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1.
天山天格尔山南北坡降水特征研究 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
对新疆天山天格尔山南北坡乌拉斯台河和乌鲁木齐河流域及其山前平原不同高度气象(水文)站近40a降水实测资料的统计分析,研究天山天格尔山南北坡不同坡向及高度的降水特征.结果表明:山区降水远大于山前平原,南北坡降水均呈现为增加趋势,冬季和夏季降水的增加趋势明显;山前平原区降水的年际变化幅度大于山区;冬、春季降水变率大于夏、秋季,南坡降水变率远大于北坡,冬、春季表现地尤为突出.年际降水的减少趋势出现在乌鲁木齐河流域中山峡谷地带的英雄桥水文站,其春季3月份的降水量减少趋势非常显著;乌鲁木齐河源大西沟气象站4～5月和6～8月月降水呈明显的反相关变化. 相似文献
2.
Due to the complex natural geological conditions, many slope-related geological hazards occur in the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China. This study focuses on the characteristics of landslide development and their underlying mechanisms in this area. A statistical analysis is conducted to determine the characteristics of landslide development in the Wushan area, including the landslide distribution as a function of the elevation, slope, landslide material composition, scale, lithology, boundary conditions, instability mechanism, stratigraphic age, attitude, and sliding direction. The mechanisms of slope instability and the effect on the occurrence of landslides are analyzed. This study provides important reference material for landslide research in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and similar stratigraphic areas. 相似文献
3.
黄土高原地区受构造活动及河流侵蚀形成的大量黄土斜坡, 在降雨及农业灌溉等条件影响下, 每年会有大量黄土滑坡发生, 因此, 准确揭示黄土斜坡内部水分空间分布规律及运移特征对于理解黄土滑坡机理和预警预报极其重要。本文利用电阻率层析成像技术(ERT)及模型模拟的方法对斜坡内部电阻率与含水量关系进行量化, 并结合surfer软件进行斜坡内部水分二维成像。黄土电阻率与地层物理化学参数相关性分析表明:黄土斜坡中地层含水率是地层电阻率发生变化的主导因素;基于Archie公式的模型拟合结果能更准确地量化电阻率与含水量特征关系;地层水分二维成像结果可以直观地显示斜坡内部水分时空演化。本研究定量化且更直观地对黄土斜坡内部的水分分布特征进行描述, 可为黄土滑坡预报预警提供最直接有效的数据资料。 相似文献
4.
High incidences of slope movement are observed throughout Cuyahoga River watershed in northeast Ohio, USA. The major type of slope failure involves rotational movement in steep stream walls where erosion of the banks creates over-steepened slopes. The occurrence of landslides in the area depends on a complex interaction of natural as well as human induced factors, including: rock and soil strength, slope geometry, permeability, precipitation, presence of old landslides, proximity to streams and flood-prone areas, land use patterns, excavation of lower slopes and/or increasing the load on upper slopes, alteration of surface and subsurface drainage. These factors were used to evaluate the landslide-induced hazard in Cuyahoga River watershed using logistic regression analysis, and a landslide susceptibility map was produced in ArcGIS. The map classified land into four categories of landslide susceptibility: low, moderate, high, and very high. The susceptibility map was validated using known landslide locations within the watershed area. The landslide susceptibility map produced by the logistic regression model can be efficiently used to monitor potential landslide-related problems, and, in turn, can help to reduce hazards associated with landslides. 相似文献
5.
The study brings new information concerning a large slope deformation in the northern part of the Silesian Beskydy Mountains
in the territory of the Czech Republic. The studied area is a large-scale transformation of the forefront of a flysch nappe
formed especially by rigid sandstones upon a plastic underlying nappe. As a consequence of the vertical contact of mechanically
different formations and depositing conditions of rocks and tectonics on the nappe forefront, several generations of deep-seated
slope deformations occurred accompanied by shallow landslides in the historic period. Structural measurement and geophysical
sounding proved prevailing lateral spreading in the upper parts of the slopes as well as the occurrence of rotational landslides
whose landslide scarps overlap with the line of overthrust of the Godula Nappe on the Těšín Nappe. Radiocarbon dating determined
the period of the occurrence of rotational landslides as falling into the Subboreal up to Subatlantic. 相似文献
6.
青藏高原的快速隆起使其地质、地貌和气候发生了剧烈变化,导致崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、岩屑流和冰湖溃坝等地质灾害频发。利用遥感技术对青藏高原西部地质灾害的分布、形成条件进行了研究,对灾害形成的背景进行了探讨。崩塌、滑坡和泥石流主要发育于喜马拉雅山、冈底斯山、喀喇昆仑山及昆仑山的高山峡谷之中; 冰湖一般分布于雪线附近; 岩屑流发育在雪线之下基岩裸露区的陡坡上; 融冻泥流则位于海拔更低的多年冻土和季节性冻土的过渡地带。高原内部的造山带为灾害提供了地形条件; 冰川和大气降水为灾害提供了水源; 冰川作用和频繁的融冻作用为灾害提供了物源。青藏高原的快速隆升是地质灾害发育的内因,高海拔高寒气候是灾害发育的外因。 相似文献
7.
In the epicentral region of subduction earthquakes, large-scale landslides are triggered by strong shaking of slopes weakened by flexural toppling. The distribution of flexural-toppled slopes is the primary information for predicting and mitigating landslide damage beforehand. This study proposes and tests a simple algorithm for extracting flexural-toppled slopes on a regional basis from a 10-m resolution digital elevation model by windows of two sizes. Local relief is extracted with a large window (200 × 200 pixels), and microtopography is extracted with a small window (3 × 3 pixels). The algorithm was derived from the region of the Kanagi-kuzure landslide in Shikoku, and tested at Aka-kuzure landslide in Honshu in Japan. Both areas are underlain by strongly tilted sedimentary rocks in epicentral regions of subduction earthquakes along the Nankai Trough. 相似文献
8.
Integrated use of GIS and remote sensing for monitoring landslides in transportation pavements: the case study of Paphos area in Cyprus 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D. D. Alexakis A. Agapiou M. Tzouvaras K. Themistocleous K. Neocleous S. Michaelides D. G. Hadjimitsis 《Natural Hazards》2014,72(1):119-141
This study considers the impact of landslides on transportation pavements in rural road network of Cyprus using remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) techniques. Landslides are considered to be one of the most extreme natural hazards worldwide, causing both human losses and severe damages to the transportation network. Risk assessment for monitoring a road network is based on the combination of the probability of landslides occurrence and the extent and severity of the resultant consequences should the disasters (landslides) occur. Factors that can trigger landslide episodes include proximity to active faults, geological formations, fracture zones, degree and high curvature of slopes, water conditions, etc. In this study, the reliability and vulnerability of a rural network are examined. Initially, landslide locations were identified from the interpretation of satellite images. Different geomorphological factors such as aspect, slope, distance from the watershed, lithology, distance from lineaments, topographic curvature, land use and vegetation regime derived from satellite images were selected and incorporated in GIS environment in order to develop a decision support and continuous landslide monitoring system of the area. These parameters were then used in the final landslide hazard assessment model based on the analytic hierarchy process method. The results indicated good correlation between classified high-hazard areas and field-confirmed slope failures. The CA Markov model was also used to predict the landslide hazard zonation map for 2020 and the possible future hazards for transportation pavements. The proposed methodology can be used for areas with similar physiographic conditions all over the Eastern Mediterranean region. 相似文献
9.
滑坡空间分布与形态特征能够反映滑坡发育程度, 为区域内滑坡灾害防治提供依据. 本研究以志丹县黄土滑坡为研究对象, 基于GIS空间分析选取最邻近指数与核密度估计分析志丹县滑坡空间分布规律, 通过统计分析的方法研究滑坡形态特征. 结果表明, 志丹县滑坡最邻近指数约为0.177, 在空间上呈聚集型分布; 核密度估计最大值出现在周河两岸的斜坡地带且呈带状分布, 具有多个高密度聚集区域; 滑坡面密度与点密度的计算结果分别为0.26%和0.19个/km2; 滑坡坡度多集中于70°以上, 坡向多集中于南和南东方向, 坡高则集中于40 m以下的斜坡. 通过聚类分析将研究区滑坡划分为不同类别的角度特征、高度特征、地质环境特征. 相似文献
10.
A large number of deep cuts are formed during the construction of expressways in mountainous areas. Inadequate interpretation of ground conditions is a major contributing factor to the failure of cut slopes. This study focuses on the Hongyan landslide along the S26 expressway. Due to lack of an adequate pre-construction investigation, a landslide was triggered by small-scale excavation at the toe part of the slope. The potential slip surface was incorrectly located; consequently, two rows of stabilizing piles were not long enough to reach stable rocks. To overcome the mistake, two additional rows of piles were installed. During construction, both slope deformation and the stress of reinforced bars in piles were monitored for safety considerations. A Verhulst model-based failure forecast was also utilized to insure the stability of the slope during remedial works. Reviewing this landslide reveals a number of lessons. First, sufficient geological investigation and careful interpretation of ground conditions are mandatory prior to the design of a cut slope. Second, systematic field monitoring is strongly recommended, especially when the geology of the slope is complex and it is difficult to determine failure patterns. Third, the failure forecast can serve as a supplementary measure to insure the safety of workers and slopes. Last, it always takes some time for stabilizing piles to mobilize. 相似文献
11.
Brendon J. Quirk Glen N. Mackey Diego P. Fernandez Andy Armstrong Jeffrey R. Moore 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(6):776-790
Rapid and high-magnitude North Atlantic climate oscillations following the Last Glacial Maximum have been correlated to climate change events in western North America. However, the strength of teleconnections between the North Atlantic and the interior of western North America remains poorly understood. We present a U-series calibrated speleothem record from Timpanogos Cave National Monument, located at 2040 m asl in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, spanning 13.5–10.6 ka. Additionally, we carried out a climate reconstruction for a coeval glacier advance in the Wind River Range of Wyoming. Our results indicate that between 13.5 and 12.8 ka, the Wasatch was probably first cool and dry and then warmed. After 12.8 ka, our record suggests cool and/or wetter conditions followed by reduced moisture until 11.8 ka, followed by an early Holocene wet period. The Timpanogos record exhibits few similarities with those from the North Atlantic. Climate reconstructions of the Titcomb Basin glacier suggest modest temperature depressions relative to modern (<−3 °C) were necessary to sustain the glacier with a moderate increase in precipitation (>150%). The high-altitude speleothem record presented here provides a valuable basis for understanding latest Pleistocene–early Holocene glacial episodes in western North America. 相似文献
12.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(17-18):2152-2166
High-resolution modern climate data for the Southern and Central Rocky Mountains provide a starting point for analysis of climate changes necessary to produce regional Late Pleistocene glaciation. A GIS-based model was used to assess the sensitivity of glaciation in different ranges to climatic change and the combinations of temperature and precipitation change necessary to sustain the last glacial maximum (LGM) extent of glaciation in each range. Extensive glaciation initiates first in the Wind River Range of Wyoming under every climate change scenario tested. In absence of precipitation change a summer temperature depression of 6–8 °C would be necessary to maintain LGM ice extents in Colorado and Wyoming. If precipitation was halved, necessary summer temperature depression would be 8–10 °C; if precipitation was doubled, a depression of 3.5–5.5 °C would suffice. Given model uncertainties, these values may underestimate necessary temperature depression by as much as 2 °C. Under all scenarios tested, LGM glaciation in Utah, particularly the Wasatch Range, requires either more temperature depression for given precipitation change, or more precipitation for a given temperature depression than is required in the Colorado/Wyoming Rockies. A summer temperature depression of 7 °C, which would suffice to sustain LGM ice extent with little change from modern precipitation in the Colorado/Wyoming Rockies, would need to be coupled with a near doubling of precipitation to maintain LGM ice extent in the Wasatch Range. This difference appears to reflect LGM precipitation enhancement in the Wasatch Range, and to a lesser degree the Uinta Mountains, resulting from the presence of Lake Bonneville immediately upwind of these ranges. 相似文献
13.
气候变化对滑坡的影响关系研究是近年来滑坡灾害研究的热点问题之一。本研究以我国中更新世早中期以来黄河上游和三峡库区的滑坡为研究对象,分析了其发育期与气候变化的对应关系以及气候演变对滑坡发育的作用机理。研究认为: 1）大型古滑坡在时空分布上具有明显的多期性和时段性,大区域滑坡的广泛发育与全球古环境变化的暖湿间冰期之间呈现良好的对应关系。2）黄河上游龙羊峡-刘家峡段干流区内共发育有3期滑坡,其中早期滑坡多披覆于黄河Ⅲ～Ⅳ级阶地,光释光年龄显示其发生于MIS3时期; 晚期滑坡多披覆于黄河Ⅱ级阶地,发育于MIS1时期; 现代滑坡披覆于黄河Ⅰ级阶地,多为早期滑坡前缘因人类工程活动诱发的次级滑坡。3）三峡库区中更新世早中期以来主要发育了3期古滑坡,并以深海氧同位素的MIS5和MIS3为最多,尤其是中更新世晚期以来,滑坡数量明显增加,延续时间明显增长。 相似文献
14.
Over the past decade, land development activities on hillsides in northern Utah have resulted in a significant increase in
landslide activity throughout the region. The majority of recent landslides are shallow and they occurred on cut gentle slopes
especially during spring and early summer due to snowmelt induced elevated groundwater tables. The geologic material documented
at numerous landslide sites is a soft gray-green completely decomposed Norwood Tuff. The present study addresses the mechanism
of a shallow landslide in completely decomposed Norwood Tuff based on field, laboratory and numerical investigations. Detailed
slope surface geometry obtained from laser-scan surveys together with strength and stress–strain parameters derived from laboratory
triaxial tests on undisturbed samples of completely decomposed Norwood Tuff collected from the landslide site are employed
with finite-element modeling to examine the effects of ground surface deformation patterns on the yielding behavior of the
slide mass. The numerical results indicate a gradual retreat of the yield zone with progressive landslide deformation, which
eventually becomes concentrated within the accumulation zone of the landslide, compared to a well-developed yield zone within
the entire slide mass at the onset of landslide movement. Limit equilibrium stability analyses along potential sliding surfaces
of extent limited within the yield zone of the displaced slide mass produce lower safety factors than an analysis based on
the original sliding surface comprising the entire slide mass. 相似文献
15.
以甲西倾倒体为典型实例,从赋存环境、发育特征、形成条件等基础层面上分析雅砻江上游互层斜坡倾倒变形破坏机制及演化过程。研究表明:区内大型倾倒体是斜坡岩体在叠加有残余构造应力的自重应力场中长期演化的产物,软硬相间的岩性组合、陡倾内的岸坡结构,加之垂直层面密集节理的切割是斜坡发生倾倒变形的控制性因素;斜坡倾倒是受节理面和层面控制的复合倾倒模式,即:硬岩发生块状-弯曲倾倒,而软岩发生弯曲倾倒;受河谷演化控制,斜坡变形破坏主要经历了4个演化阶段:卸荷回弹陡倾面拉裂阶段,初始变形阶段,板梁根部折断、剪切面贯通阶段以及破坏阶段,并最终转化为蠕滑-拉裂模式形成滑坡。该滑动面受倾向坡外破裂面控制,而并非沿最大弯折带发育。 相似文献
16.
我国是世界上受滑坡影响最大的国家之一,也投入了大量的人力物力开展区域性滑坡隐患探测工作.近年的政府工作表明,80%的滑坡发生在已圈定的隐患点范围外,80%的滑坡发生在防灾减灾工作条件相对薄弱的边远农村地区.为了解决这个困境,亟需:（1）厘清不同类型滑坡宜选用的广域探测技术,解决滑坡隐患广域探测的漏检问题;（2）突破社区协同滑坡防灾的难题,助力滑坡隐患探测和风险评估.本文将滑坡隐患分为4类:斜坡变形区、复活历史变形破坏区、稳定历史变形破坏区和潜在斜坡变形区,以便充分发挥多源遥感数据和技术的优势;进而提出一种“滑坡隐患广域探测-单体滑坡隐患风险评估-社区协同防灾”的多源遥感滑坡防灾技术框架.以青藏高原交通工程关键区段约10 000 km2区域作为研究区,协同社区（如设计和建设单位）共识别出滑坡隐患263处,其中斜坡变形区249处,复活历史变形破坏区5处,稳定历史变形破坏区9处,并针对3个典型滑坡隐患进行风险定量评估和社区协同防灾.该多源遥感技术框架将有助于提高社区滑坡防灾的能力,也将直接服务于青藏高原交通工程的建设与运维. 相似文献
17.
《Engineering Geology》2001,59(1-2):51-58
On the basis of the investigation and statistic analysis of the landslide hazards in the forereservoir region of the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River, the major factors that are found to have affected the slope stabilities are outlined, and a zonation of landslide hazards of the region is made using an integrated information model. It is divided into destructive, disastrous, slightly disastrous, likely disastrous and essentially non-disastrous areas. The first two cover an area of less than 5% of the total region, and are at a distance of more than 20 km from the Three Gorges dam, and so a landslide over there will impose no direct impact to the TGP, but may effect to some degree the navigation of the Yangtze River and nearby highway transportation, reservoir slopes, and building of cities and towns. 相似文献
18.
Relatively complete stratigraphic records of the Bonneville cycle and of at least one and probably two earlier lacustrine are exposed along the Bear River below Cutler Dam in northern Utah between altitudes of 1290 and 1365 m. In most exposures the unconformity between the Bonneville Alloformation and the underlying unit, herein named the Cutler Dam Alloformation, is marked by slight erosional relief and by a weakly to moderately developed buried soil, herein named the Fielding Geosol. In truncated profiles, the Fielding Geosol reaches a maximum of stage II carbonate morphology. Wood from near the base of the Cutler Dam Alloformation yielded a 14C date of >36,000 yr B.P. (Beta-9845). Alloisoleucine/isoleucine (aIle/Ile) ratios of Sphaerium shells from the Cutler Dam beds average 0.15 ± 0.01 in the total hydrolysate, which is significantly greater than the average for Sphaerium shells of Bonneville age elsewhere in the basin. Therefore, the Cutler Dam Alloformation is older than 36,000 yr B.P., but much younger than deposits of the Little Valley lake cycle (140,000 yr B.P.?) which bear shells having significantly higher aIle/Ile ratios. The Cutler Dam Alloformation along the Bear River may be broadly correlative with marine oxygen-isotope stages 4 or 3. Fine-grained, fossiliferous, marginal-lacustrine facies of the Cutler Dam Alloformation are exposed at altitudes near 1340 m, and are probably the highest exposures of sediments deposited in the early or middle Wisconsin lake in the Bonneville basin. 相似文献
19.
The Ubendian Orogenic Belt of southern Tanzania continues across the strike into northern Malawi where it is represented by the Misuku Belt. The Misuku Belt has been examined in two areas on the international boundary between northern Malawi and Zambia; the Mafingi Hills area and the western escarpment of the Nyika Plateau. In each area the Misuku Belt has been divided into three distinctive rock units: 1. the Misuku Gneisses which were metamorphosed in the epidote amphibolite to amphibolite facies, 2. the Jembia River Granulites, metamorphosed under conditions near to the triple point between the cordierite-granulite, granulite and amphibolite facies and 3. the post-tectonic Nthonga and Nyika Granites of the Mafingi Hills and Nyika Plateau respectively. Evidence is provided to show that the two metamorphic units are stratigraphic equivalents which were deformed and metamorphosed in different environments and subsequently placed in juxtaposition. The results of radiometric age determination made on the Misuku Belt provide no evidence of the true age of the granites nor of the time of metamorphism. The apparent ages are considered the result of overprinting during a later tectono-thermal event. 相似文献
20.
Romeo M. Flores 《Organic Geochemistry》1979,1(4):225-235
Detailed stratigraphic and sedimentological studies of the Tertiary Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, and the Cretaceous Blackhawk Formation and Star Point Sandstone in the Wasatch Plateau, Utah, indicate that the depositional environments of coal played a major role in controlling coal thickness, lateral continuity, potential minability, and type of floor and roof rocks.The potentially minable, thick coal beds of the Tongue River Member were primarily formed in long-lived floodbasin backswamps of upper alluvial plain environment. Avulsion of meandering fluvial channels contributed to the erratic lateral extent of coals in this environment. Laterally extensive coals formed in floodbasin backswamps of a lower alluvial plain environment; however, interruption by overbank and crevasse-splay sedimentation produced highly split and merging coal beds. Lacustrine sedimentation common to the lower alluvial plain, similar to the lake-covered lower alluvial valley of the Atchafalaya River Basin, is related to a high-constructive delta. In contrast to these alluvial coals are the deltaic coal deposits of the Blackhawk Formation. The formation consists of three coal populations: upper delta plain, lower delta plain, and ‘back-barrier’. Coals of the lower delta plain are thick and laterally extensive, in contrast to those of the upper delta plain and ‘back-barrier’, which contain abundant, very thin and laterally discontinuous carbonaceous shale partings. The reworking of the delta-front sediments of the Star Point Sandstone suggests that the Blackhawk-Star Point delta was a high-destructive system. 相似文献