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1.
高温热浪与干热风的危害特征比较研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
综述了高温热浪与干热风气象灾害在危害特点、类型与指标、气候特征、形成原因、对全球气候变暖的响应、防御技术与应对策略等6个方面的内容。并对两者进行了比较,高温热浪和干热风既有共同点又有区别和联系,两者均是一种较短时间尺度的重大天气灾害,高温低湿是两者主要的基本天气特征;在形成原因——主要是环流特征异常和对全球气候的响应等方面两者基本上是一致的;在同一地域同一时间两者也可能同时发生;在干旱季节有利于这两种灾害的发生发展和加重危害。在危害特点、类型与指标、气候特征、防御技术与应对策略等方面有所不同,高温热浪是一种综合性的气象灾害;而干热风是一种农业气象灾害。 相似文献
2.
Spatiotemporal changes of global extreme temperature events (ETEs) since 1981 and the meteorological causes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Xiao Song Zhao Zhang Yi Chen Pin Wang Ming Xiang Peijun Shi Fulu Tao 《Natural Hazards》2014,70(2):975-994
Of the various types of disasters caused by extreme climate and weather, extreme temperature events (ETEs) have led to a heightened awareness due to their increasing frequency, intensity, widespread distribution, and severe health impacts. Although many previous studies have surveyed the severe impacts of specific ETEs, few systematic studies have analyzed the temporal trends and the spatial patterns of this type of ETEs at the global scale. In the present study, disaster data from 1981 to 2010 compiled by Emergency Events Database were used to obtain a global view of the distribution of and the changes in the recorded ETEs. In addition, the daily maximum/minimum temperature data provided by National Centers for Environmental Prediction /Department of Energy Reanalysis 2 were used to explore the potential meteorological causes of these events. The results showed 2.7 and 6.4 increases in the frequencies of heat waves and cold spells per decade, respectively, since the 1980s. However, a large regional variability was found worldwide. Moreover, more than 40 % of the recorded ETEs occurred in Europe, and Asia experienced 33 and 26 % of the heat wave and cold spell events, respectively. Additionally, the global pattern for the occurrence frequency of ETEs in recent decades could be largely ascribed to the meteorological indexes: the heat stress index (HSI) and the cold stress index (CSI). The frequency of heat wave events increased from 1981 to 2010, and this trend is consistent with the increase in the HSI. However, the cold spell events did not appear to be reduced, as demonstrated by the disaster records, and this finding is inconsistent with the CSI trend. This result indicates that other factors also influence the occurrence of disaster events. 相似文献
3.
2000～2002年,中国北方地区频频发生沙尘暴天气,给当地和广大下游地区工农业生产、交通运输、空气质量和人民的日常生活都带来了极大危害。沙尘暴天气呈现频次高、发生时间提前、发生期时间长、强度大、影响范围广等新特征。对气候变化和地理环境背景的分析研究表明,近年来中国北方沙尘暴频繁爆发的原因主要是:1)近两年处于反厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)事件的高峰期,使东亚冬季风频繁,导致大风天气频繁发生;2)在沙尘暴发生季节,中国北方降水明显减少,气温回升迅速且温度偏高于往年,使解冻的地表土层疏松,为沙尘暴的发生提供了丰富的沙源;3)近年来中国北方干旱加剧、土地荒漠化严重,使原本广阔的戈壁沙漠面积更加扩大,有利于沙尘暴天气的发生,这与不合理的土地利用状况有关。 相似文献
4.
高原地区农作物水热指标与特点的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对作物农业气象条件鉴定、作物农业气象试验研究、作物生态气候适应性分析和作物农业气候区划以及农业气象灾害调查记载对比评估分析等手段, 整理和总结了髙原地区7种粮食作物、6种经济作物、6种特色作物、7种瓜果作物和4种中药材等共计30种农作物水热指标以及冬小麦和春小麦土壤水分指标. 高原地区作物水热指标具有4个明显特点, 釆用不同积温界限值来确定不同作物属性热量指标, 喜凉、中性、喜温和喜热作物分別釆用≥0 ℃、≥5 ℃、≥10 ℃和≥15 ℃积温界限值作热量指标. 不同温度带作物适宜的热量指标差异明显, 有随温度带愈冷凉作物热量指标呈偏低的趋势. 不同水分气候区作物水分指标差异较大, 有随湿润度增加作物水分指标呈递减的趋势. 作物水热指标随气候变化而发生缓慢变化, 气候变暖使作物全生长期延长, 对同一熟性品种而言, 需要热量指标比变暖前有提高趋势; 气候变干使作物水分指标有增加趋势. 农作物水热指标是衡量作物适生种植的重要标准, 是引种、作物布局、栽培管理、髙产优质安全生产的重要科学依据, 是气象为农业服务必不可少的基础资料, 也是服务工作的前提. 相似文献
5.
热害矿井巷道温度场分布规律研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
为解决深部开采带来的热害问题，基于地质学和热力学理论，建立了热害矿井巷道温度场的数学模型，研究了巷道内部温度场随埋深和通风热速的变化规律。计算结果表明，巷道温度场对埋深的敏感度要高于风速、温度随埋深的增加而呈阶段性递增。控制入口温度是解决矿井热害的关键。以上结论为矿井热害的综合治理提供了重要依据。 相似文献
6.
Heat wave of 2015 over India, a natural disaster with 2500 human deaths, was studied to understand the characteristics, associated atmospheric circulation patterns and to evaluate its predictability. Although temperatures are highest in May over India, occurrence of heat wave conditions over southeast coastal parts of India in May 2015 had been unanticipated. Analyses revealed that isolated region of Andhra Pradesh (AP) had experienced severe heat wave conditions during May 23–27, 2015, with temperatures above 42 °C and the sudden escalation by 7–10 °C within a short span of 2–3 days. Short-range weather predictions with Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model at 3-km resolution, up to 72-h lead time, have been found accurate with statistical metrics of small mean absolute error and root-mean-square error and high index of agreement confirming the predictability of the heat wave evolution. Analyses have indicated that regional atmospheric pressure disparities within the Eurasia region, i.e., increased pressure gradient between the Middle East and India, had been responsible for increased northwest wind flow over to northwest India and to southeast India which have advected higher temperatures. Estimates of warm air advection have shown heat accumulation over AP region, due to sea breeze effect. The study led to the conclusion that changing pressure gradients between Middle East and India, enhancement of northwest wind flow with warm air advection and sea breeze effect along southeast coast blocking the free flow have contributed to the observed heat wave episode over coastal Andhra Pradesh. 相似文献
7.
Characteristics of high impact weather and meteorological disaster in Shanghai,China 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
This paper discusses the characteristics of high-impact weather events based on available data during 1960–2009, including
the frequency and extreme value of rainstorm, typhoon, thunderstorm, strong wind, tornado, fog, haze and hot days in Shanghai,
China. The frequency and spatial distribution of meteorological disasters and their impacts on both human and property during
1984–2009 are also discussed. Examination of the frequency indicates a decreasing trend in the occurrence of typhoon, thunderstorm,
strong wind, tornado and fog, and an increasing trend in the occurrence of rainstorm, haze and hot days. The number of casualties
caused by meteorological disasters appears to show a slight decreasing trend while the value of direct economic loss is increasing
slightly during 1984–2009, and the number of collapsed or damaged buildings and the area of affected crops have no significant
trend in Shanghai. These results can be attributed to the great efforts for prevention and mitigation of meteorological disasters
made by Shanghai government in recent 60 years. With global climate change, urbanization and rapid economic development, Shanghai
has become more vulnerable to high-impact weather and meteorological disaster, especially precipitation extreme, summer high
temperature, haze and typhoon, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of natural disasters are quite useful and
necessary for local government and the public in the future. 相似文献
8.
Dynamics of the East African climate 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
L. A. Ogallo 《Journal of Earth System Science》1993,102(1):203-217
Results of studies on regional climatic trends and the factors controlling the regional climate have been discussed in this
paper. Potential impact of impending climatic change on the natural resources and socio-economic activities has also been
projected.
Well-recognised systems which control the space-time variation of rainfall and temperature over the region include the space
time characteristics of (i) Intertropical convergence Zone (ITCZ), (ii) Monsoonal wind systems (iii) Subtropical anticyclones
(iv) Tropical cyclones (v) Jetstreams (vi) Easterly/Westerly wave perturbations (vii) Extra-tropical weather systems (viii)
Quasi-biennial oscillations and ENSO events with their telelinks.
No statistically significant trends have been observed in the inter-annual characteristics of rainfall at most of the locations.
Apart from urbanization signals from the large urban centres, no statistically significant trends have been observed in the
temporal temperature patterns over the region. Inter-annual variation of temperature is seen to be inversely associated with
rainfall which in turn is also associated with ENSO signals. However, data of mountain glaciers has shown depletion of glaciers
but, the river flow data has not shown any decreasing trend so far. The lake levels also reflect only the inter-annual variations
attributable to wet and dry conditions. 相似文献
9.
干旱气候因子与森林火灾 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
森林火灾作为一种自然灾害, 气候变化直接或间接影响森林燃烧的火环境, 进而对火发生和火行为产生影响. 干旱气候条件与森林火灾的发生有密切的关系, 气象条件通过气温、 日照、 蒸发量、 风力、 空气湿度等影响着森林火灾的发生和发展. 一般情况下, 气温高、 降水少、 湿度小、 风力大易发生森林火灾. 在山区, 山谷风和地形影响森林火灾蔓延, 森林火灾的蔓延主要受山谷风所控制, 具有间歇性, 另外地形的变化在很大程度上制约着火势的蔓延. 所以, 要利用不同时段的气象条件、 山风出现的时间及有利地形, 及时组织灭火和控制火势蔓延. 森林火灾的发生有各种类型, 通过对森林火灾中一些特殊火行为及相关元素对火灾发展蔓延影响分析, 找出森林火灾扑救与逃生的方法及注意事项. 相似文献
10.
矿山环境地质灾害问题及其勘查方法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
赵永久 《地质灾害与环境保护》2008,19(2):104-108
由于掠夺式开采以及环境保护滞后于经济发展,我国矿产资源开发利用产生了比较严重的环境地质灾害问题。为了保护矿山环境,本文论述了主要矿山地质灾害问题,包括地质灾害的类型、危害、诱发因素和产生机理,结合工作实际提出了矿山地质灾害的工程治理措施。地质灾害的勘查应该综合使用地球信息技术、地球物理技术和土质土力学实验等方法。最后提出了矿山环境地质灾害的预防对策,建立灾害的监测、预报和评估信息系统,这样才可以走矿山可持续发展的道路。 相似文献
11.
This paper analyzes the regional differences in dust weather and its relationship with climatic factors and vegetation cover,
using data at 27 observation stations in the Beijing-Tianjin Sand Source Region from 1960 to 2007. There was a decreasing
trend in dust weather in the southeast, which was correlated with wind and temperature. In contrast, in the northwest, the
number of dusty days did not decrease and was significantly correlated with precipitation and vegetation cover. These results
suggest that, in addition to the climate and underlying conditions, physical geographic conditions also influenced the frequency
of dust weather. 相似文献
12.
许鹏飞 《地质灾害与环境保护》2017,28(1)
滑坡是地质灾害中最常见的一种类型,因滑坡类型不同,规模不等,危害程度不一,工程治理措施多样。浙江地区属地质灾害多发地区,尤以滑坡居多,特别是近年来,受极端天气影响,台风降雨频繁,人类活动强烈,地质灾害呈多发群发态势,给百姓的生命和财产安全带来了严重危害,社会影响强烈,因此加大地质灾害治理力度势在必行。本文以浙江青田县山区滑坡为例,阐述分析滑坡特征、稳定状况,并重点介绍回填反压在工程中的应用以及治理效果,为以后同类地质灾害的治理提供借鉴作用。 相似文献
13.
青海省气象灾害的若干气候特征分析 总被引：12，自引：4，他引：8
利用1984-2007年气象灾害资料, 分析了青海省各类气象灾害的发生机率及时空分布特征.冰雹、 暴雨洪涝、 雪灾、 干旱和雷电及霜冻是青海省主要气象灾害, 连阴雨、 大风、 沙尘暴、 冻害、 渍涝、 高温、 龙卷风、 大雾为青海次要气象灾害.在地域分布上, 海南州和海东地区是青海气象灾害多发和危害严重地区; 玉树州和果洛州属于气象灾害发生较少和危害较轻地区.就行政县域而言, 西宁市湟中县、 海南州兴海县、 贵德县为青海气象灾害多发县, 果洛州班玛县、 久治县、 玉树州治多县则是青海省气象灾害较少和危害较轻县份.年内5-6月出现的气象灾害种类最多, 4-9月份是气象灾害高发期.在1984-2007年间, 暴雨洪涝、 冰雹、 雷电灾害发生次数呈增多趋势, 其他灾害发生次数增多趋势不甚明显. 相似文献
14.
根据国家气象站1956-2000年逐日气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式和灵敏指数法,分析了海河流域潜在蒸发蒸腾(ET0)的演变规律及与气象要素的灵敏关系。结果表明:全流域45年ET0呈下降趋势,但年际间呈现4个阶段;逐旬呈倒"V"字型,61.6%集中于4月中旬到8月上旬。在空间上,年和旬值呈现上游小下游大。通过ET0与气象要素演变的比较及灵敏性分析发现,全流域年ET0演变与年均风速、日照时数以及短波辐射相似,与温度相反。旬ET0演变与旬平均温度、实际水汽压、日照时数以及短波辐射相似,但对各要素的灵敏系数以短波辐射最大,其它要素则随时空变化,且彼此的灵敏系数相差较大。分析表明在气象要素的综合作用下,造成全流域ET0降低的主要原因可能在于短波辐射、日照时数的变化。 相似文献
15.
我国土壤热流场及与深层大地热流场的比较 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文提出岩石圈内的某些过程是气候变迁的重要原因之一。并依据对土壤热流、大地热流、地震和旱涝关系研究所得到的一些现象和结论,利用气象站地温资料计算了土壤热流,初步分析得到如下主要结论:(1)据线性热传导理论设计的热流的计算方法基本上可以满足多年平均土壤热流场计算精度的要求;(2)平均土壤热流场、深层大地热流场、地震带三者之间有很好的对应关系。平均土壤热流高值带一般都有大地热流高值带和地震带与之对应;(3)土壤热流距平场与汛期降水场有相似的分布形势,土壤热流距平的变化与强震也有一定的联系。 相似文献
16.
本文提出岩石圈内的某些过程是气候变迁的重要原因之一。并依据对土壤热流、大地热流、地震和旱涝关系研究所得到的一些现象和结论,利用气象站地温资料计算了土壤热流,初步分析得到如下主要结论:(1)据线性热传导理论设计的热流的计算方法基本上可以满足多年平均土壤热流场计算精度的要求;(2)平均土壤热流场、深层大地热流场、地震带三者之间有很好的对应关系。平均土壤热流高值带一般都有大地热流高值带和地震带与之对应;(3)土壤热流距平场与汛期降水场有相似的分布形势,土壤热流距平的变化与强震也有一定的联系。 相似文献
17.
青海南部冬春季雪灾的气候诊断与预测 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
根据青海省气象台站的历史积雪等资料, 依据气候诊断方法分析了降水、 积雪的变化特征和2012年冬春季雪灾形成的气候成因.结果表明: 2012年后冬~初春北半球乌拉尔山阻塞高压稳定维持、 青藏高原高度场偏低、 高原低槽和印缅槽活跃、 极地冷空气向南不断扩散, 冷暖空气在高原地区汇合, 在青海南部和北部地面温度梯度大、 锋区强的零温度线两侧形成大量的降水和积雪.期间的降雪量与降雪日数突破历史极值, 最高气温偏低, 积雪持续难以融化, 出现了历史少见的冬、 春季两季连续积雪, 导致玛沁、 甘德、 达日、 玛多等县出现不同程度雪灾, 1982年、 1993年、 1995年、 2008年、 2012年1-3月青海南部牧区的雪灾过程都基本属于这种类型. 1961-2009年高原牧区积雪与环流因子的气候诊断分析显示, 在1-3月北半球环流场上, 若北极涛动负值偏大、 乌拉尔山高压脊偏强、 印缅槽和高原低槽偏深时, 青海南部牧区降雪量大、 积雪量多, 积雪持续的时间长、 雪灾也相对比较严重, 在上述环流因子相反的配置下, 青海南部牧区的雪灾则比较轻. 相似文献
18.
绿洲与荒漠背景夏季近地层大气特征的对比分析 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14
利用观测试验资料, 对比分析了夏季典型晴天敦煌绿洲与周围荒漠戈壁背景近地面层大气特征的差异. 结果表明: 绿洲具有降温、保湿、风屏等效应, 地表温度和近地面层大气温度明显要比周围荒漠的低, 近地面层大气湿度要明显比周围荒漠的大, 近地面层大气风速和摩擦速度要比周围荒漠的小, 近地面层感热通量比周围荒漠小1/5, 近地面层潜热通量比周围荒漠大 10 倍左右. 同时, 绿洲与周围荒漠相比有比较可观的下沟运动, 这会对绿洲的能量和水分输送有贡献. 绿洲的 Bowen比大约是周围荒漠戈壁的1/20, 相差一个量级, 这说明绿洲和周围荒漠的气候特征相差十分明显. 相似文献
19.
张掖地区近35年来的气温变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用张掖地区6个气象站1970～2004年月平均气温、月平均最高、最低气温资料,采用气候倾向率、滑动平均、Mann-Kendall、小波分析等方法对张掖地区近35年的气候变化特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）1970～2004年张掖地区的气温呈现出明显的上升趋势,其中民乐站增幅最高,临泽站增幅最低,平均气温倾向率为0．491℃／10a,且冬季气温增长更为显著;（2）近35年张掖地区的变暖与西北地区同步,但明显早于中国及全球,且升温幅度更大;（3）分析认为,张掖地区目前仍处于气温上升、降水量减少的暖干条件,即气候的未转型区。 相似文献
20.
The world has been undergoing a remarkable process of urbanization, especially in developing countries in recent years. The urbanization process has brought about great urban development and large population agglomeration, changes in production and lifestyle, and man-made disturbances such as greenhouse gas and pollution emissions. As the global urbanization process continues to advance, its impact on climate change continues to strengthen significantly. This paper mainly reviewed and summarized relevant researches from two aspects: the influence of urbanization on climate change and the mechanism of influence of urbanization on climate change. Urbanization causes regional warming and urban heat island effect, extreme events such as high temperature, heat wave and heavy rainfall increase in frequency, and also leads to increased urban flood risk. The increase of pollutant emission in the process of urbanization is the main cause of air quality deterioration. Urbanization also has an indirect impact on air quality by changing urban climate. Urbanization has an important impact on climatic factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine and cloud cover. The impacts of urbanization on climate change are mainly realized through underlying surface changes, greenhouse gas and pollution emissions, anthropogenic heat emissions and urban high heat capacity. Urbanization not only directly affects the regional/local climate, but also indirectly affects the regional/local climate by promoting global climate change. Therefore, the impact of urbanization on climate change has a global and regional multi-scale superposition effect. 相似文献