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通过水槽试验研究浅水非线性波作用下沙纹床面底层流动特性,利用CCD图像技术观测分析非对称沙纹的形成和演化规律。利用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)测量非对称沙纹底床上的流场,得到了不同波高、周期、水深条件下的沙纹峰顶和谷底断面的瞬时速度。试验结果分析表明,浅水非线性波作用下床面上形成非对称沙纹,其近底流速具有较强紊动特性,随着距床面距离的增大紊动强度逐渐减弱。在水流方向改变时,沙纹背部具有明显漩涡运动。沙纹背后形成的漩涡能起到维持沙纹的作用。浅水非线性波作用下,沙纹的形成原因主要是床面泥沙颗粒在非对称流动和床面近壁粘性底层中漩涡结构动力作用下,作受迫摆动、推移所致。 相似文献
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探究斑块尾流中多尺度紊流结构对理解植被群落影响下的泥沙输移规律和河床演化过程有着重要意义。通过室内水槽试验,分析不同高径比及植被体积分数影响下的斑块后水流特性,得到时均流速及雷诺应力分布规律;通过谱本征正交分解对其脉动场进行分析,探究不同尺度涡的空间模态及能量分布规律。研究结果表明：(1)冠层垂向剪切层内剪切强度及其最大量纲一剪切层垂向厚度随着植被体积分数增大而增大,随着高径比增大而减小。(2)斑块尾流中,大尺度涡旋对应频率集中在0.15～0.29 Hz,对应斯特劳哈尔数为0.16～0.32,垂向分布介于0.2～1.3倍植被高度,纵向分布介于2～6倍斑块直径,横向关于植被中心线呈现出非对称分布。(3)纵向出流流速及剪切层内紊动强度是影响稳定尾流区长度的重要因素。剪切层纵向输运速度随着纵向出流流速增大而增大,剪切层垂向扩散速度随着紊动强度的增大而增大。 相似文献
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缝洞型油藏不同介质间流体窜流的研究对于大尺度溶洞中原油是否能够得到有效开发具有重大意义.基于缝洞型油藏大尺度溶洞充填特征,建立了井钻遇大尺度部分充填溶洞数学模型,采用Laplace变换和Stehfest数值反演,分别得到了基岩-溶洞未充填区域窜流量、溶洞充填区域-溶洞未充填区域窜流量和大尺度溶洞无因次流量,并分析了不同参数对窜流特征曲线的影响.研究结果表明:流体窜流过程可划分为4个流动阶段,流动前期和中前期主要为基质中流体向溶洞未充填部分窜流;流动中后期和后期主要为溶洞充填物流体向溶洞未充填部分窜流.在流动前期,基质和未充填溶洞间流体交换对部分充填溶洞流量贡献较大;而流动后期,溶洞充填物和未充填溶洞间流体交换对部分充填溶洞流量贡献较大.重力会导致溶洞充填物-溶洞未充填部分窜流量减小,而基质-溶洞未充填部分窜流不受到重力影响.溶洞充填程度、溶洞未充填部分和基质系统能量等因素对窜流特征曲线具有重大的影响.研究方法和结果对合理分析缝洞型油藏大尺度溶洞流动特征具有一定的指导意义. 相似文献
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A field study (Massachusetts, USA) of the factors controlling the depth of groundwater flow systems in crystalline fractured-rock terrain 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
Groundwater movement and availability in crystalline and metamorphosed rocks is dominated by the secondary porosity generated through fracturing. The distributions of fractures and fracture zones determine permeable pathways and the productivity of these rocks. Controls on how these distributions vary with depth in the shallow subsurface (<300 m) and their resulting influence on groundwater flow is not well understood. The results of a subsurface study in the Nashoba and Avalon terranes of eastern Massachusetts (USA), which is a region experiencing expanded use of the fractured bedrock as a potable-supply aquifer, are presented. The study logged the distribution of fractures in 17 boreholes, identified flowing fractures, and hydraulically characterized the rock mass intersecting the boreholes. Of all fractures encountered, 2.5% are hydraulically active. Boreholes show decreasing fracture frequency up to 300 m depth, with hydraulically active fractures showing a similar trend; this restricts topographically driven flow. Borehole temperature profiles corroborate this, with minimal hydrologically altered flow observed in the profiles below 100 m. Results from this study suggest that active flow systems in these geologic settings are shallow and that fracture permeability outside of the influence of large-scale structures will follow a decreasing trend with depth. 相似文献
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Toward a model for airflow on the lee side of aeolian dunes 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
The interaction between dunes and the primary wind results in a complex pattern of secondary airflow on the lee side of dunes. From 15 dunes studied during transverse flow conditions at Padre Island in Texas, White Sands in New Mexico, and the Algodones in California, distinct flow regions can generally be recognized, with the overall flow structure comparing favourably to that proposed for subaqueous bedforms. Downwind of dunes with flow separation is a back-flow eddy that extends about four dune-brink heights downwind from the brink of the dune. Beyond the separation cell, the velocity profiles can be divided into regions based upon segments separated by ‘kinks’ in the velocity profiles. The interior is an area above the dunes of relative high wind speed but low velocity gradient. Beneath the interior is the wake, which consists of two layers. The upper wake exhibits an uppermost portion where the flow decelerates while the remainder exhibits accelerating flow, so that the overall velocity gradient decreases downwind. The lower wake exhibits low velocity gradients and wind speeds that accelerate downwind at all heights, but primarily near the top of the layer, thereby causing the velocity gradient to increase downwind. At about eight dune heights downwind, the upper and lower wakes equilibrate to a single profile with the kink between them no longer apparent. The lowest recognizable region is the internal boundary layer. It is recognized by a relatively steep velocity gradient below the wake, and never exceeds a few tens of centimetres in height for our data set. Because of acceleration and increasing shear stress within this layer, interdune flats are at least potentially erosional. Overall, the wake and internal boundary layer show a downward transfer of momentum from upper regions so that the flow recovers. Where flow separation does not occur, simple flow expansion down the lee-face causes flow deceleration. 相似文献
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某大型地下工程结构完工后出现普遍渗水现象,严重影响其使用功能,并造成了不良社会后果。通过建立区域三维渗流分析模型,结合现场结构渗漏水特征,研究了该工程的区域渗流场特征和结构渗漏水的主要来源。结果表明:①模型计算结果与工程现场实测数据基本吻合,为该地区地下工程建设中的渗流场分布问题提供一种分析方法。②工程区域内浅表层地下水主要接受大气降雨的补给,丰季时河流水位上涨,对浅表层地下水有一定反补,市政雨污管网的渗漏也是不容忽视的补给来源。③区内西溪河洪峰水位270.2m,北湖地表水体水位270.5m,工程主体的抗浮水位以270.20~270.50m考虑为宜。④根据地下结构病害特征和所在位置,提出相应的病害整治建议,整治效果良好,可在类似工程应用。 相似文献
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鄂尔多斯盆地东北部东胜—纳林河一带出露的中生界三叠系—侏罗系—白垩系地层,为一套河湖相沉积（白垩系可能有风成沉积）。在三叠系—侏罗系地层中发育完好的风暴沉积和风暴岩。在东纳林煤矿—德胜西岔路口的109国道两侧长约40 km的三叠系—侏罗系地层中发育风暴沉积,该德胜西剖面连续长度达548 m。这套风暴沉积主要为一套河流—三角洲—湖泊沉积（有少量泥炭沼泽）,并以发育典型的风暴沉积构造:丘状构造（Hummocky Structures,HS）、洼状构造（Swaley Structures,SS）、丘状交错层理（Hummocky Cross Stratification,HCS）和洼状交错层理（Swaley Cross Stratification,SCS）极为引人注目。初步研究认为,这套风暴沉积和风暴岩主要发育在浅水湖泊中。主要特点:1）凡发育有风暴沉积或风暴岩的地方,地层的成层性极差,地层多呈透镜状、豆荚状或波浪状;2）岩层的接触关系主要为冲刷面,很少正常沉积接触,冲刷面呈不规则波浪状,最大起伏可达2 m;3）丘状和洼状构造具有连续的正弦曲线的完美形态,规模在中大型,波长在数米到近百米,高数十厘米到1~2 m;4）岩性及其组合主要为一套黄褐色砾岩+砂岩+灰色泥岩;具有明显的二元结构（下粗上细;下部块状上部发育层理）;在以粗碎屑为主的风暴沉积中砾岩是常见的底部沉积。在纳林煤矿附近有煤层形成的风暴沉积和风暴岩;5）在德胜西岔路口的重要剖面的风暴沉积和风暴岩底部发育了1~3层较厚的砾石层,其中中间一层为厚数十厘米到1~2 m,砾石直径大者可达30~40 cm,大部分具有叠瓦构造,前者可能指示了向湖的风暴回流,后者指示了向岸的冲洗流,揭示了风暴冲洗流非常强劲;6）灰色含砾块状泥岩,砾石呈漂浮状,揭示含砾泥岩是风暴冲洗流形成的类似于泥石流的快速沉积,而非正常天气形成的静水沉积;厚数十厘米的含砾泥岩揭示了当时的沉积速率相当大,也揭示了风暴流极其浑浊,可能几乎接近饱和;7）振荡流占优势,但在某些部位又具有明显的复合流和振荡流特点。8）总体沉积背景是一种宽阔浅水湖泊环境,以原地振荡垂向沉积为主。鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系—侏罗系湖泊风暴沉积是一种新的沉积类型。到目前为止,还未见到有关如此大型的HCS和SCS的相关报道。研究表明,形成这种风暴沉积的水体的最大深度在50 m左右。鄂尔多斯盆地早三叠世—中侏罗世的风暴沉积和风暴岩的长期发育与长期稳定的强烈亚洲季风有关。 相似文献
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大区域地下水模拟的预优并行GMRES(m)算法研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
大区域研究区由于涉及范围大、水文地质参数复杂多变,一直是进行地下水数值模拟的热点和难点。针对大区域地下水模拟的特点,在MPI环境中对Krylov子空间GMRES(m)算法的并行性进行分析,提出基于区域分解法的并行实现策略,并对不同的预条件子的加速效果进行比较。数值实验结果表明:并行GMRES(m)算法在求解大区域三维地下水模型时可以显著的加快求解速度,且具有较好的可扩展性。另外,Jacobi预条件子与GMRES算法的组合具有更优的加速比和执行效率,是一种求解大型化、复杂化地下水水流问题的可行方案。 相似文献
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The relevance of groundwater hydrogeochemistry to explain the occurrence and distribution of arsenic in groundwater is of great interest. The insightful discussions on the control of shallow groundwater (< 50 m) hydrogeochemistry in arsenic mobilization are known to be a viable tool to explain the arsenic menace in shallow groundwater. The present investigation emphasizes the hydrogeochemical driver and/or control over the reductive dissolution of Fe-bearing host minerals and thereby releasing arsenic into the shallow groundwater of the study area. The study suggests that hydrogeochemical evolution is mainly governed by carbonate minerals dissolution, silicate weathering, and competitive ion-exchange processes in the shallow aquifers (< 50 m). The present study also indicates the prevalence of carbonate minerals dissolution over silicate weathering. The emergence of Cl− concentration in the shallow groundwater founds the possibilities of anthropogenic inputs into the shallow aquifers (< 50 m). The reducing environment in shallow aquifers (< 50 m) of the study area is evident in the reductive dissolution of Fe- bearing shallow aquifer minerals which absorb arsenic in the solid phase and mobilize arsenic onto shallow groundwater. The study opted for many statistical approaches to delineate the correlation among major and minor ionic constituents of the groundwater which are very helpful to understand the comprehensive mechanism of arsenic mobilization into shallow groundwater.
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雅鲁藏布江大拐弯附近晚更新世末次冰期—全新世发育多期次泥石流, 组合形成了现代大规模扇形堆积体。以派镇蹦嘎沟泥石流为例, 采用地面调查、钻孔及14C测年等方法, 研究泥石流形成年代序列、堆积深度、冲出范围等特征, 分析结果表明: 现代蹦嘎沟依然有小规模的支沟泥石流发育且广泛堆积于沟道内, 现存堆积扇区域尚未发现泥石流堆积; 距今8500年左右为蹦噶沟全新世泥石流活跃期, 单期次累积堆积深度约10.9 m; 滨湖浅水相沉积(河流相)形成的浅灰色粉细砂中的两处碳样表明雅鲁藏布江现代河床在40~100年左右沉积深度约0.4 m, 年平均沉积速率4~10 mm; 海拔2906.1~2896.7 m及2849.4~2848.2 m处钻孔依次揭露厚度为9.4 m和1.2 m饼状青灰色粉质黏土, 推测发生两次堵江事件。上述结果可为该区域全新世以来泥石流活动性特征研究提供参考。 相似文献
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Arianna Bucci Diego Barbero Manuela Lasagna M. Gabriella Forno Domenico Antonio De Luca 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(5):221
This study investigated the thermal regime of shallow groundwater in the Turin area (NW Italy), where the large energy demand has motivated a new interest for renewable sources, such as the use of ground-source heat pumps for domestic heating and cooling. The vertical variability of the groundwater temperature between the ground surface and 10–20 m was detected: deeper temperatures were higher than shallow temperatures in spring, while a decrease with depth occurred in autumn. These variations are connected with the heating and cooling cycles of the ground surface due to the seasonal temperature oscillation. Variations below the seasonal oscillation are likely to be connected with the presence of advective heat transport due to the groundwater flow, according to the hydraulic features of a shallow aquifer. Temperature values mostly ranged between 12 and 14 °C in rural areas, while the values were between 14 and 16 °C below the Turin city. This groundwater warming is attributed to a widespread urban heat island phenomenon linked to warmer land surface temperatures in Turin city. Sparse warm outliers are connected with point heat sources and site-specific conditions of land and subsurface use, which may cause the aquifer temperature to rise. A relatively stable temperature below the seasonal fluctuation zone combined with high productivity and legislated limits for deeper groundwater use represent favourable conditions for a large-scale diffusion of groundwater heat pumps within the shallow aquifer. Moreover, this heat surplus should be regarded as a resource for future geothermal installations. 相似文献
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深水浅层钻井过程中可能遇到浅水流、浅层气以及天然气水合物层分解等3种浅层地质灾害（简称＂三浅＂）。要规避这些风险,必须需要开展浅水流、浅层气和天然气水合物成因机理、识别特征及工程危害等方面的研究。国外利用地球物理识别技术和数值模拟方法,结合深水油气钻井测井开展了这方面的研究,在＂三浅＂地质灾害的形成机理和控制因素方面取得了较为重要的研究进展。目前国内学者利用地球物理方法在南海北部深水区LW3-1大气田的周围发现了超压系统、浅层气和天然气水合物。深水水道砂体的发现也推断南海北部深水区具有＂三浅＂地质灾害发育的地质条件。随着深水油气勘探开发的不断深入,评估和预测南海北部深水钻井的＂三浅＂地质灾害十分迫切。 相似文献