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正断层的分段构造型式及其扩展演化机制的核心内容可以归结为正断层的中继构造模式。本文从正断层的断块变形、断裂扩展以及断裂力学特征等角度,总结了正断层中继构造的扩展演化机制。正断层的断块变形是指分段断层位移转换形成的中继斜坡,可分为内倾和外倾两种斜坡类型,位移曲线揭示了中继带变形的特征。正断层的断裂扩展有多种扩展方式,可分为断层内、断层间和断层系扩展,且可以形成不同型式的中继构造。正断层中继构造是在三维空间扩展的,将断层边缘的断裂力学性质和断层面的放射状扩展方向相结合,可完整描述中继构造的空间分布规律。正断层形成于伸展构造环境,是控制油气和金属矿产资源的重要构造型式,结合SEDEX型矿床同生断层和岩体侵位控制的正断层控矿研究实例,初步讨论了正断层中继构造扩展演化在SEDEX型矿床和正断层相关控矿断裂成矿构造研究中的作用。 相似文献
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南美奥连特盆地东部斜坡带发育大量与正断层反转活动有关的断背斜构造,也是非常有利的油气聚集区。文章主要应用比例化物理模拟实验方法,以奥连特盆地东部斜坡带为模拟对象,来分析早期正断层的陡缓程度、倾向组合以及断层间距等因素对正断层复活反转过程中断背斜构造形成的影响。模拟结果表明,当早期正断层均向挤压端倾斜时,如果陡倾角正断层更靠近挤压端,则陡、缓正断层都易发生反转,并形成断背斜构造。但当缓倾角正断层更靠近挤压端时,则该断层会吸收绝大部分的挤压量,而相对远离挤压端的陡倾角正断层不易发生反转。当早期正断层倾向相对时,距离挤压端更近的陡倾角正断层会吸收一定的挤压量,从而发生反转并形成背斜构造。而相对远离挤压端的缓倾角正断层是否发生复活反转则主要受断层间距的影响,距离越小越有利于断层反转。上述认识对在奥连特盆地东部斜坡带寻找与早期正断层反转有关的断背斜圈闭具有一定指导意义。 相似文献
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边界断裂控制断陷盆地的形成和构造格局,不同边界断裂联接模式对不同类型盆地演化具有差异性.基于井控高精度3D地震资料,通过对边界断裂几何学特征描述和“四级小层”刻画,结合裂陷Ⅰ幕边界断裂不同区段的活动差异性以及与沉积中心迁移的空间匹配关系,剖析珠江口盆地惠州凹陷北部边界断裂的形成和演化.惠州凹陷北部边界断裂始新世早期分段孤立发育,逐渐以纵向和横向双向联接的模式发展.纵向联接为断层软联接和硬联接复合联接和转换,形成转换斜坡和横向背斜,控制凹(洼)陷的结构与演化,制约沉积中心及层序的迁移.横向联接表现为转换斜坡内横向断层的多阶段联接,联接过程可划分为孤立正断层、同向叠置及硬联接3个阶段,控制转换斜坡带内沉积体系的发育和展布.研究给出了一个裂陷盆地边界断裂时空演化、复合联接和转换模式的独特案例,对丰富裂陷盆地边界断裂及其与沉积层序、凹陷演化和区域动力学机制的响应关系的研究具有积极的意义和价值. 相似文献
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辽河坳陷西斜坡勘探实践证明,在斜坡带可以形成较大面积的油气富集区。斜坡带上占据储量较大的油气藏有滚动背斜、古潜山、浊积砂体、稠油带、超复带和断块油气藏。剖析辽河西斜坡有四个方面有利的油气富集条件。1.先凹后斜的斜坡油源丰富、灌满程度高。2.多源多期的大砂岩体与隆起相结合,有利于油气富集。3.斜坡上两类平行斜坡的正断层控制了油气藏的形成。4.区域性大面积的盖层发育,构成了斜坡油气区良好的保存条件。 相似文献
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青藏高原东南部高山峡谷地区广泛发育湖相地层,该套地层常可见到无根的、类似正断层的断错变形,易于与活动断层的识别相混淆.同时这些断错变形易导致湖相斜坡破坏失稳造成一定的经济损失和人员伤亡.为深入揭示湖相斜坡的稳定性及其变形机制,以川藏铁路廊道藏东南松宗镇西侧某湖相斜坡为例,开展了详细的野外调查及测试工作,优化了极限分析上限定理力学分析模型,并通过强度折减法计算了不同互层层厚比、粘聚力、内摩擦角条件下斜坡安全系数.研究结果表明湖相地层产生断错变形并破坏失稳的主要因素与砂、泥质软硬互层结构特征有关,其中相对软弱地层的内摩擦角可能是最主要的影响因素.另外,湖相斜坡在重力作用下就可发生失稳变形,地震动作用下能进一步加剧变形,并主要表现为类似正断层的旋转-平移滑动破坏样式.因此,湖相地层区域无根断层的发育易于造成活动断层识别的不确定性,这给类似环境的地震危险性及湖相斜坡稳定性评价工作带来了一定挑战. 相似文献
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青藏高原的地幔结构:地幔羽、地幔剪切带及岩石圈俯冲板片的拆沉 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
正断层位移长度关系是近年来研究正断层的一种常用方法 ,它将断层的研究从二维扩展到三维。研究正断层位移长度关系对于研究正断层演化、盆地演化以及油气勘探等方面具有重要意义。讨论了影响正断层位移距离剖面形态的主要因素 :断层端的脆韧性变形、围岩强度、远程应力以及断层之间的相互作用和连接等。根据正断层位移距离剖面的几何形态和断层发育阶段 ,可将断层的位移模式分为 3个类型 :(1)对称的椭圆状或钟状代表简单的单条断层 ;(2 )不对称的似椭圆状或钟状代表断层间的相互作用 ;(3)不规则的锯齿状代表由多条断层连接而成的断层。介绍了伴随正断层发育的传递斜坡、盆内高地等构造单元以及断层位移距离剖面的测量制作方法。测量时应注意恢复其剥蚀部分。 相似文献
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古生界走滑断层及中新生界继承性正断层是轮东斜坡带最主要断裂构造类型.在新三维地震资料解释基础上,研究分析该区断层特征、成因及演化,探讨其石油地质意义.结果表明,该区古生界走滑断层切面上具形迹丰富、共轭、雁列构造特征,中新生界正断层密集发育.剖面上走滑断层具断面陡直,中新生界正断层呈花状构造特点,并具典型“海豚效应”和“丝带效应”.受区域剪切作用形成的挤压应力场影响,区内走滑断层形成于海西中晚期,并在中新生界长期继承性活动,形成花状构造.该断层对区内石油运聚及再分布具重要影响,它控制了轮东斜坡带寒武—奥陶系地层构造样式,改善了寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层储层储集性能,提高了岩溶发育程度,从而影响着区内油气成藏和油气分布特征. 相似文献
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黔南地区古生代正断层对构造特征的制约 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
黔南地区发育东西向的古生代正断层以及南北向的中、新生代逆冲断层和褶皱。通过对地层、褶皱和断层的平面展布、野外地质调查以及地震剖面的解释,结合雪峰隆起的逆冲推覆特征,研究黔南地区古生代正断层对构造特征的制约作用。研究结果表明东西向的古生代正断层在中、新生代的构造变形过程中起构造转换带的作用。通过建立区内构造转换带的几何学模型,对地震线上的构造变形特征进行了解释。在构造转换带（正断层）附近,断层上盘逆冲推覆不明显;在远离断层处,逆冲断层和与断层相关的褶皱发育。随着距离断层面越来越远,构造转换带（正断层）下盘地层的逆冲推覆特征逐渐消失。 相似文献
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利用地震剖面解释结果和构造编图成果,分析了渤海湾地区构造变换带的特征及其油气地质意义。渤海湾地区主要发育区域横向调节带和局部变换带两类构造变换带。区域横向调节带由北西向大型走滑断裂带充当,这些断裂带同时也是强地震活动带,将渤海海域地区分为北、中、南3段。局部变换带主要发育在相互作用的分段正断层的叠置区内。根据分段正断层的倾向及其组合特征,可将局部变换带分为转换斜坡型、斜向背斜型和地垒型3类。渤海湾地区构造变换带具有重要的油气地质意义,主要表现为控制构造圈闭的形成、有利于优质储集层的发育及控制油气运移过程等。 相似文献
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Andrew R. Farrant Peter M. Hopson Mark A. Woods Kathryn A. Booth David J. Evans 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2012,123(3):533-536
The Chalk Group of the Central Downs of the Isle of Wight forms a relay ramp between two major inverted extensional faults. Mortimore (2011) presented a structural model of this key area based on a geological map constructed from detailed logging of a limited set of exposed sections. The area has been recently mapped at 1:10,000 scale by the British Geological Survey. Our interpretation of the geological structure differs significantly from that proposed by Mortimore, and suggests that Chalk has relatively uniform dips that progressively steepen towards the hanging wall of the E-W oriented basement faults. However, a suite of mapped extensional faults indicates an element of differential movement or transpression along the main basement structures. 相似文献
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Hasan Sözbilir 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(5-6):277-288
Abstract A close relationship between formation of approximately upright folds with axes normal to the extension direction and ramp/flat extensional geometries is established for well exposed Neogene syn-extensional rocks on the presently low-angle Gediz detachment fault, along the southern margin of the Gediz Graben region of western Anatolia, Turkey. Three unconformity-bounded sedimentary sequences and several metamorphic extensional allochthons were mapped in the upper-plate of the Gediz detachment. The oldest sedimentary sequence consists of deformed and folded strata of sandstones and conglomerates that are regarded as being deposited in a supra-detachment basin during the Miocene-Early Pliocene. This unit rests unconformably on the extensional allochthonous, but directly in fault contact with the lower-plate mylonitic rocks. The younger slightly tilted Late Pliocene-Pleistocene sedimentary sequences are post-detachment units that are controlled by EW-trending high-angle normal faults. The youngest alluvium comprises the undeformed present-day basin fill of the Gediz Graben. The supra-detachment sedimentary rocks contain a number of kilometric-scale longitudinal folds that are nearly parallel to the east-west-trending fault system of the Gediz Graben. The folds have a steeply inclined bisecting surface, an interlimb angle of 130–150°, and a plunge of <10°. These folds may be interpreted to form as a result of bending in the underlying Gediz detachment fault. The bending may have an alternation of ramp and flat geometries on which a hanging-wall syncline and rollover anticline formed, respectively. This study again shows the importance of local geology in understanding of some spectacular structures of the extensional basins. © 2002 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. 相似文献
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Bora Uzel 《Geodinamica Acta》2016,28(4):311-327
Linking of normal faults forms at all scales as a relay ramp during growth stages and represents the most efficient way for faults to lengthen during their progressive formation. Here, I study the linking of normal faulting along the active K?rka?aç Fault Zone within the west Anatolian extensional system to reconstruct fault interaction in time and space using both field- and computer-based data. I find that (i) connecting of the relay zone/ramp occurred with two breaching faults of different generations and that (ii) the propagation was facilitated by the presence of pre-existing structures, inherited from the ?zmir-Bal?kesir transfer zone. Hence, the linkage cannot be compared directly to a simple fault growth model. Therefore, I propose a combined scenario of both hangingwall and footwall fault propagation mechanisms that explain the present-day geometry of the composite fault line. The computer-based analyses show that the approximate slip rate is 0.38 mm/year during the Quaternary, and a NE–SW-directed extension is mainly responsible for the recent faulting along the K?rka?aç Fault Zone. The proposed structural scenario also highlights the active fault termination and should be considered in future seismic hazard assessments for the region that includes densely populated settlements. 相似文献
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WIEBKE ATHMER REMCO M. GROENENBERG STEFAN M. LUTHI MARINUS E. DONSELAAR DIMITRIOS SOKOUTIS ERNST WILLINGSHOFER 《Sedimentology》2010,57(3):806-823
Unlike for subaerial settings, the impact of subaqueous relay ramps on sediment dispersal is still poorly understood. A combination of analogue laboratory experiments in a sandbox with numerical flow calculations is used to simulate relay ramp topographies on rifting continental margins and to analyse the resulting turbidity current pathways and their deposits. Various scenarios are investigated, including inflow perpendicular and oblique to the relay ramp axis as well as flow constrained by an incised channel on the ramp and by a landward‐directed tilt of the ramp. Without channelling, most sedimentation takes place on the basin floor because the bulk of the flow follows the steepest gradient down the fault and into the rift basin. With a channel along the relay ramp, significant flow occurs initially down the ramp axis, but channel spillover and basinward ramp tilting combine to redirect much of the sediment down the fault slope into the basin. When the relay ramp has a landward‐oriented tilt, most of the current flows down the ramp and deposits its sediment load there and at the foot of the ramp. However, also here a considerable amount of the flow is shed over the hanging wall fault and into the basin, forming a secondary depocentre, while ponding redistributes thin deposits over a wider area of the basin. The quantitative dependence of these results on the specific ramp geometries remains to be investigated further but may bear great importance for refined sedimentary models in subaqueous rifted settings as well as for hydrocarbon exploration therein. 相似文献
15.
中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地原型分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
文中进行了中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地的原型分析 ,着重阐述 3点 :( 1)根据盆地构造特征 ,将中国西北地区早—中侏罗世盆地划分为 :缓断面伸展断陷盆地、陡断面伸展断陷盆地、克拉通内盆地和克拉通周边盆地 4种类型。 ( 2 )这 4类盆地分布于不同的前侏罗纪构造背景之上。第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类伸展断陷盆地位于印支晚期造山带和印支晚期复活的古生代造山带 ,它们系造山带伸展垮塌作用的产物。第Ⅲ类克拉通内盆地分布于克拉通块体内部 ,它们具有冷的刚性岩石圈 ,其古地温梯度达不到使岩石圈弱化和产生伸展断陷盆地的临界值。第Ⅳ类克拉通周边盆地位于克拉通和造山褶皱带之间 ,这类盆地的古地温梯度刚达到形成伸展断陷盆地临界值 ,在应变速率低的情况下造成不对称的宽阔凹陷。 ( 3)由于这 4类盆地的地温梯度、演化和改造程度不同 ,它们的含油气远景差别很大 ,其中以克拉通周边盆地最有希望。 相似文献
16.
塔里木显生宙盆地演化主要阶段 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
塔里木显生宙盆地演化经历了震旦纪—泥盆纪、石炭纪—二叠纪和中—新生代３个一级构造旋回。这种旋回性主要与板缘的拉张裂解、俯冲消减和碰撞闭合等板块构造运动体制有关。每个一级构造旋回一般是以拉张体制下的盆地形成开始，尔后转化为挤压体制下的盆地，最终以构造反转结束。塔里木显生宙盆地演化可进一步分为６个二级演化阶段，即震旦—奥陶纪克拉通内裂陷盆地发展阶段、志留—泥盆纪克拉通内挤压盆地演化阶段、石炭—二叠纪弧后裂陷盆地形成阶段、三叠纪弧后前陆盆地发展阶段、侏罗纪—老第三纪碰撞复活前陆盆地形成阶段和新第三纪—第四纪碰撞后继盆地演化阶段，其划分标志是以盆地性质及其构造格局的重大转变为依据的。 相似文献
17.
In this work, we report the results of combined geological, structural, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) studies
carried out on Quaternary deposits in the Picentini Mountains, southern Apennines (Italy). The study concerns four small continental
basins, Acerno, Tizzano, Iumaiano, and Piano del Gaudo, related to fluvial–lacustrine depositional environments, ranging in
altitude from 600 to 1,200 m a.s.l. and strongly incised during recent time. Stratigraphic and structural analyses, integrated
by low- and high-field anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), show that the formation of these basins has been controlled
by extensional and transtensional tectonics. Most of the AMS sites exhibit a well-defined magnetic foliation parallel to the
bedding planes. A well-defined magnetic lineation has also been measured within the foliation planes. In the Iumaiano, Tizzano,
and Piano del Gaudo basins, magnetic lineations cluster around NNE–SSW trend and are parallel to the stretching directions
inferred by structural analysis of faults and fractures. On the basis of structural, sedimentological, and high-field AMS
data, we suggest a tectonic origin for the magnetic lineation, analogously to what has been observed in other weakly deformed
sediments from Neogene and Quaternary extensional basins of the Mediterranean region. Our results demonstrate that onset and
the evolution of the investigated basins have been mainly controlled since lower Pleistocene by NW–SE normal and transtensional
faults. This deformation pattern is consistent with a prevalent NE–SW extensional tectonic regime, still active in southern
Apennines, as revealed by seismological and geodetic data. 相似文献
18.
《Geodinamica Acta》2002,15(5-6):277-288
A close relationship between formation of approximately upright folds with axes normal to the extension direction and ramp/flat extensional geometries is established for well exposed Neogene syn-extensional rocks on the presently low-angle Gediz detachment fault, along the southern margin of the Gediz Graben region of western Anatolia, Turkey. Three unconformity-bounded sedimentary sequences and several metamorphic extensional allochthons were mapped in the upper-plate of the Gediz detachment. The oldest sedimentary sequence consists of deformed and folded strata of sandstones and conglomerates that are regarded as being deposited in a supra-detachment basin during the Miocene–Early Pliocene. This unit rests unconformably on the extensional allochthonous, but directly in fault contact with the lower-plate mylonitic rocks. The younger slightly tilted Late Pliocene–Pleistocene sedimentary sequences are post-detachment units that are controlled by EW-trending high-angle normal faults. The youngest alluvium comprises the undeformed present-day basin fill of the Gediz Graben. The supra-detachment sedimentary rocks contain a number of kilometric-scale longitudinal folds that are nearly parallel to the east-west-trending fault system of the Gediz Graben. The folds have a steeply inclined bisecting surface, an interlimb angle of 130–150°, and a plunge of <10°. These folds may be interpreted to form as a result of bending in the underlying Gediz detachment fault. The bending may have an alternation of ramp and flat geometries on which a hanging-wall syncline and rollover anticline formed, respectively. This study again shows the importance of local geology in understanding of some spectacular structures of the extensional basins. 相似文献