共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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T.L. Daulton T.J. Bernatowicz S. Messenger S. Amari 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(24):4743-4767
Silicon carbide (SiC) is a particularly interesting species of presolar grain because it is known to form on the order of a hundred different polytypes in the laboratory, and the formation of a particular polytype is sensitive to growth conditions. Astronomical evidence for the formation of SiC in expanding circumstellar atmospheres of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) carbon stars is provided by infrared (IR) studies. However, identification of the crystallographic structure of SiC from IR spectra is controversial. Since >95% of the presolar SiC isolated from meteorites formed around carbon stars, a determination of the structure of presolar SiC is, to first order, a direct determination of the structure of circumstellar SiC. We therefore determined the polytype distribution of presolar SiC from the Murchison CM2 carbonaceous meteorite using analytical and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). High-resolution lattice images and electron diffraction of 508 individual SiC grains demonstrate that only two polytypes are present, the cubic 3C (β-SiC) polytype (79.4% of population by number) and the hexagonal 2H (α-SiC) polytype (2.7%). Intergrowths of these two polytypes are relatively abundant (17.1%). No other polytypes were found. A small population of one-dimensionally disordered SiC grains (0.9%), whose high density of stacking faults precluded classification as any polytype, was also observed. The presolar origin of 2H α-SiC is unambiguously established by tens-of-nanometers-resolution secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS). Isotopic maps of a TEM-characterized 2H α-SiC grain exhibit non-solar isotopic compositions of 12C/13C = 64 ± 4 and 14N/15N = 575 ± 24. These measurements are consistent with mainstream presolar SiC thought to originate in the expanding atmospheres of AGB carbon stars. Equilibrium condensation calculations together with inferred mineral condensation sequences predict relatively low SiC condensation temperatures in carbon stars. The laboratory observed condensation temperatures of 2H and 3C SiC are generally the lowest of all SiC polytypes and fall within the predictions of the equilibrium calculations. These points account for the occurrence of only 2H and 3C polytypes of SiC in circumstellar outflows. The 2H and 3C SiC polytypes presumably condense at different radii (i.e., temperatures) in the expanding stellar atmospheres of AGB carbon stars. 相似文献
3.
A systematic theoretical deduction of polytype structures of mica that can result by the spiral growth mechanism operating in faulted 1M, 2M 1 and 3T basic matrices is reported. As a prerequisite, all possible intrinsic and extrinsic stacking fault configurations in each of the basic matrices have been worked out and their stacking fault energy (SFE) estimated. The deduction of polytype structures on the basis of the “faulted-matrix model” takes into account (i) the introduction of each of the low energy fault configurations in the exposed ledge of the screw dislocations, (ii) the change in the layer-position of the fault within the exposed ledge and (iii) the variation of the strength of the generating screw dislocation. At each stage, the spirally-grown polytypes are deduced for each basic structure. The most probable structures are predicted on the basis of the lowest SFE for the same strength of the screw dislocation and are then compared with the polytype structures reported in the literature. It was found that the faulted matrix model accounts successfully for the origin of all the polytype structures in mica. Furthermore, it may provide a basis for limiting the number of trial structures for determining the structures of long period polytypes. 相似文献
4.
D. Ayres 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(3):273-278
156 samples of naturally‐occurring molybdenite from 87 localities in Australia have been examined to determine the distribution of the hexagonal (2H1) and rhombohedral (3R) polytypes. 90% of the specimens examined are 2H1 polytypes, the remainder being 3R and mixtures of 2H1 and 3R polytypes. The 3R and mixed polytypes are more abundant in porphyry copper deposits or as disseminations, in veins, and in garnet‐quartz pipes in granite. 2H1 polytypes are the sole modification observed in pegmatites, quart‐pegmatite pipes, simple quartz veins, and skarns. The highest average concentrations of rhenium are in molybdenite from porphyry copper deposits, quartz porphyry pipes, skarn deposits, garnet‐quartz pipes, and pegmatites. Low concentrations occur in molybdenite which is disseminated or in quartz veins in granite and in quartz or pegmatitic pipes. Molybdenites in which the 2H1 polytype is dominant have a lower average rhenium content than those with dominant 3R polytype. 相似文献
5.
J. Ingrin 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1993,20(1):56-62
A study of polytypism in synthetic polycrystalline pseudowollastonite has been made using conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM and HRTEM). Three polytypes of 2, 4 and 6-layers coexist in the one sample in the form of lamellae parallel to (001). From the electron microscopy images the lamellae are interpreted as combinations of the stacking fault vectors: 1/3 [010], 1/6 [310] and 1/6 [3 $\bar 1$ 0], which are probably all equivalent at high temperatures. The polytype lamellae are stable even after prolonged annealing at high temperatures greater than 1700K. These observations suggest that the most frequently reported 4-layer polytype is not the only high-temperature stable polytype. No evidence of melt is detected in samples annealed in the regime where premelting behaviour of pseudowollastonite has previously been reported (above 1600 K). 相似文献
6.
This work deals with the identification and kinetics of crystallisation of the wollastonite polytypes which form in the system
CaO-SiO2 in the temperature range 700–1000 °C. The kinetics of phase transformations in the system have been determined from analysis
of in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. Two different systems with the same compositions were investigated:
one is more reactive, having grains with a larger surface area per unit volume, the other is less reactive, being composed
of grains with a smaller surface area per unit volume. 1T-wollastonite forms first and progressively transforms in an intermediate
1Td-wollastonite disordered form. Both phases in turn transform into 2M-wollastonite polytype. Differences in the polytypes
forming and reaction kinetics were observed for the two systems. In the more reactive system, the conversion 1T to 1Td polytypes
is the dominant process. The kinetic parameters calculated using the Avrami models fully describe the reaction process of
formation of both polytypes and transformation of one polytype into the other.
Received: 3 August 1999 / Accepted: 20 March 2000 相似文献
7.
Moissanites were found in tagamites of the Popigai meteorite crater along with impact diamonds. We have studied 55 samples including 49 individual polytypes and six intergrowths. The numbers of 6H, 15R, 4H, 6H/15R, and 6H/4H polytypes are 82, 7, 5, 4, and 2%, respectively. By the assemblage of polytypes, the moissanites of the Popigai astrobleme are distinct from kimberlite moissanites, as well as from synthetic SiC, which is characterized by the absence of the 4H polytype and the presence of more diverse inclusions (including Fe-bearing). The Popigai astrobleme is one of few objects with reliable natural moissanite. Technogenic contamination is excluded, since any researcher can find this mineral in tagamites. 相似文献
8.
寿山叶蜡石矿床中叶蜡石的多型及其转变 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
叶蜡石具有1Tc和2M_1两种多型。寿山叶蜡石矿床中的叶蜡石不但具有普遍报道的2M_1型及1Tc与2M_1的混合型,而且具有同类矿床中少见的、但在本区却大量出现的1Tc型。本文对寿山叶蜡石多型变体的X射线衍射特征、镜下特征及化学成分特征作了写实性描述,指出本区叶蜡石存在着2M_1型向1Tc型转变的客观事实,并可能存在二者的中间类型;探讨了叶蜡石多型转变的条件,提出“表生溶液”是实现该转变的主要因素。 相似文献
9.
钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物中新多型体的HREM研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用高分辨电子显微术（ＨＲＥＭ）研究了钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物系列中氟碳铈矿（Ｂ）／直氟碳钙铈矿（Ｓ）的混层结构。发现并确定了Ｂ＿５Ｓ＿２（ＩＨ，３Ｒ）、Ｂ＿５Ｓ＿４（３Ｒ，６Ｒ）和Ｂ＿（１８）Ｓ＿（１０）（ＩＨ）规则混层矿物中５种新多型的晶体结构类型、晶胞参数以及理论晶体化学式等。ＨＲＥＭ研究揭示出，在Ｂ＿ｍＳ＿ｎ（ｍ＞ｎ）型规则混层矿物新多型体的结晶过程中，成矿地质环境是复杂的。阐明了这些多型体是由该系列矿物中的氟碳铈矿（Ｂ）和直氟碳钙铈矿（Ｓ）结构单元层以不同比例沿ｃ轴方向的有序堆垛构成。 相似文献
10.
I.R. Plimer 《Lithos》1974,7(1):43-51
Pipe deposits of quartz-bismuthinite-molybdenite in the roof zone of a granitic pluton metasomatised to a leucocratic soda syenite are surrounded by concentric spessartitic and sericitic alteration zones. Chemical and petrographic data on the alteration zones are presented. It is suggested that the alteration has formed from laterally moving acidic hydrothermal solutions which changed in composition as a result of reaction. The lateral change in MoS2 from the 2H polytype of the pipes to mixtures of the 2H and 3R polytypes in the surrounding altered rocks may reflect the lateral changes of solution chemistry. 相似文献
11.
Andrew G. Christy 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1989,16(4):343-351
The concept of short-range interlayer interactions, fundamental to spin-analogue models for polytypism, is examined in the case of sapphirine. Consideration of interactions out to fourth-nearest neighbours provides a rationale for the difference between the polytype suites observed for sapphirine and wollastonite. In each case, the observed long-period structures are consistent with those predicted to be stable by the appropriate mappings onto the axial next-nearest neighbour model. Short-range interaction parameters may also be used to express stacking fault energies. This approach, combined with a simple nucleation-andgrowth model, is used to examine the possibility of metastable generation of complex polytypes in sapphirine. Statistical analysis of defect distributions and frequencies in sapphirine suggests that interactions over several hundred Ångstroms must be considered if the stacking energetics are to be accurately modelled. 相似文献
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13.
Diagenetic and very low-grade metamorphic characteristics of the Paleozoic series of the Istanbul Terrane (NW Turkey) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Istanbul Terrane along the Black Sea coast in NW Anatolia, is a Gondwana-derived continental microplate, comprising a well-developed Paleozoic succession. Petrographic and X-ray diffraction studies were performed on rock samples from measured sections throughout Ordovician?CCarboniferous sedimentary units. Diagenetic-very low-grade metamorphic clastic (shale/mudstone, siltstone, sandstone) and calcareous rocks (limestone, dolomite) mainly contain phyllosilicates, quartz, feldspar, calcite, dolomite, hematite and goethite minerals. Phyllosilicates are primarily represented by illite, chlorite, mixed-layered chlorite?Cvermiculite (C?CV), chlorite?Csmectite (C?CS) and illite?Cchlorite (I?CC). Feldspar is commonly present in the Ordovician and Carboniferous units, whereas calcite and dolomite are abundant in the Silurian and Devonian sediments. The most important phyllosilicate assemblage is illite?+?chlorite?+?I?CC?+?C?CV?+?C?CS. Illite and chlorite-bearing mixed layer clays are found in all units. The amounts of illites increase in the upper parts of the Silurian series and the lower parts of the Devonian series, whereas chlorite and chlorite-bearing mixed-layers are dominant in the Ordovician and Carboniferous units. Kübler index values of illites reflect high-grade anchimetamorphism for the Early Ordovician rocks, low-grade metamorphism to high-grade diagenesis for the Middle Ordovician?CEarly Silurian rocks and high-grade diagenesis for the Late Silurian?CDevonian units. The K-white micas b cell dimensions indicate intermediate pressure conditions in the Early Ordovician?CEarly Silurian units, but lower pressure conditions in the Middle Silurian?CDevonian units. Illites are composed of 2M 1?±?1M d polytypes in all units, except for Upper Ordovician?CLower Silurian units which involve 1M polytype in addition to 2M 1 and 1M d polytypes. The 2M 1/(2M 1?+?1Md) ratios rise from Devonian to Ordovician together with the increasing diagenetic-metamorphic grade. Chlorites have IIb polytype. In general, crystal-chemical data of clay minerals in the Istanbul Terrane show a gradual increase in the diagenetic/metamorphic grade together with increasing depth. The new data presented in this work indicate that the diagenetic/metamorphic grade of the Paleozoic of the Istanbul Terrane is higher than that of the neighboring Zonguldak Terrane and generated by a single metamorphic phase developed at the end of Carboniferous. This finding contrasts with the metamorphic history of the neighboring Zonguldak Terrane that displays a distinct Early Devonian unconformity and a thermal event. 相似文献
14.
Based on coexisting rolled chrysotile and polygonal serpentine fibers with 15 or 30 sectors each, a crystallographic model for polygonization of chrysotile is proposed. It is based on an assumed chrysotile-to-lizardite transition. Polygonization of chrysotile requires more likely 15 partial dislocations per turn, as required by polytype translational operators for serpentines. The observed number of sectors corresponds to the two most elastically stable arrays of dislocations. Homogeneous shear of the layer stacking arising from intersector kinking results in a cyclic distribution of twins and/or different polytypes. This makes the fiber axis a fivefold symmetry axis and consequently polygonal serpentine and chrysotile to be both forms of serpentine with local fivefold symmetry. This model is alternative to the recent crystallograpic model by Chisholm (1991, 1992). 相似文献
15.
Yoshikazu Ohashi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1984,10(5):217-229
Crystal structures of clinoenstatite, orthoenstatite, wollastonite-1T and wollastonite-2M (parawollastonite) were refined to an R factor 3–4 percent level. Molar volumes at room temperature are 31.270(15), 31.315(8), 39.842(5) and 39.901(10) cm3/MSiO3, in the above-mentioned order, indicating that one-layer polytypes (clinoenstatite and wollastonite-1T) are stable at higher pressures than two-layer polytypes (orthoenstatite and wollastonite-2M). The polytypic relation of the enstatite polytypes can be described by four twinning operations — b glide ∥ to (110), a glide ∥ to (001), twofold screw axis ∥ to a (of orthoenstatite) and a twofold screw axis ∥ to c. For the wollastonite polytypes, twinning operations are twofold screw axis ∥ to b and a glide ∥ to (010). Structural adjustments after twinning are not necessarily the largest at the twin boundary (true in enstatite but not so in wollastonite). In both cases octahedral sites that involve bridging oxygens tend to show relatively large changes. Lattice strain ellipsoids associated with twinning are also different for enstatite and wollastonite, which implies that wollastonite may react differently from enstatite to non-hydrostatic pressure. 相似文献
16.
合成氟金云母多型种类与含量对云母的物理化学性质具有重要的影响。然而在X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)制样过程中云母00l基面极易产生择优取向,严重制约了云母多型组成和含量的分析。传统撒样法可促使晶体取向随机分布,但制备的试样表面不够平坦。本文对传统撒样法进行改进,在撒样过程中使样品架均匀旋转,从而获得表面平坦的试样。XRD测试结果表明,旋转撒样法取向指数(OI=I_(001)/I_(060))为3.9,与无择优取向的理论值4.5接近,明显优于正压法和侧装法(OI值分别为38.7和18.1),表明旋转撒样法能够显著减弱云母择优取向。这主要是由于旋转撒样法使晶体颗粒之间形成犬牙交错分布,提高了云母各晶面随机分布概率。Rietveld全图拟合分析显示,旋转撒样法获得的XRD数据精修效果较好,计算出本文合成的氟金云母样品中1M和2M_1多型含量分别为86%和14%,8个工业合成的氟金云母样品中1M和2M_1多型含量分别为57%～72%和28%～43%,并且存在较多的堆垛层错。总之,旋转撒样法减弱择优取向效果显著,为研究云母晶体生长、多型成因以及结构与性能之间的关系提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
17.
滇西南澜沧群多硅白云母的多型和化学成分特征及其意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
从理论、实验及实际观察的结果都表明，随着压力的增加白云母中绿鳞石的含量显著地增加，可以认为在多期变质作用过程中，尤其是在变质压力不同的多期变质作用下，形成的多硅白云母，其化学成分就会打上不同的烙印。７７个多硅白云母化学成分的统计结果表明，澜沧群低级变质岩中的多硅白云母有两种成因。在Ｎａ－Ｍｇ相关图上，反映了高压和中压变质特征，高压变质的多硅白云母约占７０％。这与用多硅白云母ｂ０值鉴别的高压和中压变质是相吻合的。多硅白云母的多型为３Ｔ和２Ｍ１型，以２Ｍ１型为主 相似文献
18.
浙江方家山高岭土矿床中高岭石亚族矿物的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
珍珠陶石、地开石和高岭石是高岭石亚族矿物的三种多型。其中高岭石最常见,地开石较少见,而珍珠陶石是十分罕见的多型。本文作者应用Ｘ射线衍射、红外光谱和醋酸钾夹层化合物的方法,研究了浙江方家山高岭石矿物特征。研究表明,用醋酸钾为夹带剂形成的珍珠陶石夹层化合物具有１４．０的特征衍射峰,经水分子取代后形成８．３５特征的珍珠陶石水合化合物,而高岭石仅部分形成７．３０水合夹层化合物。从而确定了方家山高岭土矿床是以高岭石为主含珍珠陶石的矿床,其珍珠陶石主要赋存于粗粒级的高岭土中。高岭石与珍珠陶石晶畴呈消长关系可能说明珍珠陶石是后期较强应力下由高岭石转变来的。 相似文献
19.
The present study deals with how stochastic stackings of tetrahedral/octahedral phengitic sheets bearing diverse cation distributions affect diffraction signals and the structural inferences therefrom derived. The interest for such minerals is dictated by that the stability of phengite polytypes, their cation distributions and P/T conditions of crystallization are related to each other. We focus our attention on layers’ probabilistic sequences that preserve the topology of the polytypes 2M 1(SG: C2/c) and 3T(SG: P3112). Neutron diffraction intensities are modelled by a Monte Carlo approach and then used as artificial experimental data for conventional structure refinements that yield the occupancy factors in the fourfold (Si, Al) and sixfold (Al, Mg) coordination sites of 2M 1 and 3T. The cation ordering from structure refinement tallies with the one of the “average structure” of a stochastic stacking, but it can significantly differ from those of the individual tetrahedral/octahedral sheets. For instance, sheets having ordered cation arrangements can lead to a stochastic structure which is supposed to bear a fully disordered cation partitioning according to structure refinement. This affects the configuration entropy contributions: the values obtained by conventional refinements can deviate from the correct ones up to 30 %. The analysis of the equivalent reflection intensities brings to light the anomalies hinting at the occurrence of such stacking disorder (using modelled reflections, the mean ratio between standard deviation and average intensity of symmetry equivalent reflections is ideally 0 for perfect crystal structures, but it can amount up to 6 in stochastically disordered phengites). However, taking into account the instrumental uncertainties and the deviations from ideality of actual crystals, such phenomena are very difficult to be detected experimentally. 相似文献
20.
We used illite and chlorite crystallinities, index minerals, mineral assemblages, polytype and domain size of white mica, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), b0 geobarometer and chlorite geothermometer to quantify the diagenetic and metamorphic overprint on the Triassic flysch formations in the Songpan-Garzê orogen along profile Zoigê-Lushan, northwest Sichuan. Two anchizones, two epizones, one diagenetic zone and a transition belt in-between them are defined on the basis of the obtained data. lllite crystallinity correlates strongly with the best mean domain size of mica and moderately with chlorite crystallinity. 2M1 white mica polytype are observed within the epizone whilst 2M1 and 1M polytypes occur in the anchizone and diagenetic zone. Epizonal metamorphism reached maximum temperatures of 370℃±21℃ at low-to intermediate pressure conditions. Clay minerals underwent Ostwaid ripening during metamorphism. Rocks from both sides of the Longmenshan fault reveal contrasting degrees of metamorphic overprint: on the northwest side of the Longmenshan fault, epimetamorphlc conditions contrast with diagenetic rocks on the southeast side. 相似文献