒸散估算方法研究是农业遥感领域重要前沿课题之一。经过30多年的发展,基于热红外遥感的遥感蒸散算法逐渐成熟并广泛应用于农业、气象以及水文等多个领域。简要回顾基于热红外遥感地表温度与空气温度温差的经验方法、地表能量平衡的单层和双层模型、基于热红外遥感数据源的彭曼公式以及遥感参数化的Priestley-Taylor模型等多种遥感蒸散模型的基本原理、核心算法以及存在问题等研究。针对这些方法的优缺点,指出了基于热红外遥感的农田蒸散估算方法在农业遥感中尚需解决的关键问题,并提出可能的解决途径。 相似文献
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基于清水河平原头营和黑城试验场降雨(灌溉)入渗过程土壤水分运移观测试验数据的分析研究,笔者应用能量观点描述了包气带水分运移的分带性、降雨(灌溉)入渗补给地下水的水分条件和地下水入渗补给过程的基本特征。应用蒸散量模型、土壤水分通量模型,计算了作物生长期的蒸发蒸腾量、土壤贮水量的变化量、400cm深度处的土壤水分渗漏量及渗漏系数。从多年的角度分析了深层土壤水分渗漏量、渗漏系数与地下水入渗补给量和补给系数的关系。它对分析降雨(灌溉)入渗对地下水的补给过程和定量分析地下水入渗补给量、入渗补给系数具有重要价值。 相似文献
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陆地水文循环演化过程是开放的、不可逆的能量耗散过程,可以用热力学熵的概念来定量描述.初步给出了水文循环关键要素:降水、土壤入渗、蒸发蒸腾和径流的熵产率的计算方法.计算表明蒸发蒸腾作用对陆地水文循环过程的熵产率影响非常显著,并且蒸发蒸腾能够影响其他要素的熵产率. 相似文献
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我国北方地区农业生态系统水分运行及区域分异规律研究的内涵和研究进展 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
概述了国家自然科学基金重大项目"我国北方地区农业生态系统水分运行及区域分异规律研究"的内涵及初步研究进展,提出要通过对我国北方地区农业生态中水分运行和转换规律的综合田间试验及联网研究,确立北方地区农业生态系统水平衡、水循环过程的机制,确立北方地区有限水环境下作物生产力模型,对北方地区农业生态系统中水分运行与农业可持续发展及其区域分异规律作出评估,研究给出了我国北方地区主要作物的耗水、需水规律,夏玉米的水肥优化耦合模式和农田生态系统综合模型;获得了近40年来我国北方蒸发潜力自东向西逐渐递增的空间变化和自90年代以来北方部分地区潜在蒸发有明显下降趋势的时间变化特征;得出了黄土高原旱作高产农田土壤干燥化是高产田产量产生波动性的主要原因,比较了森林和草地的水文效应差异,指出在郁闭度相同的情况下,森林小流域较自然牧草小流域有较小的径流量、较大的蒸散量和较低的3 m土层平均含水量。 相似文献
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以黄土丘陵沟壑区的典型代表米脂为研究区,选取苹果林地生态系统为研究对象,揭示苹果林地的蒸腾蒸发耗散规律及其影响机制,为指导有限水资源条件下苹果产业发展科学布局、优化管理措施及充分挖掘苹果林地的生产潜力提供科学依据.运用热扩散茎流计（TDP）、小型蒸发皿测定了组成苹果林地蒸散的果树蒸腾量和土壤蒸发量,运用水量平衡公式计算了冠层截留量,分析了各气象因子与蒸腾速率的关系,并评估了苹果林地的蒸散量,以期正确认识和评价苹果林地生态水文效应.不同生育期的日均蒸腾速率大小依次为果实膨大期>果实着色期>新梢生长及幼果发育期>萌芽开花期,小时尺度下,不同生育期蒸腾速率到达峰值的时间不同.不同天气条件下,晴天状况下树干蒸腾量明显大于阴天,影响苹果林地蒸腾速率的主要气象因子为太阳辐射和空气温度.果实膨大期及果实着色期为果树耗水的主要时期.降水对蒸腾的影响表现出滞后效应.植被蒸腾量、土壤蒸发量、冠层截留量对蒸散的贡献率由大到小依次为58.9%、26.8%、14.3%.试验期间,降水量大于蒸散量,果园水分收支略有盈余,不同月份土壤水分收支情况不同,应加强萌芽开花期、新梢生长及幼果发育期果园的水分管理. 相似文献
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在对参考作物蒸散量计算模型的参数(气压、辐射)进行地形(坡度、坡向和高度)校正的基础上,利用GIS的空间分析功能,建立了基于数字高程模型(DEM)的区域参考作物蒸散量的分布式模型.并以内蒙古半干旱鄂尔多斯高原沙地区(面积为114km2)的考考赖沟流域为例,计算了该区参考作物蒸散量的空间分布.参数校正前后的计算结果比较表明:参考作物蒸散量在受地形影响的情况下,具有较大的空间变异性,且这种变异程度随模型空间分辨率的降低而减小.模型的建立与实现提高了区域蒸散估算的精度,对于区域水分平衡研究和分布式地理模型以及沙质荒漠化防治模式研究具有重要意义. 相似文献
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在研究区用带有地下水补给的芦苇培养箱测量蒸散量,同时,采用PM-5型稳态气孔计测量了不同水深条件下芦苇的蒸腾速率,并与同一实验条件下的水面蒸发和裸地蒸发进行对照,分析了辽河口芦苇湿地区的蒸散耗水规律。研究结果表明:当控制水位在地表以上10 cm时,芦苇蒸腾速率曲线呈"单峰"型,而且芦苇的蒸腾作用在这种地表积水情况下随着栽培时间的延长受到抑制;当控制水位在-5 cm、-20 cm、-40 cm和-60 cm时,芦苇蒸腾速率变化曲线呈"双峰"型,并且出现明显的"午休"现象。芦苇群落的蒸散发比值有一个极小值埋深,在-20～-40 cm。地表积水时芦苇群落的蒸散量是自由水面蒸发量的2倍左右,水位在地表以下时芦苇群落蒸散量是裸地蒸发量的3.0～3.5倍。芦苇蒸散影响量与日均光合有效辐射、日均大气温度和日均相对湿度有很好的相关性。在以后的研究中,当无实测芦苇蒸散量数据时,可以通过建立芦苇蒸散影响量与气象因素的相关关系式,根据裸地蒸发量得到芦苇的蒸散量值。 相似文献
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通过对黑河上游排露沟流域海拔2 700 m和2 900 m处青海云杉森林生态系统不同季节的土壤水、 植物水和大气水汽等不同水体稳定氧同位素组成（δ18O）的测定， 运用Craig-Gordon模型、 同位素稳态假设和Keeling Plot模型分别得出土壤蒸发、 植物蒸腾和蒸散发的δ18O， 结合多元线性混合模型将生态系统蒸散发分割为土壤蒸发和植物蒸腾。结果表明： 土壤蒸发水汽的δ18OE、 植物蒸腾水汽的δ18OT及蒸散发水汽的δ18OET分别介于-35.9‰ ~ -25.2‰、 -9.0‰ ~ -4.2‰和-18.5‰ ~ -10.2‰之间， 三者顺序为δ18OT > δ18OET > δ18OE， 满足同位素稳态假设。植物蒸腾对蒸散发的贡献率（fT）在52.2% ~ 88.4%之间变化， 土壤蒸发对蒸散发的贡献率（fE）在11.6% ~ 47.8%之间变化， fT远大于fE， 说明生态系统蒸散发大部分来自于植物蒸腾， 即植物蒸腾是青海云杉森林生态系统蒸散发的重要组成部分。fT与气温呈负相关， 而与相对湿度呈正相关， 说明气温对fT起抑制作用， 相对湿度对fT起促进作用， 但是相关系数不高， 说明fT在自然环境下还可能受除气温和相对湿度外的多种环境因素和生物因素综合影响， 具体影响机理有待进一步探究。本研究结果可为进一步研究黑河流域区域内循环和流域尺度水循环研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Cynthia H. Paquette Karen L. Sundberg Roelof M. J. Boumans Gail L. Chmura 《Estuaries and Coasts》2004,27(1):82-89
We examine the potential for diurnal variation in elevation of saltmarsh surfaces as a source of error in long-term experiments;
errors particularly critical in high precision studies that employ the surface elevation table (SET) as a means to monitor
elevations. The field study was carried out along the New Brunswick coast of the Bay of Fundy in high and low zones at three
marshes with different tidal ranges. We used a total of 16 benchmark pipes and controlled for daily variability in evapotranspiration
(ET), as well as timing of tidal flooding, two factors that affect soil water storage, and consequently soil volumes. In six
of nine trials we detected significant elevation change over periods as short as 5 d. Marsh-wide averages ranged from 1.2
to 3.0 mm, greater than the yearly increase in relative sea level in many regions. Wood Point marsh had the highest tidal
range, but lowest soil organic matter content, giving its soils the lowest compressibility and little sensitivity to ET during
two of three trials; the average change in elevation in Wood Point high marsh stations was 4.0 mm during the last trial. Greater
differences later in the growing season (while temperature changes were minor) at Wood Point and another site suggest that
plant transpiration drove changes in water storage at those sites. Significantly greater differences in elevation with lower
plant cover in the third marsh suggests that evaporation drove changes in water storage there. Surface elevation change due
to ET should be of greatest concern to SET users in temperate regions where there are large changes in plant biomass and variable
temperatures. Variation due to plant transpiration could be reduced if yearly monitoring is scheduled before the start of
the growing season. 相似文献
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干旱区植被盖度增加对降水入渗补给地下水的影响——试验研究与数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着西北旱区生态恢复工程的实施,该区生态环境持续改善,植被盖度不断增加。但植被冠层截留与蒸腾耗水加剧了包气带水分的亏空程度,减小了降雨对地下水的补给。采用原位试验方法,分析了植被覆盖区和裸土区不同深度土壤水势的变化规律。结果表明,受蒸发和蒸腾的共同作用,植被覆盖区平均土壤水势(-74k Pa)远低于裸土区(-16k Pa),且变化剧烈,土壤水以向上运动为主。而裸土区土壤水势高,变化小,40cm以下土壤水向下运移,因此可以持续补给地下水。采用Hydrus-1D软件进行了长序列土壤水数值模拟,定量分析了植被盖度增加与地下水补给的关系。数值模拟结果表明,在裸土条件下,降雨对地下水的补给量介于82~333mm/a之间,平均值为197mm/a,平均降水入渗补给系数为0.53。而在植被覆盖的情况下,地下水的补给量几乎为0。最后,从植被蒸腾耗水和冠层降水截留2个方面讨论了旱区植被盖度增加对降雨入渗补给地下水的影响,提出了旱区水与生态和谐发展的建议。 相似文献
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Field experiments were completed to determine patterns of evapotranspirative water loss from salt and tidal freshwater marshes in Virginia. Water losses from “Mariotte systems” attached to open-water lysimeters and lysimeters vegetated by dominant marsh macrophytes were used to calculate hourly rates of open-water evaporation (Eo) and evapotranspiration (ET), respectively, during low tide. In the tidal freshwater marsh, ET was significantly greater than Eo (p=0.002, n=6); in the salt marsh, there were no differences between mean rates of ET and Eo (p=0.200, n=3). The ratio ET:Eo was highly correlated with leaf area index (LAI) (r2=0.82). In the tidal freshwater marsh, the amount of water loss due to plant transpiration was partitioned from total evapotranspiration by covering the water surface of the lysimeters with styrofoam beads. Measured transpiration rates in the tidal freshwater marsh were strongly correlated with leaf area index according to the following linear regression equation: T=0.355(LAI)?0.084 (r2=0.797, n=10). Because LAI was shown to be a good predictor of the relative increase in ET over Eo, it is likely that in vegetated tidal freshwater marshes with high leaf densities most atmospheric water loss comes from plants, not from the surface of the marsh. In salt marshes, low plant densities do not contribute substantially to atmospheric water loss, suggesting that paths of water transport and patterns of solute concentration in the subsurface environment are different compard to the tidal freshwater marsh. 相似文献
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Zakaria Boujamlaoui Thierry Bariac Philippe Biron Laurent Canale Patricia Richard 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2005,337(6):589-598
We seek to identify the depth to which water is extracted by the roots in the soil. Indeed, in an isotopic steady-state condition of leaf water, transpiration introduces into the atmosphere a vapour whose isotopic signature is identical to that of root water. In the isotopic models of atmospheric general circulation, it is classically allowed that the signature of transpiration belongs to the meteoric water line. This supposes that the water taken by the roots has escaped with the evaporation of the soil and comes thus from the deep layers of the soil. At the time of experimentation carried out on maize plants (Nemours, Seine-et-Marne, France), this extraction depth was inferred from the comparison between the signature of the water measured on the level of the first internode of the stems of the plants and the isotopic profile of water in the soil. When the flow of transpiration reaches a maximum value, the plant uptakes water resulting from precipitations and which preserves its non-evaporating character after having quickly infiltrated in the deep layers of the soil. This relates to only 55% of the flux transpired by the canopy, the remainder presenting an evaporating character more or less marked according to ambient conditions. This experiment invalidates the classical hypothesis used in isotopic models of general atmospheric circulation in temperate regions. In fact, only half the amount of water vapour transpired by the canopy during the day presents a signature similar to that of the rainwater sampled in deep soil layers. To cite this article: Z. Boujamlaoui et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). 相似文献