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1.
西北地区45a来降水异常的时空变化及其标度特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用西北地区(73°~113°E,30°~50°N)157个气象站的1960—2004年日降水观测资料,通过非参数趋势检测和旋转主成分分析方法对年降水异常的时空特征进行研究.根据降水特征的差异,西北地区可以划分为西北东北部、东南部、西北部、西南部、中北部及中南部等6大区域.结果表明:西北地区降水自东南向西北逐步递减,降水变化趋势则是东南为负、西北为正,变化幅度东南大于西北.根据每个分区的降水序列标度特征,采用消除波动趋势分析方法,对6个分区45 a来降水时间序列所纪录的大气动力过程影响的时空差异进行分析,定量区分区域气候系统和局地要素对不同区域降水贡献的差异及其年代际变化. 相似文献
2.
Quantitative data bearing on Phanerozoic climates of Australia are summarised and comparisons are made with the predictions of atmospheric general circulation models over 12 time slices from the Silurian to the Miocene. Summaries of the model derived mean temperature and precipitation conditions are given individually for each of four regions (southeast, northeast, southwest and northwest). Model results provide the means of estimating climate conditions in many cases, but there is fair agreement between the two approaches in most cases in which data are available. On model results, the southeast experienced winter freezing conditions from the Permian through until the middle Cretaceous and was consistently the coolest of the four regions, in part because of its proximity to the pole, but also because it was the site of elevated terrain throughout most of the Phanerozoic. It also tended to be among the wettest parts of Australia over this time and was subject to frequent winter storms. The northeast, in contrast, was often the warmest part of the continent, although strong seasonality and freezing winter temperatures were common during the Mesozoic and Palaeozoic. Strong seasonality (>30°C contrast between winter and summer) also apparently characterised most of the record for the southwest region, except for the Tertiary, part of the Jurassic, and the Early Palaeozoic. Together with the southeast, this region experienced the most intense effects of winter, especially in the Triassic. Strong seasonality also affected the northwest region through much of the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic and, interestingly, the highest summer temperatures on the continent are predicted for the southwest for most of the time slices studied. The models used today are imperfect but, nonetheless, offer a means of prediction and will perhaps stimulate the gathering of quantitative data in a continent where information is hard to come by and for which not much has yet been presented. 相似文献
3.
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 630 nm wavelength over the oceanic regions adjoining the Asian Continent is examined using
a seven-year long data base derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board NOAA satellite to study
the mean spatial and temporal variations as well as to understand the impact of aerosols advecting from the continent. Depending
on the prevailing meteorological conditions and nature of synoptic circulation, the AOD over the oceanic region shows a systematic
annual variation. This annual pattern inturn also shows an inter-annual variability because of the corresponding variations
in the meteorological features over the continent as well as small-scale deviations in the nature of synoptic circulation.
The annual variation over the oceanic regions also shows a pronounced spatial heterogeneity depending on the influence of
continental aerosols. Making use of the wind speed dependence of sea-salt AOD at far-oceanic environments and monthly mean
wind speeds at small grids of size 5° × 5°, the annual variation of sea-salt AOD at different locations is studied to understand
the spatial heterogeneity of this component. The residual component obtained by subtracting this from the measured AOD is
the non-oceanic component due to advection from continent. The source regions for major continental advections are delineated
from the analysis of air-mass back trajectories at appropriate locations identified from the annual pattern of non-oceanic
component. The long-term effect of the continental impact is examined from the mean trend of AOD over the three major oceanic
regions. This study shows that the continental influence is most significant over the Arabian Sea, followed by the Bay of
Bengal and is almost insignificant in most of the regions over the Southern Hemispheric Indian Ocean, except for the effect
of smoke aerosols over a few locations near Indonesia and Madagascar. 相似文献
4.
Brian FINLAYSON 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2010,4(4):375-385
As a continent, Australia is unusual. It has a long history of habitation by a relatively small population of Aboriginals
with a low technology culture. Just over 200 years ago, in 1788, it was invaded by a technological society from the UK, and
the settlers brought with them an understanding of rivers and the landscapes in which they were situated which was quite at
odds with the reality of the Australian continent. Australia is a piece of old continental crust derived from the break-up
of Gondwana that, unlike other Gondwana continents, has experienced little tectonic modification since the break-up. It is
a low relief continent dominated by arid and semi arid climates. Australian river systems have poor slope-channel coupling
and poor hydrological connectivity and are characterized by low rates of sediment delivery. The flow of Australian rivers
has high interannual variability, two to three times that of comparable rivers elsewhere, and highly variable flood behavior.
In this paper, examples are given of particular Australian rivers to illustrate the manner in which the morphological and
climatic characteristics of the continent combine to produce some distinctive river systems. 相似文献
5.
D. M. Finlayson I. Lukaszyk C. D. N. Collins E. C. Chudyk 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(5):717-732
The Otway Basin in southeastern Australia formed on a triangular‐shaped area of extended continental lithosphere during two extensional episodes in Cretaceous to Miocene times. The extent of the offshore continental margin is highlighted by Seasat/Geosat satellite altimeter data. The crustal architecture and structural features across this southeast Australian margin have been interpreted from offshore‐onshore wide‐angle seismic profiling data along the Otway Continental Margin Transect extending from the onshore Lake Condah High, through the town of Portland, to the deep Southern Ocean. Along the Otway Continental Margin Transect, the onshore half‐graben geometry of Early Cretaceous deposition gives way offshore to a 5 km‐thick slope basin (P‐wave velocity 2.2–4.6 km/s) to at least 60 km from the shoreline. At 120 km from the nearest shore in a water depth of 4220 m, sonobuoy data indicate a 4–5 km sedimentary sequence overlying a 7 km thick basement above the Moho at 15 km depth. Major fault zones affect the thickness of basin sequences in the onshore area (Tartwaup Fault Zone and its southeast continuation) and at the seaward edge of the Mussel Platform (Mussel Fault). Upper crustal basement is interpreted to be attenuated and thinned Palaeozoic rocks of the Delamerian and Lachlan Orogens (intruded with Jurassic volcanics) that thin from 16 km onshore to about 3.5 km at 120 km from the nearest shore. Basement rocks comprise a 3 km section with velocity 5.5–5.7 km/s overlying a deeper basement unit with velocity 6.15–6.35 km/s. The Moho shallows from a depth of 30 km onshore to 15 km depth at 120 km from the nearest shore, and then to about 12 km in the deep ocean at the limits of the transect (water depth 5200 m). The continent‐ocean boundary is interpreted to be at a prominent topographic inflection point 170 km from shore at the bottom of the continental slope in 4800 m of water. P‐wave velocities in the lower crust are 6.4–6.8 km/s, overlying a thin transition zone to an upper mantle velocity of 8.05 km/s beneath the Moho. Outstandingly clear Moho reflections seen in deep‐marine profiling data at about 10.3 s two‐way time under the slope basin and continent‐ocean boundary place further strong controls on crustal thickness. There is no evidence of massive high velocity (>7 km/s) intrusives/underplate material in the lower crust nor any synrift or early post‐rift subaerial volcanics, indicating that the Otway continental margin can be considered a non‐volcanic margin, similar in many respects to some parts of the Atlantic Ocean margins e.g. the Nova Scotia ‐ Newfoundland margin off Canada and the Galicia Bank off the Iberian Peninsula. Using this analogue, the prominent gravity feature trending northwest‐southeast at the continent‐ocean boundary may indicate the presence of highly serpentinised mantle material beneath a thin crust, but this has yet to be tested by detailed work. 相似文献
6.
利用1960—2017年日降水量资料,采用线性倾向趋势分析、滑动分析和泰森多边形法等,对河西地区多年降水时空变化特征及不同量级降水日数及降水强度的变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明：河西地区年均降水量为99.0 mm,呈现明显的逐年上升趋势,平均倾向率为8.72 mm?（10a）-1,月降水量为单峰分布,5—10月夏秋汛期降水量占年降水量的89.2%,各季节降水量均呈现显著上升趋势;年均降水日数为36.7天,呈现明显的上升趋势,增幅为3.18 d?（10a）-1,降水日数主要分布在夏季,约占总降水日数的54.6%;平均降水强度为2.70 mm?d-1,呈现减弱趋势,变化速率为-0.04 mm?d-1?（10a）-1;零星小雨和小雨降水日数均呈现增加趋势,而二者平均降水强度均为下降趋势,小到中雨降水日数和降水强度呈现增加趋势,中雨及以上的降水变化趋势不明显。 相似文献
7.
用黑河流域降水量实测资料,具体分析了黑河流域降水量年内分配分布格局,研究表明:黑河流域多年平均连续最大四个月降水量占全年降水量的70%左右,连续最小四个月降水量占年总量的5%左右,其余各月降水量分配较为均匀。但各区域受所处地理位置、地形,地貌和季节性气候特点的影响,降水量年内分配存在一定的差异,年内变幅由东南向西北、从高海拔区向低海拔区递减,不均匀系数和集中度深山区最大,绿洲灌溉区又大于北部荒漠区,浅山区最小;流域内降水量集中期出现在7月17日前后,各分区仅相差1天,深山区最早,浅山区最迟。 相似文献
8.
The distribution of kimberlite, lamproite and related alkaline volcanism in Australia can be broadly related to the structure of the Australian continent and lithosphere. Diamondiferous kimberlites and lamproites, with the apparent exception of the weakly diamondiferous Orrorro kimberlites in the Adelaide Fold Belt, lie within the large Precambrian shield where seismic tomographic models and heat flow data indicate the presence of relatively cold, high seismic wave speed lithosphere (tectosphere) typically some 200 km thick or more beneath the Archaean cratons and up to 300 km in parts of central Australia. Many of the diamondiferous intrusions appear to lie at the margins rather than in the centre of the lithosphere domains. The highest concentration of diamondiferous intrusions (kimberlites and lamproites) is on and around the Kimberley Craton where seismic data indicate crustal thicknesses of 35–40 km and a lithosphere up to 275 km thick that is distinct from Proterozoic northern Australia.
Many, but clearly not all, of the intrusions show evidence of regional and local structural controls. Some are spatially associated with known crustal structures, especially regional faults. Others are aligned, either singly or in clusters, along or near discontinuities and/or gradients evident in regional scale potential field data, especially the total horizontal gradients of gravity data continued upward tens to hundreds of kilometres. Many of these features are not evident in the original datasets as their signatures are masked by shorter wavelength (near surface) anomalies. In some cases, the kimberlites and associated rocks lie within crustal blocks and domains defined by discontinuities in the potential field data rather than at domain boundaries.
Our overview suggests that analysis of potential field data, especially horizontal gradients in upwardly continued potential field data, at all scales can assist definition of crustal and, potentially, lithospheric structures that may influence the distribution of diamond pipes. However, more definitive mapping of Australia's diamond prospective regions requires the integration of data on crustal structures, especially trans-lithospheric faults, and geodynamic settings with high resolution tomographic models and other geophysical, petrologic, and isotopic information on the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Australian continent. 相似文献
9.
N. P. Grushinsky Natasha B. Sazhina D. A. Brown 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(3):183-199
A map of the geoid in Australia and surrounding oceanic areas has been produced on a scale of 1:5M. There are two variants, both of which employ Bouguer anomalies for the land areas. For the ocean areas in the first variant, anomalies have been obtained as the difference between the observed and theoretical values of gravity at sea level. In the second variant, a correction has been introduced to reduce the density of the water layer to the average density of the Earth's crust. The height of the geoid in Australia is calculated in the same way. The effect of distant zones has been allowed for in accordance with the data of Kozai (1967) and Köhnlein (1967), and a high precision for the geoid height for Australia has been obtained. Discrepancies between the new data and the observations of Mather (1969) amount to + 2 m for the regions investigated and ± 4 m for the entire continent. Coordinates have also been obtained for the centre of the Australian ellipsoid relative to the centre of the Earth's mass. 相似文献
10.
The water availability relies primarily on precipitation whose spatial and temporal variability depends on meteorological and topographic attributes. Water becomes a precious natural resource, especially in semiarid areas. Generally, decisions on water resources are made on the whole watershed, but the variability of precipitation is related to topography. The work was aimed at quantifying the spatial variability of annual precipitation for a 40-year-long time series in the Macta basin (Algeria) by using a geostatistical approach and to detect the temporal stability of dry areas. To assess if annual precipitation variability could depend upon the elevation, the study area was divided into five geographical units (polygons) based on elevation and polygon kriging was applied. For each hydrologic year, the standardized relative difference of precipitation (SRDP) was evaluated and dry areas identified. The temporal stability of SRDP with elevation was assessed using the Spearman rank coefficient. Geostatistical approach showed different variability structures of annual precipitation over the considered period. Results highlighted differences in SRDP within the geographical units located at different elevation and the non-stability of dry periods with time within the same polygon. A remarkable dry tendency was assessed in the northern polygon, while the polygons at higher elevations were dominated by temporal instability. The spatio-temporal non-stability of dry areas might be attributed to the change in general atmospheric circulation in North Africa over the last decades and to the nonlinear interaction among precipitation and orography. The identification of dry areas can help decision-makers to plan management and conservation programs in Algeria. 相似文献
11.
Peter Wellman 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(1):10-14
Gravity anomalies of wavelength 20 to 100 km mainly reflect density variations in the non‐sedimentary part of the crust. Elongate highs and lows of this wavelength can be used to divide the Australian continent into areas within each of which the elongate anomalies are subparallel. The relative ages of the gravity trends in adjacent areas can be inferred: those oblique to the boundary between areas are likely to be older, and those parallel, younger than the boundary. The inferred relative ages of gravity‐trend areas found using this procedure are consistent with the ages of the first major deformation of cratons inferred from geology and isotopic dating. The Australian continent is thought to have grown by the addition of areas of crust in the order suggested by analysis of the gravity trends. In regions of sedimentary cover the positions of the boundaries of the gravity‐trend areas are at present the best estimate of the extent of the geologically defined cratons. 相似文献
12.
利用青藏高原69个气象台站的降水量资料,采用旋转经验正交函数分析（REOF）、线性趋势分析和累积距平法,系统地研究了1961-2010年青藏高原降水的时空变化规律,揭示了青藏高原不同区域降水变化的差异性.研究表明：近50 a来青藏高原降水量总体呈现增加趋势,增长率为6.7 mm·（10a）-1;青藏高原降水季节分配极不均匀,雨季和旱季非常明显,雨季降水占有主导作用;青藏高原降水由东南向西北递减,而且年际变化具有一定的多元化特征;青藏高原降水量变化空间分布差异显著,采用REOF法将整个高原划分为10个小区,每个小区降水变化都具有不同的特征,除了青海东北部区和青海东南部-川北区降水呈减少趋势外,其他8个小区降水均呈增加趋势. 相似文献
13.
All palaeomagnetic investigations from the Phanerozoic of Australia are summarized and critically reviewed. Some smaller studies have been combined to produce more viable palaeomagnetic poles all of which are only considered if standard cleaning procedures were used. Analysis of the resulting data shows that during the Early Palaeozoic the pole paths for northern and central Australia are similar confirming the regions were a single unit during that time. However, these paths and the one derived from a limited region of southeast Australia approach each other from opposite directions and appear to converge during the Devonian. This observation is consistent with interpretations of the geology of the Tasman Orogenic Zone in terms of plate-tectonic models and with palaeomagnetic data from the Gondwanic continents. The presence of possible ancient plate margins bounding the region, from which most palaeomagnetic results from southeast Australia are derived, confirms that this region only became welded to the main Australian plate in Devonian times. Data for the Mesozoic of southeast Australia continue to be incompatible both with the generally accepted Australia—Antarctica relationship and with all other Gondwanic results. There appears to be no geological evidence in support of the large-scale relative motion inferred by the data and they remain a puzzling inconsistency. Cenozoic results, however, are entirely compatible with the northward motion of Australia away from Antarctica as inferred from sea-floor spreading. Comparisons with results from India suggest that the drift history of India prior to 75 m.y. ago involved movement from a location adjacent to Antarctica. It is proposed that the Wharton Basin was occupied by a northerly extension of Peninsular India which lay adjacent to western Australia. This larger Indian subcontinent broke away from both Antarctica and Australia about 140 m.y. ago. 相似文献
14.
Ida Pramuwardani Hartono Sunarto Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(21):673
The Indonesian archipelago which has over 15,000 islands, lies in the tropics between Asia and Australia. This eventually alters the rainfall variability over the region, which was influenced by the Asian-Australian monsoon and controlled by intraseasonal variabilities such as convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEW), i.e., Kelvin, n?=?1 equatorial Rossby (ER), mixed Rossby gravity (MRG), and n?=?1 Westward inertio gravity (WIG), including the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). This study examines a 15-year 3B42 data for trapping CCEW and MJO in the region of Indonesia during both active and extreme Western North Pacific (WNP) and Australian (AU) monsoon phases, which are then compared with 30-year rainfall anomalies among 38 synoptic stations over Indonesia. The space–time spectral analysis is employed to filter each wave including the MJO in the equator, then proceeding with the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method to seek each wave peak which then coincides with WNP and AU monsoon peaks over Indonesia. It is concluded that an extreme monsoon classification has proven to control rainfall activity related to the CCEW and MJO at 60.66% during December through February (DJF)-WNP for only the significant wave perturbation value. Meanwhile, the CCEW and MJO significantly increase/decrease precipitation at Day 0 for about 37.88% from the total of Day 1st to Day end. Although the contribution of the CCEW and MJO does not profoundly influence rainfall activity during monsoon phase over Indonesia, they still modulate weather condition for more than 50%. On the other hand, a complex topography with a number of land–sea complexities is capable of influencing the rainfall variability in the region as a negative relationship is associated with the CCEW and MJO either during DJF-WNP or July through August (JAS)-AU monsoon phase. 相似文献
15.
1990-2014年西藏季节冻土最大冻结深度的时空变化 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
最大冻结深度是季节冻土变化的主要指标,也是季节冻土地区工程设计、建设、运营的重要参数。通过斯蒂芬（Stefan）方法计算了1990-2014年西藏地区季节冻土的最大冻结深度,分析了其时空变化特征,结果表明：近25 a西藏地区季节冻土最大冻结深度在空间分布具有垂直分带性、纬度地带性和区域性等规律,基本上呈自西北向东南方向递减的空间分布特征;时间上,在全球气候变暖的背景下,最大冻结深度基本呈逐年减薄的特征。西藏地区季节冻土最大冻结深度与年平均气温和年降水量呈现负相关,随着年平均气温和年降水量的上升,最大冻结深度呈减小的趋势,且最大冻结深度对年平均气温的响应比对年降水量的响应显著。 相似文献
16.
新疆降水特征及其对水资源和生态环境的影响 总被引：22，自引：9，他引：13
新疆位于欧亚大陆腹地,空中水汽来源少,水资源匮乏,生态环境脆弱,降水有其独特的时空分布特征,且对水资源形成和生态环境有着十分重要的影响和作用.利用全疆106处水文、气象站1956-2005年的降水资料以及相关分析研究成果,从水资源的角度对新疆降水的形成条件、时空分布特征和对水资源、生态环境的影响进行了分析.结果表明:多年平均年降水总量为2588×108m3,折合降水深157.4 mm;90%以上的站点年降水量变差系数在0.2～0.7之间;连续最大4个月降水量在40%以上,平均降水产流系数为34%.新疆降水的稀少导致了其生态环境的极端脆弱,绿洲面积仅占全疆总面积的9%,而沙漠面积却达全疆的25.7%.未来新疆地区仍然是干旱、半干旱地区,大气降水资源有限,必须通过其它途径来解决新疆水资源短缺问题. 相似文献
17.
1961-2016年四川地区不同量级不同持续时间降水的 时空特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用四川地区122站逐日降水数据,采用均值、气候趋势系数等统计方法,对1961-2016年不同量级不同持续时间降水的空间和时间变化特征进行了分析,结果表明：盆地和攀西地区小雨、中雨、大雨和总暴雨所占年降水量比例接近,高原地区小雨降水量约占50%以上,中雨约40%,大雨约10%;整个四川地区小雨日数占总降水日数75%以上,量级越高降水日数越少。年降水量在盆地和攀西地区为减少趋势,高原则相反,年降水日数除了在高原局部微弱增加外其他地区皆减少且大部分区域减少趋势通过99%的显著性水平检验,这种趋势显著性主要体现在小雨量级降水。随着降水量级的增加,高原、盆地东北、攀西和盆地东南的部分地区出现了降水量和降水次数增加趋势,这可能说明高原地区年降水量的增加由小雨量级降水效率以及中雨和大雨降水次数增加导致,盆地和攀西部分地区年降水量的增加主要由降水量级大的降水次数增加导致。 相似文献
18.
J. Braun D. R. Burbidge F. N. Gesto M. Sandiford A. J. W. Gleadow B. P. Kohn 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):99-110
Estimates of the current rate of deformation and surface uplift for the Australian continent are derived by integration of a new seismic database and show that parts of the continent are currently experiencing deformation at a rate of 1– 5 × 10?16/s and uplifting at a rate of 10–50 m/Ma. In the east, these regions coincide with the regions of maximum topography, suggesting that, if this uplift rate is long-term, up to 50% of the present-day topographic relief in the southeastern Highlands and Flinders Ranges has formed in the last 10 Ma, i.e. the time we estimate for the onset of the present-day stress field experienced by the Indo-Australian Plate. These estimates are supported by fission-track data from the Snowy Mountains, which indicate that a non-negligible proportion of the present-day relief is the remnant of a much older topography formed during the various accretion or breakup events along the eastern margin of the continent in Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic time and that younger relief growth (i.e. younger than 100 Ma) must be limited to less than a kilometer in amplitude. By contrast, in the western part of the continent no such correlation exists between present-day topography and uplift predicted by integrating seismic strain rate over 10 Ma. This suggests that the apparently high level of seismic activity observed in the southwestern part of the Yilgarn Craton and along Proterozoic mobile belts, such as the Albany–Fraser Province of southeastern Western Australia and the Fitzroy Trough of northern Western Australia, is transient or that, contrary to what is happening in the east, erosional processes are able to remove surface relief created at the relatively slow rate of 10 m/Ma, potentially because there existed no finite amplitude topography prior to the onset of the present-day compressional stress field. 相似文献
19.
利用1979-2016年ERA-Interim再分析资料提供的1°×1°水汽通量和大气可降水量（PWV）数据,采用相关性分析、趋势分析法、累积距平及反距离加权（IDW）等方法,研究三江源地区PWV与水汽通量的时空分布特征和降水转化率（PCE）。结果表明:①过去38年来,经、纬向多年平均水汽通量分别为2.0 kg/（m·s）、10.3 kg/（m·s）,水汽通量纬向增幅高于经向,水汽在纬向汇入为主,经向输出为主;② PWV呈微弱增多趋势,年平均PWV为1 791.6~2 278.9 mm,季节平均PWV为122.2~1 134.2 mm,不同季节内空间差异明显;③三江源区多年平均PCE为24.6%,1989年最高,达32.8%;季节与多年平均PCE空间分布一致,都表现出由东南向西北递减的变化特征,季节分布变化差异大;④该地区空中水资源丰富但自然PCE低,开发潜力大,应用前景广阔。 相似文献
20.
基于线性倾向估计、小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验及空间插值等方法,对1962—2013年28个均匀分布在青海省内的气象站点数据近50 a(1962—2013年)极端降水事件的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明,在长期趋势上青海省极端降水事件呈上升趋势,其强度与频数变化分别具有28 a和15 a±的主周期,并且少数站点在20世纪90年代发生突变;青海省内的极端降水事件在空间上存在明显差异,整体呈自西向东逐渐增强的特征,极端降水事件在南部地区发生频率总体高于北部地区,东南部发生极端降水的频率最高;近50 a青海省内大部分地区极端降水事件的强度与频数均呈上升趋势,其中东北部地区极端降水事件的强度上升趋势较为明显,仅有东南端与西北端呈现下降趋势,极端降水事件频数的上升趋势由东南端及西北端分别向中部加强。 相似文献