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1.
一种新的粒度指标:沉积物粒度分维值及其环境意义 总被引：28，自引：2，他引：28
根据分形理论，对1000个不同类型沉积物样品的粒度分形结构及其分维值作了定量计算。结果表明：各类型沉积物都具有良好的统计自相似性，并且各自有着不同的分维值。粒度分维值的大小与分选好坏密切相关。没有经过外力搬运与分选的风化破碎物质(碎屑物)——断层泥、冻土的粒度分维值接近于碎形体的分维值2．60左右；经过外力搬运但分选作用较弱的冰碛物、水石流、泥石流堆积物的粒度分维值也接近2．60；而经过强烈外力分选作用的河床、湖泊沉积物、潮滩及海底沉积物的分维值明显偏小。鉴于此，本认为分维值可以作为沉积物类型判别的重要参数之一。 相似文献
2.
为了研究河流沉积物粒度对区域气候变化的指示作用,对濠河中游、下游、濠河入淮河口3个典型河床沉积物剖面及石英尾砂的粒度进行了测量。结果显示:3个沉积物剖面按粒度的变化特征均可分成四层,第一层沉积物以细粉砂为主,第二、三、四层以粗粉砂为主,其中第二、三、四层沉积物的粒度频率分布曲线与石英尾砂非常相似,说明大量石英尾砂排入濠河后,沉积物粒度特征由石英尾砂控制。在近30年中,濠河沉积物的粒度随河水动力的变化而出现波动,这种波动与降雨量的年际变化、洪水的发生等自然因素有关,沉积物平均粒径的峰值与降雨量大或洪水发生的年份存在对应关系。濠河沉积物的粒度特征具有濠河流域气候干湿变化的指示意义:粒径粗指示降雨量较多的湿润气候,粒径细指示降雨量较少的干旱气候。 相似文献
3.
中国北方部分地区黄土、沙漠沙、湖泊、河流细粒沉积物粒度多组分分布特征研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
通过对我国北方部分地区的黄土、沙漠沙、湖泊、河流细粒沉积物的粒度多组分分布特征系统研究后总结了其粒度分布特征及组分间差异,并提出了风成、水成沉积物成因类型的判别依据。认为:1)细粒沉积物粒度一般由多个组分叠加构成,表现为多组分粒度分布特征。2)黄土粉尘粒径以<70 μm的悬浮颗粒为主,粒度由粗、中、细三个组分构成。粗粒组分含量最高,其中值粒径与源区距离呈负相关,中粒组分百分含量与源区距离呈正相关。3)沙漠沙粒度由一个极其明显的粗粒跳跃组分构成,中值粒径一般位于100~300 μm,分选性极好。4)湖泊沉积物粒度分布最多可有6个组分(中值粒径:<1 μm,2~10 μm,10~70 μm,70~150 μm,150~700 μm,>700 μm),前4个组分属悬浮组分,⑤为跳跃组分,⑥为滚动组分,分选性差。5)河流沉积物粒度分布曲线较复杂,其分布特征蕴含了水动力强弱信息。6)沙漠沙→黄土与河流沙→湖泊沉积物其优势组分的粒径均逐渐变细,但水成相对应组分比风成组分粒径要粗. 相似文献
4.
沉积物的形成受到多种地质因素的综合控制。通过粒度分析可判别沉积物的成因类型,推断其形成的沉积环境,解释环境演变;而沉积物的粒度组分除了受到原岩的控制外,还受到机械沉积作用的影响难以准确预测。运用人工神经网络对稳定湖相沉积物和风沉积物的粒度参数进行研究,将沉积物的4个粒度参数作为网络模型的输入变量,在对168个浙闽沿海迎风岸风成老红砂样品和282个苏贝淖湖滨湖泊沉积物样品所对应的粒度参数进行数据样本训练之后,获得了基于BP神经网络的稳定湖相和风沉积物预测模型。然后利用448个大树摆鱼湖相沉积物粒度参数样本和100个兰州榆中黄土风沉积物粒度参数样本作为测试样本对该模型进行了测试和验证,结果显示模型的可靠性较好,能够对沉积物的形成环境做出正确的判断。 相似文献
5.
现代渭河西安段沉积体沉积相与岩相特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以渭河西安段草滩沉积体为例, 通过剖面和探槽的详细研究, 结合野外密集采样及样品的分析结果, 对现代渭河草滩沉积体的粒度特征、沉积相、岩相、地层层序及沉积模式进行了综合研究。结果表明, 现代渭河草滩河流沉积体主要由砂质、泥质和少量砾质沉积物组成, 是一个由三期沉积旋回组成的曲流河沉积体。在现代渭河草滩沉积体内部, 共识别出6种岩相, 即平行层理含细砾粗砂岩相、槽状交错层理中细砂岩相、平行层理中细砂岩相、块状层理含砾中砂岩相、交错层理含砾中砂岩和块状层理泥岩相;3种沉积微相, 即河床滞留沉积、边滩和泛滥平原, 这些沉积微相构成了草滩沉积体内部垂向上三套不同的沉积层序:下部为含砾粗砂和中砂组成的河床亚相层序, 砂质沉积厚度较大;中部为一个完整的曲流河沉积层序, 由滞留沉积、边滩和泛滥平原沉积构成;上部则主要为边滩和泛滥平原沉积层序。粒度分析结果表明河床滞留沉积物中的砂体粒径多分布在0.2~1.2 mm, 边滩沉积物中砂体粒径多分布在0.1~1.0 mm, 两者均是良好的砂矿体, 是建筑用砂的良好来源。 相似文献
6.
利用高分辨率激光粒度仪MS2000对安固里淖、三台河以及长江等多个地点湖泊和河流沉积物样品细粒部分的粒度多组分分布特征进行了系统、深入研究。总结了其粒度分布特征及组分间差异并讨论了其成因机制。研究认为:1)湖泊沉积物粒度一般由多个组分叠加构成,表现为多组分粒度分布特征,其受控于水动力强度和搬运方式等因素。2)粒度分布最多可有6个组分（中值粒径范围分别为①<1μm,②2～10μm,③10～70μm,④70～>150μm,⑤150～700μm,⑥>700μm）,其中前4个组分属悬浮组分（③组分是流域内风成作用强弱的判别标志）,⑤为跳跃组分,⑥为滚动组分,整体分选性差。3)据粒度分布特征可分为湖滨、过渡和湖心三相,三相间粒度分布特征有明显差异,同时又存在此消彼长的良好过渡关系。湖滨相以④组分为优势组分,该组分含量越高,指示沉积物越靠近湖滨;过渡相④组分含量随距湖心距离靠近而减小,但②组分含量却在逐渐增加;湖心相以②组分占主导优势,该组分含量越高,指示沉积物越靠近湖心。4)湖相沉积物受湖滨拍岸浪和湖心波浪的影响而产生了明显的粒度分异规律。 相似文献
7.
泥石流堆积物主要由砾石、砂砾、粉粒和粘粒组成,组成泥石流堆积物的颗粒级配变幅很大,从直径大于数十米的巨砾到肉眼难以看见的几微米的胶体微粒均有分布,大小颗粒粒径之比可达106—107。泥石流堆积物颗粒具有明显的自相似性和无标度区间。本文以小江流域多处泥石流堆积物为研究对象,采用图解法全面分析了泥石流堆积物的粒度组成特征,根据分形理论计算了泥石流堆积物颗粒的分维值,对泥石流堆积物的分形特征进行探讨,并与泥石流堆积物粒度特征相联系,发现分维很好的反映了泥石流堆积物颗粒组成及其粒度分布特征。将泥石流堆积物颗粒分维与泥石流的粘性、形成年代等性质相联系,以找出它们彼此之间的关系。 相似文献
8.
根据长江三角洲ZK01孔的粒度资料,从粒度参数、斜体图、概率累积曲线和频率分布曲线等对末次盛冰期以来的沉积物粒度特征进行了详细分析,并结合沉积物的岩性、沉积构造和有孔虫的分布特点,探讨了该区末次盛冰期以来的沉积环境演化。分析表明,ZK01孔末次盛冰期以来,沉积物自下而上可分为5段:河床沉积物以砂和砾质砂为主,粒度概率累积曲线为以跳跃总体为主的两段式;河漫滩相为砂质和黏土互层,概率累积曲线呈以悬浮总体为主的具过渡的两段式,频率分布曲线为双峰或多峰式;河口湾沉积物的粒度参数变化显著,在C-M图上表现为粗细分异明显的两类,对应两种两段式累积曲线,频率分布曲线亦有单峰和双峰式两类;浅海相主要为淤泥质黏土,粒度参数较稳定,概率累积曲线为一段式,几乎均为悬浮总体;三角洲沉积物以细砂和粉砂为主,概率累积曲线为以跳跃总体为主的具过渡的两段式。研究区该时期依次经历了河床、河漫滩、河口湾、浅海和三角洲等5种沉积环境。 相似文献
9.
钱塘江南岸ＳＥ２孔晚第四纪以来沉积物粒度特征及环境演化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用钱塘江南岸萧山地区SE2孔的粒度资料,分析了粒度参数、频率分布曲线和概率累积曲线的
特征,并结合沉积物的岩性、沉积构造和有孔虫的分布特点,探讨了该区自晚第四纪以来的沉积环境演化。结
果表明,晚第四纪以来,钱塘江南岸地区依次接受了河床相、河漫滩相、潮坪相、近岸浅海相和河口湾相5种
沉积。河床相沉积物以砂砾为主,粒度参数变化较大,概率分布曲线为3段式,频率分布曲线为不对称的双峰
式,主要发育块状层理,生物化石稀少。河漫滩相以细砂、粉砂级沉积物为主,频率分布曲线为单峰式,富含
生物壳体碎屑和植物根茎。潮坪相沉积物表现为粉砂和黏土互层沉积,粒度参数变化频繁,频率分布曲线多为
双峰式,韵律层理发育。近岸浅海相沉积物主要为淤泥质黏土,粒度参数稳定,概率分布曲线为2段式,以悬
浮组分为主,频率分布曲线为单峰式,有孔虫含量丰富。河口湾相沉积物以粉砂和细砂组成的韵律性沉积为主,
粒度参数富于变化,概率分布曲线为3段式,频率分布曲线为双峰式。 相似文献
10.
河流系统是研究构造、气候和生态系统的重要载体，也是地貌学的重要研究内容之一。河流系统中河道沉积物运移深刻影响着地貌演化的进程，而沉积物粒度的沿程变化特征与趋势则可以揭示有关泥沙动力学的重要信息。目前，关于河道沉积物粒度存在沿程变化现象已有大量研究，但河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的具体机制尚存争议。此外，河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的主要控制因素及其对河床演变的影响也尚未明确。本文总结了全球河流河道沉积物粒度沿程变化及其不确定因素的分布状况，并调查了磨蚀、水力选择性搬运及综合作用对沉积物粒度沿程细化的影响。结果表明，在沿程细化机制研究中，磨蚀作用过程的探析相对较少。磨蚀由研究区岩性决定，并且非耐磨性岩性颗粒会产生强烈的质量损耗。虽然磨蚀对河道沉积物沿程细化的影响有限，但在河道上游以劈裂和切削方式引起的磨蚀过程不能忽视。相较于磨蚀，水力选择性搬运或分选过程受到广泛关注，说明水力分选在自然界河流沉积物粒度沿程细化过程中发挥着重要作用。此外，也有部分研究探讨了河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的综合影响因素，并且发现由于有些因素干扰河床沉积物在沿程方向也会存在粗化现象。粗化一般发生在山区坡度较陡、河流源头崩积河段，而引起粗化的因素主要有支流的汇入、沉积物横向输入、高能泥石流以及冰川作用补给、人为河道改造和大坝修建等。现有的研究表明河道沉积物粒度沿程变化是一个复杂的过程，其变化特征受多时空因素的影响，河道沉积物粒度沿程变化特征及其与外界因素的关系有待进一步研究。因此，在后续的工作中，仍需要利用大量室内室外调查和分析，揭示不同时空尺度河道沉积物侵蚀搬运过程，深化对河流地貌演化及其驱动机制方面的研究。 相似文献
11.
巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑山的Ghulkin冰川是距离中国-巴基斯坦喀喇昆仑公路最近的典型冰川之一,其冰川的进退变化影响着喀喇昆仑公路改建工程的线路设计与工程施工.为了追溯Ghulkin冰川的活动历史和查明近期进退变化,对过去200 a的相关文献和记录进行统计分析,并开展了2008-2011年野外定点观测,总结与分析了Ghulkin冰川冰舌的活动历史与近期变化.研究表明：Ghulkin冰川在1885-1980年近百年间经历了3次前进和3次后退,在此期间冰川波动了625 m;1913-1925年冰川处于显著的前进状态,1966-1978年冰川有小段距离的前进;2008-2011年K676+660处泥石流沟道逐年抬升,2011年南坡冰川融水由K676+660改道至K676+450;2010年的南坡冰舌较1994年后退了300余米,2011年的南坡冰舌较2010年后退了15.066 m,可见在2010-2011年期间冰川处于局部短期后退状态. 中巴公路冰川泥石流等灾害不但受区域气候的影响,而且还受冰川变化的影响.未来气候变暖将会导致冰川的强烈消融和后退,冰川融水携带大量冰碛体,形成大型的冰川泥石流,对公路的安全运营造成严重威胁. 相似文献
12.
渤海湾西岸全新世沉积速率对河流供给的响应 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
渤海湾西岸由北向南获取了3个钻孔,以全新世海相岩心为研究对象,采用AMS14C(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry14C,加速器质谱14C)测年方法建立年代框架并计算平均沉积速率,结合沉积物粒度组成及沿岸古河流三角洲发育历史,探讨了沉积速率对沿岸河流供给变化的时空响应。结果表明,早全新世—中全新世初期(11~6ka),渤海湾西岸整体沉积速率偏低,仅0.03~0.07cm/a,沉积物粒度较粗;中全新世6.43~4.97ka cal BP期间,NP3孔平均沉积速率为0.60~0.93cm/a,高于同期沿岸南部的CH110孔和BT113孔。沉积物组成以粉砂为主,粘土含量低,向上逐渐变粗,具三角洲反粒序特征。该时段的高沉积速率系渤海湾西北岸对潮白河、永定河及滦河沉积物供给的响应;中全新世晚期3.68~2.67ka cal BP期间,BT113孔沉积速率为0.27~1.4cm/a,高于同期沿岸北部CH110孔和NP3孔,沉积物组成以粉砂为主,粘土含量较NP3孔高,向上逐渐变粗,具三角洲反粒序特征。该时段的高沉积速率系渤海湾西岸南部对黄河沉积物供给的响应;晚全新世2.29~0.24ka cal BP期间,沿岸中部CH110孔沉积速率为0.55~0.91cm/a,高于同期沿岸南部的BT113孔和北部的NP3孔,该高沉积速率为渤海湾西岸中部对黄河和海河供给沉积的先后响应。 相似文献
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14.
MICHAEL D. CHEETHAM ANNABELLE F. KEENE RICHARD T. BUSH LEIGH A. SULLIVAN WAYNE D. ERSKINE 《Sedimentology》2008,55(6):1905-1913
Grain‐size distribution is a fundamental tool for interpreting sedimentary units within depositional systems. The techniques assessed in this study are commonly used to determine grain‐size distributions for sand‐dominated sediments. However, the degree of consistency and differences in interpretation when using a combination of grain‐size methods have not yet been assessed systematically for sand‐dominated fluvial sediments. Results obtained from laser diffraction, X‐ray attenuation and scanning electron microscopy grain‐size analysis techniques were compared with those obtained from the traditional sieve/hydrometer method. Scanning electron microscopy was shown to provide an inaccurate quantitative analysis of grain‐size distributions because of difficulties in obtaining representative samples for examination. The X‐ray attenuation method is unsuitable for sand‐dominated sediments because of its upper size range of only 300 μm. The consistently strong correlation between the laser diffraction results and the sieve/hydrometer results shows that these methods are comparable for sand‐dominated fluvial sediments. Provided that sample preparation is consistent, the latter two methods can be used together within a study of such sediments while maintaining a high degree of accuracy. These results indicate that data for sand‐dominated fluvial sediments gained from the long‐established sieve/hydrometer method can be compared with confidence to those obtained by modern studies using laser diffraction techniques. 相似文献
15.
Ding Minghu Huai Baojuan Sun Weijun Wang Yetang Zhang Dongqi Guo Xiaoyin Zhang Tong 《Natural Hazards》2018,90(2):1017-1020
Natural Hazards - Along the Karakoram Highway (KKH) region, glacier surge, avalanche and debris flow play a dominant role in these disasters. The data of surge-type glaciers along the KKH are... 相似文献
16.
W. W. -S. Yim 《Environmental Geology》1981,3(5):245-256
Tin-mine tailings containing high concentrations of Sn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, As, and W are discharged into the Red River of cornwall,
England and are then transported into St. Ives Bay under normal flow conditions. Most of the tin-bearing particles in the
fluvial sediments are smaller than 170 μm, but tin-bearing composite grains or mineral grains with tin interspersed in the
crystal lattices also occur in coarser size fractions. Tin distribution in the sediments is controlledby: (1) the distance
from the source of the tailings, and (2) the concentration processes operating on the river bed. Suspended sediment and sediment
transported by saltation filtered from river water samples also showed high concentrations of metals although, in contrast
to the bottom sediments, they vary within a narrow range. Distributions of Cu, Zn, Fe, As, and Pb in the filtered sediments
probably are related to the physical and chemical behavior of their sulphide minerals during fluvial transportation.
A regional stream-sediment geochemical reconnaissance survey for tin did not show the highest concentration in the Red River;
this indicated that in other rivers and streams tin reconcentration by selective removal of light minerals had taken place
in the bottom sediments after mining operations had ceased. These rivers and streams also can transport large quantitiies
of land-derived sediment including tin-mine tailings discharged into them when mines were operating. The minimum distance
of tin transported by the Red River is at least 10 km; however, most of the tin was derived from mine tailings and is considered
to be unnatural. 相似文献
17.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(3):835-842
Preservation bias may significantly impact the application of detrital zircon geochronology in reconstructing Earth surface processes.Here we compare detrital zircons from the actively eroding Murchison River channel in Western Australia with Ordovician fluvial sediments that have drained similar source rocks along the western margin of the West Australian Craton.In addition to standard analysis of detrital zircon age spectra we apply multivariate statistics to test the relation between 3-D grain shape,U-content and U-Pb ages,with the objective to quantify differences between both sample groups and track preservation along the transport pathway of the Murchison River.Our results show that zircon grains in modern river sands display an upstream trend toward larger surface areas,volume equivalent diameters and grain widths,as well as toward higher U-contents and lower apparent grain densities.3-D grain shape,size and age spectra of Murchison River zircons evolve consistently downstream,but even at the river outlet remain distinct from the Ordovician samples,as a less mature representation of source.We interpret Ordovician river zircons to represent a significantly depleted subset from which up to 22% of the zircon population may have been lost compared to the actively transported detrital load.This discrepancy between the characteristics of detrital zircons in modern active rivers and ancient fluvial Ordovician sandstones demonstrates a bias that could be relevant for other source-sink detrital transport systems throughout Earth history. 相似文献
18.
Baotian Pan Qingyu Guan Hongshan Gao Dongsheng Guan Fenliang Liu Zongmeng Li Huai Su 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2014,43(1):121-131
The grain size of the loess‐like sediment in the Jinsha River Valley is essentially similar to that of typical loess, and it differs from that of the fluvial sediment in the Jinsha River area. We conclude that the loess‐like sediment is of aeolian origin, as is the loess of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The geochemical characteristics of the loess‐like sediment are similar to those of dammed lake and fluvial sediments in the same area, which is significantly different from those of the typical loess in NW China. The geochemical characteristics show that the loess‐like sediment originated from proximal materials. Combined with the grain‐size distribution pattern of the aeolian deposits, we suggest that the loess‐like sediment of the Jinsha River Valley originated from the dammed lake and fluvial sediments that accumulated in the valley. The local mountain‐valley wind circulation (especially the valley wind in winter and spring) provided the transport force for the loess‐like sediment. The presentation of the loess‐like sediment may indicate the appearance of the grassland and forest steppe and the beginning of the dry‐hot valley phenomenon. 相似文献
19.
Terrigenous sedimentation processes along the continental margin off NW Africa: implications from grain-size analysis of seabed sediments 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The terrigenous fraction of seabed sediments recovered along the north‐west African continental margin illustrates spatial variability in grain size attributed to different transport mechanisms. Three subpopulations are determined from the grain‐size analyses (n = 78) of the carbonate‐free silt fraction applying an end‐member modelling algorithm (G. J. Weltje, 1997). The two coarsest end‐members are interpreted as representing aeolian dust, and the fine‐grained end‐member is related to fluvial supply. The end‐member model thus allows aeolian fallout to be distinguished from fluvial‐sourced mud in this area. The relative contributions of the end‐members show distinct regional variations that can be related to different transport processes and pathways. Understanding present‐day sediment dispersal and mixing is important for a better understanding of older sedimentary records and palaeoclimate reconstructions in the region. 相似文献
20.
Jürgen H. Schoer 《Estuaries and Coasts》1990,13(2):161-172
The clay mineral composition, the concentrations of carbonates, the proportions of carbon and oxygen isotopes in carbonates and organic matter, as well as the concentrations of different nonanthropogenic metals were used to determine the origin of different grain size fractions of sediments and suspended matter in the Elbe estuary. Analysis of the smectite/kaolinite proportion revealed that solid material ≤2 μm from the North Sea is transported up the river, about 40 km beyond the most upstream position of the salt wedge. In the 2–20 μm fraction, the16O/18O ratio in carbonates and the kaolinite/chlorite proportion demonstrate a transport of North Sea material between 40 and 20 km upstream of the marine water limit. The transport behaviour of the 20–63 μm grain size fraction could be determined by the hafnium concentration, representative for the heavy mineral zircon. In this case, the transport distance beyond the salt wedge was up to 20 km. No information was available on the origin of the fine organic matter, whereas the coarser fractions were derived primarily from debris of salt marsh vegetation. The results demonstrate that in the Elbe estuary mixing between marine and fluvial solid material occurs upstream of the salt wedge and is significantly responsible for the observed decrease in the concentration of various pollutants in sediments and suspended matter along the estuary. The cause of the upstream particle transport is probably a scour lag mechanism based on asymmetries of the flood- and ebb-tide current distribution, especially their differing maximum velocities. 相似文献