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1.
剪切带的体积变形研究对于正确认识剪切带的变形破坏机理具有重要意义。为了研究单轴压缩黏土试样剪切带的体积变形特征,在土样微裂纹出现时根据局部体积应变较高的位置（位于剪切带上）布置测线,在利用数字图像相关方法获得的应变场进行插值的基础上,统计获得局部体积应变的均值和标准差的演变规律,提出了局部扩容角的概念。研究发现:（1）总体上,在压缩过程中,剪切带的体积变形由压缩向膨胀转变,但期间会出现由膨胀到压缩的反复过程。（2）尽管在加载过程中土样整体一直表现为压缩,但局部（剪切带上一些位置）体积膨胀发生于纵向应变=0.04~0.09时,若以测线上局部体积应变的均值出现大于0作为评价标准,则局部体积膨胀发生于纵向应变=0.06~0.14时。（3）局部体积应变的峰迁移的速度可达（3.77~8.48）×10-5m·s-1。（4）若根据局部体积应变的高值区位置布置测线,当测线上局部体积应变的均值从小于0变为大于0之后,土样整体体积表现为压缩,剪切带上局部扩容角的最大值在13.47°~56.26°之间快速增加。若根据狭长剪切带位置布置测线,剪切带上局部扩容角的平均值在16.60°~45.79°之间快速增加。在土样整体表现为压缩的前提下,通过定义常规意义上的扩容角,不能解释客观发生的局部体积膨胀现象。 相似文献
2.
在压缩位移控制加载条件下（加载速率为5 mm/min）,针对不同含水率（12.7%~16.5%）砂样,利用自主开发的基于粒子群优化的数字图像相关方法,开展了最大剪切应变场的观测研究,获取了子区尺寸对砂样不同位置最大剪切应变的影响规律。研究发现,随着砂样含水率的增加,变形更加均匀,最大剪切应变高值区分布变得宽广,反映了剪切带的数目增加,微裂纹出现之前的最大剪切应变提高;随着纵向应变的增加,在应变高值区,最大剪切应变以非线性方式迅速增加,但在应变低值区,一般以线性方式增加。当剪切带出现以后,特别是在变形后期,子区尺寸对最大剪切应变有明显的影响。最大剪切应变随子区尺寸变化的演变规律与子区所处位置密切相关。 相似文献
3.
利用研制的平面应变模型加载及观测系统,研究了位移控制加载条件下含孔洞土样的破坏过程。孔洞内压及侧压由气囊施加。利用数字图像相关方法,获得应变场。通过布置测线的方式,研究了剪切带内外最大剪切应变及主应变轴偏转角的分布及演变规律。得到了下列结果。随着纵向应变的增加,含孔洞土样的最大剪切应变的分布经历由均匀变形向局部化变形的转化过程。对于剪切带外的测点,随着远离孔洞表面,最大剪切应变有增加的趋势,这与剪切带内损伤导致带外弹性应变降低（卸荷）有关。在孔洞表面附近,最大剪切应变变化复杂,这与应变弹性成分的下降与塑性成分的增加的博弈有关。对于剪切带尖端的测点,其和前后测点相比,水平线应变发生突增（剧烈膨胀）,垂直线应变的值发生突降（挤压程度剧烈降低）,剪切应变的值发生突增（剪切变形剧烈增加）,由此导致主应变轴偏转角的值发生突增,达到30°。当纵向应变相同时,侧压或内压的增加对含孔洞土样的纵向应力有增强作用。 相似文献
4.
利用自主开发的基于粒子群优化的数字图像相关方法,获得了单轴压缩湿砂土试样观测平面内主应变轴偏转角的时空分布规律。采用双三次样条插值方法,获取了任意位置的主应变轴偏转角,分析了土样将来出现剪切带位置、剪切带的中心及其尖端附近和剪切带外的主应变轴偏转角随纵向应变的演变规律。研究发现,随着纵向应变的增加,在土样观测平面内,主应变轴偏转角的范围由分散逐渐变得稳定,大部分区域最终分布在-10°~10°之间。当出现较清晰的剪切带以后(硬化阶段后期),剪切带内不同位置处主应变轴偏转角基本趋于恒定或稍有下降,大致稳定在-5°~5°之间,这与剪切带外的点的主应变轴偏转角均处于发展之中不同;而在剪切带尖端附近的点,主应变轴偏转角随纵向应变的演变规律比较复杂。 相似文献
5.
黄土内部存在各种裂隙,增湿-减湿作用导致原状黄土内部裂隙不断发展演化,因此研究在增湿-减湿作用下黄土裂隙发育演化规律具有非常重要的意义。以陕北延安地区某边坡黄土为研究对象,通过CT扫描技术获得了增湿-减湿作用下土样细观结构变化图,得到了土样CT数ME及SD值随土样增湿-减湿作用的变化曲线。研究结果表明:随着土体湿度的增加,土体内部损伤速率缓慢增加,当含水率超过土样塑限后,土体内部损伤速率加快,含水率超过一定值时,速度又减缓,CT数的均值和方差随含水率变化皆呈反“S”曲线;随着干湿循环次数的增加,土样微裂纹逐渐发育,表现为伸长变宽,呈不规则的分叉、甚至贯通;4次干湿循环后,土样裂隙裂缝基本成了网状,土样较破碎,此时CT数的均值和方差变化不大;干湿循环幅度越大,土样内部损伤程度也越大,土样内部节理裂隙发展也就越快。 相似文献
6.
由于吸力量测技术的困难,对京―九线粉土在不同含水率下击实并进行三轴不排水剪切试验,研究其强度和屈服特性,为非饱和击实粉土力学模型的建立提供依据。试验结果表明：该击实粉土在剪切过程中,在最优含水率干侧击实的土样具有较高的强度,应力-应变关系曲线呈软化趋势,土样先剪缩后剪胀,湿侧击实的土样具有较低的强度,应力-应变关系曲线呈硬化趋势,土样不断剪缩;随着试样击实含水率的增加,击实粉土的强度和屈服应力不断减小,水对土体具有一定的软化作用;不同击实含水率下,土样在q-p平面内破坏时的屈服轨迹为近似平行的斜直线,含水率对临界状态线的斜率没有影响;含水率对击实粉土抗剪强度的贡献表现为土体的似黏聚力的增加,似黏聚力与含水率之间呈乘幂关系,得出以含水率为变量的击实粉土强度计算公式,可在实际工程中推广应用。 相似文献
7.
为研究颗粒细观接触之间的损伤、断裂过程,基于离散元颗粒流程序(PFC3D),在平行黏结模型的基础之上,引入拉伸损伤变量和剪切损伤变量表征颗粒黏结键的变形、强度及能量演化特征,根据最大应力准则确定黏结键损伤起始判据,通过C++语言编程对该接触模型进行二次开发。对单一黏结键进行拉伸、剪切、弯曲及扭转测试,对比理论计算结果,验证了考虑损伤的平行黏结接触模型的计算精度;建立三维细观离散元模型,模拟砂岩单轴压缩试验和花岗岩三轴试验,表明了该模型的适用性和准确性。在此研究基础之上,对考虑损伤的平行黏结模型进行参数影响分析,结果表明：损伤演化系数对应力-应变全曲线的弹性段范围、峰值应力以及达到峰值应力后的软化速率有显著影响;对比研究了应力-应变曲线在不同阶段黏结键损伤、裂隙萌发、扩展及贯通的演化过程;进一步研究了弹性应变能和耗散能的演化规律,引入了耗散能释放率参数,阐释了损伤演化系数越大应力-应变曲线达到峰值应力后下降速率越快的原因。 相似文献
8.
基于亚像素角点检测的数字图像测量系统能够记录三轴试样表面方块角点的位移,从而获得试样表面每一时刻的局部应变及应变场。分析了试样不同位置的局部径向应变在剪切过程中的变化,获得了以不同初始成样含水率制备的松砂和密砂试样在不同特征时刻的应力与应变的特征值。通过轴向应变场的变化分析了从应变局部化出现到剪切带发育、形成的这一完整的渐进破坏过程,总结了剪切带形成时的局部最大轴向应变特征值,并定性地分析了剪切带内、外土体在渐进破坏过程中不同的轴向应变增长率。试验结果表明：在应变场中试样应变局部化明显,并可以依此确定应变局部化的出现、剪切带的形成;对于密砂及初始含水率为0%制备的松砂试样,应力在应变局部化出现之初即达到峰值,剪切带形成时应力已经开始下降,进入应变软化阶段;以初始含水率为6%和12%制备的松砂试样在达到应力峰值时剪切带已经形成;剪切带内土体的局部轴向应变增长幅度比剪切带外的土体大得多。试样整体轴向应变的增大主要是由剪切带内土体剪切破坏产生的较大轴向应变所致。 相似文献
9.
针对黄土地区工程建设中的平面应变问题,使用改进的西安理工大学真三轴仪进行了不同侧向固结压力、不同含水率下原状黄土的平面应变剪切试验,得出了剪切破坏时剪切带倾角试验值,根据应力-应变关系曲线求出了剪切带倾角的Mohr-Coulomb、Roscoe理论解,分析了相应控制因素下原状黄土强度、剪切带破坏模式与倾角的变化。结果表明：应力-应变曲线随含水率、侧向固结压力的增大从原生软化型向次生硬化型转变;剪切带破坏模式随侧向固结压力的增大依次呈现单一剪切带、锥型剪切带和X型剪切带;随着含水率的增大,黏聚力、内摩擦角减小导致Mohr-Coulomb剪切带倾角减小,剪胀作用增强导致Roscoe剪切带倾角增大;随侧向固结压力增大,动内摩擦角增大及剪胀作用增强,导致Mohr-Coulomb、Roscoe剪切带倾角增大。 相似文献
10.
为研究贵阳红黏土在循环荷载作用下的损伤特性,揭示抗剪强度参数随加卸载过程的损伤演化规律,通过应力-应变控制式三轴剪切渗透仪中的应力路径试验模块,对ω=29%、32%、35%以及38% 4种含水率的贵阳红黏土在σ3=100 kPa、200 kPa和300 kPa围压下开展固结不排水剪循环加卸载试验。研究结果表明:卸载过程中土样表现出变形增强性,卸载后轴向应变增量越大,松弛时间越长,回弹变形量越大;综合考虑含水率与围压条件的影响,建立贵阳红黏土剪切过程中弹性变形演化的数学关系式,并与试验结果进行对比验证,拟合度达95%以上;采用等效塑性剪切应变作为塑性内变量,对贵阳红黏土剪切全过程强度损伤特性进行研究,发现其胶结强度不断损失,而摩擦强度不断增加;且随着含水率的增加,内摩擦角的变化范围为21.8°~16.1°,黏聚力的变化范围为83.7~57.5 kPa。研究成果可为路基压实及考虑加卸载工况的土坡稳定性评价提供理论指导。 相似文献
11.
The analysis of three cataclastic band sets from Provence (France) reveals that the band density, their conjugate angles, their ratio of shear displacement to compaction, and the amount of cataclasis within the bands differ and can be expressed as functions of tectonic setting and petrophysical properties. We identify (1) a dense and closely spaced network of shear-enhanced (reverse) compaction bands; (2) a regularly spaced less dense network of reverse compactional shear bands; and (3) a localized network of normal shear bands. The field data show that strain localization is favored in an extensional regime and is characterized by shear bands with a large shear to compaction ratio and a small conjugate band angle. In contrast, distributed strain is favored in a contractional regime and is characterized by compactional bands with a low ratio of shear to compaction and a large conjugate band angle. To explain the mechanical origin of this strain localization, we quantify the yield strength and the stress evolution in extensional and contractional regimes in a frictional porous granular material. We propose a model of strain localization in porous sands as a function of tectonic stresses, burial depth, material properties, strain hardening and fluid pressure. Our model suggests that stress reduction, inherent to extensional regime, favors strain localization as shear bands, whereas stress increase during contraction favors development of compactional bands. 相似文献
12.
Schistose mylonitic rocks in the central part of the Alpine Fault (AF) at Tatare Stream, New Zealand are cut by pervasive extensional (C′) shear bands in a well-understood and young, natural ductile shear zone. The C′ shears cross-cut the pre-existing (Mesozoic—aged) foliation, displacing it ductilely synthetic to late Cenozoic motion on the AF. Using a transect approach, we evaluated changes in geometrical properties of the mm–cm-spaced C′ shear bands across a conspicuous finite strain gradient that intensifies towards the AF. Precise C′ attitudes, C′-foliation dihedral angles, and C′–S intersections were calculated from multiple sectional observations at both outcrop and thin-section scales. Based on these data the direction of ductile shearing in the Alpine mylonite zone during shear band activity is inferred to have trended >20° clockwise (down-dip) of the coeval Pacific-Australia plate motion, indicating some partitioning of oblique-slip motion to yield an excess of “dip-slip” relative to plate motion azimuth, or some up-dip ductile extrusion of the shear zone as a result of transpression, or both. Constant attitude of the mylonitic foliation across the finite strain gradient indicates this planar fabric element was parallel to the shear zone boundary (SZB). Across all examined parts of the shear zone, the mean dihedral angle between the C′ shears and the mylonitic foliation (S) remains a constant 30 ± 1° (1σ). The aggregated slip accommodated on the C′ shear bands contributed only a small bulk shear strain across the shear zone (γ = 0.6–0.8). Uniformity of per-shear slip on C′ shears with progression into the mylonite zone across the strain gradient leads us to infer that these shears exhibited a strain-hardening rheology, such that they locked up at a finite shear strain (inside C′ bands) of 12–15. Shear band boudins and foliation boudins both record extension parallel to the SZB, as do the occurrence of extensional shear band sets that have conjugate senses of slip. We infer that shear bands nucleated on planes of maximum instantaneous shear strain rate in a shear zone with Wk < 0.8, and perhaps even as low as <0.5. The C′ shear bands near the AF formed in a thinning/stretching shear zone, which had monoclinic symmetry, where the direction of shear-zone stretching was parallel to the shearing direction. 相似文献
13.
基于梯度塑性本构理论的岩样侧向变形分析(Ⅰ):基本理论及本构参数对侧向变形的影响 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：13
研究了岩样在单轴压缩条件下轴向应力．侧向或环向变形的全程曲线特征。基于考虑峰值剪切强度后微小结构之间相互影响和作用的梯度塑性理论，得到了由于剪切局部化而引起的侧向塑性变形。利用虎克定律描述了试件的弹性变形，得到了轴向应力．侧向变形全程曲线的解析解。在软化阶段，试件中部侧向变形及对靠近试件上端或下端部位的侧向变形并不相同。与轴向应力．应变曲线可能出现的回跳现象类似。试件中部轴向应力．侧向应变曲线也可能出现回跳现象。在应变软化阶段，与应力．侧向应变曲线相比，应力．环向应变曲线不容易发生回跳现象。若在试件内部出现多条剪切带，则应该以等效剪切带宽度替代本文中的剪切带宽度。随着剪切带倾角、内部长度参数的降低、剪切模量的增加及弹性模量的降低，轴向应力．侧向应变曲线越陡；甚至能出现弹性回跳。 相似文献
14.
基于梯度塑性本构理论的岩样侧向变形分析(II): 尺寸效应及弹性回跳 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
提出了利用不同尺寸试件的轴向应力-应变曲线得到轴向应力-侧向应变曲线的一种方法，并研究了结构尺寸对轴向应力-侧向应变曲线的影响。根据尺寸不同试件的轴向应力-轴向应变曲线的实验结果，并基于梯度塑性理论的解析解，在应变软化阶段，确定出了各种试件的剪切带条数。由此求出了不同宽度试样的轴向应力-侧向应变曲线。剪切带条数与试件宽度之比是决定轴向应力-侧向应变曲线特征的关键指标。若该比率为常量，则上述曲线不具有尺寸效应。当宽试件及窄试件在局部化启动后，在试件内部都出现一条剪切带时，随着试件宽度的增加，该曲线越陡，甚至出现回跳。上述方法也可用于分析轴向应力-环向应变曲线的尺寸效应问题。尺寸效应的原因是局部化，但局部化并非总引起尺寸效应。 相似文献
15.
M.P. Stubley 《Journal of Structural Geology》1990,12(8)
A conjugate set of subvertical kink bands is exposed in coastal outcrops of well-foliated Ordovician turbidites near Mystery Bay, Australia. All kink bands with widths exceeding 3 cm have complex internal structures including compound and parasitic kinks, stepped kink boundaries, internal crenulations, variable kink angles and prismatic voids. The kink bands are interpreted to result from rotation of short foliation segments between fixed kink planes with subsequent widening and modification by layer-parallel shear external to the kink band. Layer-parallel shear of both sinistral and dextral sense accompanied kinking and indicates a variable stress system during kink band development.Conjugate kink bands are abundant and are used to estimate bulk strain orientations. In general, the dominant kink set of a conjugate pair is inclined at a lower angle to the external foliation than the weaker set and this angular disparity increases with increasing dominance of one set. These observations are at variance with relationships described from experimental bulk pure shear deformation of anisotropic materials. It is suggested that orthogonal constraints in these experiments restrict layer-parallel shear to within a developing kink band and are, therefore, unlike many natural kink systems. Simple shear experiments can produce structures geometrically similar to natural kink bands. 相似文献
16.
Numerical modeling of combined effects of upward and downward propagation of shear bands on stability of slopes with sensitive clay 
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下载免费PDF全文 Modeling of progressive development of zones of large inelastic shear deformation (shear band) that results from strain‐softening behavior of sensitive clays could explain the failure mechanisms of large landslides. Because of toe erosion, a shear band can be initiated and propagated upward (inward) from the river bank. On the other hand, upslope surcharge loading could generate shear bands that might propagate down towards the river bank. In the present study, upward and downward propagation of shear bands and failure of sensitive clay slopes are modeled using the Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian approach in Abaqus finite element (FE) software. It is shown that the formation and propagation of shear bands are significantly influenced by kinematic constraints that change with displacements of the soil masses, and therefore the propagation of an existing shear band might be stopped and new shear bands could be formed. The main advantages of the present FE modeling are: (i) extremely large strains in the shear bands can be successfully simulated without numerical issues, (ii) a priori definition of shearing zones is not required to tackle severe strains; instead, the FE program automatically identifies the critical locations for shear band formation and propagation. Toe erosion could significantly increase the slope failure potential because of upslope surcharge loading. FE analyses with a thick and thin sensitive clay layers show that the global failure could occur at lower surcharge loads in the former as compared to the latter cases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献