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1.
Soil and sand fine particles, which may be resuspended as fine dust in the atmosphere, contain a variety of anthropogenic
and natural organic components. Samples of fine soil and sand particles (sieved to <125 μM) were collected from the Riyadh
area in the summer of 2003 and extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (3:1, v:v). The derivatized total
extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in order to characterize the composition and sources of the
organic components. Both anthropogenic and natural biogenic inputs were the major sources of the organic compounds in these
extracts. Discarded plastics and vehicular emission products were the major anthropogenic sources in the fine particles from
populated areas of the city. Their tracers were plasticizers, UCM, n-alkanes, hopanes and traces of steranes. Vegetation was the major natural source of organic compounds in samples from outside
Riyadh and included n-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanes, methyl alkanoates, sterols and triterpenoids. Carbohydrates had high concentrations (42–54%) in all samples and
indicate sources from decomposition of cellulose and/or the presence of viable microbiota such as bacteria and fungi. The
results were also compared with the data obtained in winter 2002 and showed that anthropogenic inputs were higher in summer
than in winter, whereas the opposite trend was observed for natural inputs. 相似文献
2.
Ahmed I. Rushdi Ali A. DouAbul Sama Samir Mohammed Bernd R. T. Simoneit 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(8):1171-1181
The concentrations of polar organic compounds including n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanols, steroids and triterpenoids were determined in extracts of shallow sediments from the Mesopotamian marshlands of Iraq. The sediments were collected by a stainless steel sediment corer, extracted with a dichloromethane and methanol mixture (3:1 v:v) by ultrasonic agitation and then analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometric (GC–MS). The analysis results showed that the n-alkanoic acids ranged from C8 to C20 with concentrations of 7.8 ± 1.2 μg/g sample, whereas the concentrations of n-alkanols, which ranged from C12 to C39 were from 28.6 ± 4.3 to 121.7 ± 18.3 μg/g sample. The steroids and triterpenoids included stenols, stanols, stenones, stanones, tetrahymanol, tetrahymanone and extended ββ-hopanes. The total concentrations of steroids and triterpenoids ranged from 26.8 ± 4.1 to 174.6 ± 26.2 μg/g and from 0.74 ± 0.11 to 11.2 ± 1.7 μg/g sample, respectively. The major sources of these lipids were from natural vegetation, microbial (plankton) residues and bacteria in the sediments, with some contribution from anthropogenic sources (livestock, sewage and petroleum). Further studies of these wetlands are needed to characterize the input rate, transformation and diagenesis of the organic matter and to assess its various sources. 相似文献
3.
Ahmed I. Rushdi Ali A. DouAbul Sama Samir Mohammed Bernd R. T. Simoneit 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(6):857-866
Shallow surface sediment samples from the Mesopotamian marshlands of Iraq were collected and analyzed to determine the distribution, concentrations and sources of aliphatic lipid compounds (n-alkanes, n-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids, and methyl n-alkanoates) and molecular markers of petroleum in these wetlands. The sediments were collected using a stainless steel sediment corer, dried, extracted with a dichloromethane/methanol mixture and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The aliphatic lipid compounds included n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanols and methyl n-alkanoates with concentrations ranged from 6.8 to 31.1 μg/g, 4.1 to 5.0 μg/g, 5.9 to 7.7 μg/g and from 0.3 to 5.9 μg/g, respectively. The major sources of aliphatic lipids were natural from waxes of higher plants (24–30%) and microbial residues (42–30%), with a significant contribution from anthropogenic sources (27–30%, petroleum), based on the organic geochemical parameters and indices. Further studies are needed to characterize the rate, accumulation and transformation of various organic matter sources before and after re-flooding of these wetlands. 相似文献
4.
Sediment samples from the coastal zone of the Gulf of Suez contain a variety of organic compounds from anthropogenic and natural
sources. A total of 12 surface samples of bottom sediments were collected with an Ekman grab sampler along an off-shore transect
south of Ras Abu el-Darag. The samples were extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (3:1 v/v) after drying
and sieving through 250 μm mesh. The extracts were derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in order
to characterize the chemical composition and sources of the organic components. Marine with minor terrestrial biota were the
major natural sources of organic tracers and included n-alkanoic acids, sterols and saccharides (5.7–76.7%). Anthropogenic sources, from petroleum related activities, detergent
usage for spill cleaning and littering, are indicated by the presence of n-alkanes with carbon preference index ≤1.0, hopanes, steranes, unresolved complex mixture of branched and cyclic hydrocarbons,
alkyl nitriles, alkamides and plasticizers. Their total relative concentrations ranged from 23.3 to 97.3% of the total extracts.
Petroleum residues from natural seepage may also be part of these hydrocarbons. The levels of anthropogenic inputs decrease
from about 94% in coastal zone sediments to about 20% in sediments from the reef front. 相似文献
5.
Khalid F. Al-Mutlaq 《Environmental Geology》2006,51(4):493-497
Organic contents of agricultural soils are major sources of organic compounds and pesticides into atmosphere. Therefore, surface soil samples from different locations in the city of Corvallis, USA were collected over a course of 1 year (2004/2005). The samples were subject to chemical extraction and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results of the chemical analysis showed pesticide residues were present in soils and varied seasonally. For example, the highest total relative concentration of pesticide residues in Canola field was 0.16% in January 2005, and was 0.56% in Wheat Field in August 2005, and was 0.14% in the River Front Park in December 2004 and was 0.33 in Rose Garden. Sometimes in the year, these pesticide residues were not detected in the same sites. 相似文献
6.
Urban roadside soils are the “recipients” of large amounts of heavy metals from a variety of sources including vehicle emissions,
coal burning waste and other activities. The behavior of heavy metals in urban roadside soils depends on the occurrence as
well as the total amount. Accordingly, knowledge of the interactions between heavy metals and other constituents in the soil
is required to judge their environmental impact. In this study, correlations of heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag,
Se, Ni, Cr and Ba) to iron extracted using dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate (DCB) buffer (FeDCB), fulvic acids and particle size fractions were examined from the Xuzhou urban roadside soils. Heavy metals except for Cr
and fulvic acids had a positive significant correlation with FeDCB, indicating these metals and fulvic acids are principally associated with the surfaces of iron oxides of the soils. Significant
positive correlations were also found between the contents of fulvic acids and heavy metals, showing these heavy metals (especially
for Cu, Ni and Cr) form stable complexes with fulvic acids. Such finding is of importance with regard to the increased mobilization
of heavy metals, e.g., into freshwater ecosystems. Ag, Se and Cr are independent of particle size fractions because of their
low concentrations of Ag and Se in the studied soils. Pb, Zn, Cu, Ba and Ag are mainly enriched in the finer soil particles
(especially <16 μm). 相似文献
7.
Ahmed I. Rushdi Khalid F. Al-Mutlaq Bernd R. T. Simoneit Adnan Al-Azri Ali A. Z. DouAbul Sheikha Al-Zarban Faiza Al-Yamani 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2010,3(2):113-131
River runoff and atmospheric fallout (dust and air particulate matter) are major input sources of natural and anthropogenic
terrestrial organic and inorganic components to the Arabian seas. In this study, we report on the various lipid tracer compounds
that might be transported to the Arabian Gulf by rivers, dust, and air particulate matter. These are based on geochemical
analysis of sediment, dust, and particulate samples collected from Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. The samples were extracted
with a dichloromethane/methanol mixture and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The extractable organic compounds
(lipids) in the samples include n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanols, methyl n-alkanoates, steroids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, and petroleum hydrocarbons. The steroids and triterpenoids were major
components in river and wetland samples. The major sources of these lipids were from natural vegetation, microbial (plankton
and bacteria) residues in the sediments, sand, and soils, with some contribution from anthropogenic sources. Accordingly,
these sources could be major inputs to the Arabian seas besides the autochthonous marine products. Future studies of the organic
and inorganic biogeochemistry on river, dust, and coastal areas are needed to characterize the various regional sources, transformation,
and diagenetic processes of the organic matter en route to the marine environment. 相似文献
8.
用扫描电镜技术识别广州市大气颗粒物主要种类 总被引：19，自引：2，他引：19
利用扫描电镜技术对大气颗粒物的来源进行识别，采取手动分析与自动分析两种方法，得出的结果在总趋势上相互一致。手动方法和自动方法各有特点。自动分析在细颗粒，特别是含硫颗粒分析方面有优势，而手动分析在形貌观测和确定有机粗颗粒污染状况方面有独到之处。实验结果表明，大气颗粒物的来源是多样的，治理措施也应是综合性的，既要注意工业点源的污染治理和排放控制，如燃煤飞灰，钙质颗粒富铁颗粒等，也要注意面源排放，如土壤扬尘和碳质颗粒，碳质颗粒的来源复杂，可以是工业过程，燃烧过程，机动车尾气，生物质燃，树木自然排放。 相似文献
9.
Magnetic enhancement of urban roadside soils as a proxy of degree of pollution by traffic-related activities 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Detailed magnetic and geochemical measurements were performed on urban roadside soils collected from Lishui city, China, to
establish a possible link between the enhanced concentration of traffic-related magnetic particles and heavy metals. Relatively
higher magnetic susceptibility (mean: 124.1 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) and concentrations of metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were observed for roadside soils. Concentration-dependent magnetic parameters
(χ and SIRM) are highly significantly positively correlated to the concentration of metals (Ca, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe,
and V), but not significantly correlated with As, Mn, Co, Mg, and K. The principal component analysis showed that χ and SIRM
significantly correspond to elements Ca, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The χ and SIRM also have significant linear correlation with
integrated pollution index, indicating that χ and SIRM can be used as effective proxy indicators for the pollution of heavy
metals. Magnetite in the pseudo-single-domain/multidomain (PSD/MD) grain size was identified as the dominant magnetic carrier
by temperature-dependent measurements of saturation magnetization (Ms–T curve), XRD and hysteresis loops. Field emission scanning
electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the magnetic particles revealed the presence
of large traffic-related angular-subangular, blocky, and spherical iron oxide particles. These iron oxide particles are typical
for particles produced by traffic-related anthropogenic activities. It is concluded that vehicle emissions may be the major
source of elevated heavy metals and magnetic particles in roadside soils. The results proved the applicability of magnetic
method in detecting roadside pollution derived from vehicle emissions. 相似文献
10.
生物质燃烧释放的大量温室气体和烟尘气溶胶能够显著改变大气化学组成、扰动大气环流和水文过程、影响地表辐射平衡,是地球气候和环境过程的主要影响因素之一。生物质燃烧产生的烟尘颗粒等能够随大气环流过程进行迁移输送,在重力作用下或随降水过程沉降到地球表面,成为沉积物地球化学的重要组成部分。雪冰中诸如黑碳、钾离子、左旋葡聚糖等特征标志物记录能够较好地反映区域乃全球尺度的生物质燃烧信息。利用雪冰开展生物质燃烧现代过程和历史记录的研究对系统认识地球气候环境演变过程具有重要意义。从雪冰中可用于开展生物质燃烧记录研究的特征指标、不同地区的研究现状以及生物质燃烧的影响因素等方面综述了近20年来国内外的主要研究成果。并对当前在青藏高原地区利用雪冰开展生物质燃烧记录研究存在的主要问题以及未来研究工作的重点进行了探讨。 相似文献
11.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(3):783-792
Geogenic dust is commonly believed to be one of the most important environmental problems in the Middle East.The present study investigated the geochemical characteristics of atmospheric dust particles in Shiraz City(south of Iran).Atmospheric dust samples were collected through a dry collector method by using glass trays at 10 location sites in May 2018.Elemental composition was analysed through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.Meteorological data showed that the dustiest days were usually in spring and summer,particularly in April.X-ray diffraction analysis of atmospheric dust samples indicated that the mineralogical composition of atmospheric dust was calcite+dolomite(24%)palygorskite(18%)quartz(14%)muscovite(13%)albite(11%)kaolinite(7%)gypsum(7%)zircon=anatase(3%).The high occurrence of palygorskite(16%-23%) could serve as a tracer of the source areas of dust storms from the desert of Iraq and Saudi Arabia to the South of Iran.Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the sizes of the collected dust varied from 50 μm to0.8 μm,but 10 μm was the predominant size.The atmospheric dust collected had prismatic trigonal-rhombohedral crystals and semi-rounded irregular shapes.Moreover,diatoms were detected in several samples,suggesting that emissions from dry-bed lakes,such as Hoor Al-Azim Wetland(located in the southwest of Iran),also contributed to the dust load.Backward trajectory simulations were performed at the date of sampling by using the NOAA HYSPLIT model.Results showed that the sources of atmospheric dust in the study area were the eastern area of Iraq,eastern desert of Saudi Arabia,Kuwait and Khuzestan Province.The Ca/Al ratio of the collected samples(1.14) was different from the upper continental crust(UCC) value(UCC=0.37),whereas Mg/A1(0.29),K/Al(0.22) and Ti/Al(0.07) ratios were close to the UCC value(0.04).This condition favours desert calcisols as the main mineral dust sources.Analysis of the crustal enrichment factor(EF_(crustal)) revealed geogenic sources for V,Mo,Pb,Sr,Cu and Zn(2),whereas anthropogenic sources affected As,Cd,Cr and Ni. 相似文献
12.
Zhiwen Dong Zhongqin Li Cunde Xiao Feiteng Wang Mingjun Zhang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(7):1361-1368
Windblown mineral aerosol dust derived from the crustal surface is an important atmospheric component affecting the earth’s
radiation budget. Deposition of atmospheric dust was measured in the fresh snow on glacier no. 1 at the headwater of the Urumqi
River in eastern Tian Shan, central Asia. An analysis of seasonal variation of concentrations of dust particles in the snow
suggests that the number concentration of dust particle is significantly high from April to June, which may be caused by Asian
dust storms in the spring. The comparison of mass-size distribution of dust particles from April to August shows an obvious
seasonal change trend. The distribution of particles changes from single model (3–21 μm) in the non-dust period before dust
events in April, to bi-model (3–21 and 20–80 μm) during the Asian dust period, and to single model (3–21 μm) after July in
the non-dust period again. The Ca2+ concentration in the fresh snow is also very high from April to June, while NH4
+ and SO4
2−, as water-soluble constituents, have concentration changes that are different from each other. Backward trajectory was also
employed to examine the transport process of air mass in this region. 相似文献
13.
The annual and seasonal dust emissions were calculated for eight types of desertified lands at 120 sites in the Heihe River
Basin of northwestern China. The results showed that dust emission rates increased from the middle to the lower reaches of
the river by a factor of up to 103. There two strongest areas of dust emission are the dried-up Gaxun Lake with a dust emission rate of 1.6 t ha−1 year−1, and the desertified grassland areas around the abandoned Heicheng City, with a dust emission rate of 0.6–0.7 t ha−1 year−1. The total annual dust emissions with their particle diameters less than 50, 30, and 10 μm were 1.71 × 106, 1.11 × 106, and 0.555 × 106 t, respectively. Dust emission rates showed striking seasonal variations, with the maximum value (45%) occurring in spring
and the minimum value (13.5%) in summer. The mineral aerosol-size distributions were also measured and the results showed
that the size distributions for dust and non-dust events were both trimodal, in contrast with the widely accepted view that
primary particles such as aeolian dust are coarse, whereas particles less than 1 μm in diameter are mainly secondary particulate
substances such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and organic matter. 相似文献
14.
Surface sediments, suspended particulate matter and fluffy-layer material, collected in the Arkona Basin and the Pomeranian
Bay during 1995–1997, as well as air particulate matter, collected on the island of Rügen during August 1995, were analysed
for total organic carbon content, saturated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The resulting concentrations and distributions
of these compounds and molecular PAH ratios are discussed in terms of matrix, origin of the organic matter and seasonal variations.
The data show that the Oder river can be identified as a major source for PAH transported into the southern part of the Arkona
Basin. A strong atmospheric input of PAH is noted for the central and northern part of the basin. In general, anthropogenic
and bacterially degraded hydrocarbons bound to organic carbon-rich and small particles are mainly deposited in the basin center,
whereas their natural counterparts accumulate mainly on the basin flanks covered by coarser grained sediments.
Received: 2 March 1999 · Accepted: 8 June 1999 相似文献
15.
《Applied Geochemistry》2002,17(3):129-162
Biomass combustion is an important primary source of particles with adsorbed biomarker compounds in the global atmosphere. The introduction of natural product organic compounds into smoke occurs primarily by direct volatilization/steam stripping and by thermal alteration based on combustion temperature. Although the molecular compositions of organic matter in smoke particles are highly variable, the molecular tracers are generally still source specific. Dehydroabietic acid is typically the major tracer for conifer smoke in the atmosphere. Degradation products from biopolymers (e.g. levoglucosan from cellulose, methoxyphenols from lignin) are also excellent tracers. Additional markers of thermally-altered and directly-emitted natural products in smoke have been defined which aids the assessment of the organic matter types and input from biomass combustion to aerosols. The precursor to product approach of compound characterization by organic geochemistry has also been applied successfully to provide source specific tracers for studying the chemistry and dispersion of ambient aerosols and the intermingling of natural with anthropogenic emissions and with smoke plumes. A brief review of the organic matter composition in aerosols derived from the major sources is also given, with emphasis on the detection of biomass burning components. These major sources are the natural background from biogenic detritus (e.g. plant wax, microbes, etc.) and anthropogenic particle emissions (e.g. oils, soot, synthetics, compounds, etc.). The emissions of organic constituents in coal smoke particulate matter are also reviewed and depend on combustion temperature, ventilation, burn time, and coal rank (geologic maturity). The components of peat and brown coal and to a lesser degree semi-bituminous coal consist mainly of hydrocarbons, biomarkers, and aromatic components, quite similar to burning of contemporary biomass. Dispersion from the source and long range transport of smoke particulate matter with the associated organic compounds is also discussed. 相似文献
16.
生物质燃烧颗粒物有机示踪化合物的测定和应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
使用气相色谱-质谱法对2002年7月-2003年7月的北京市大气粗、细颗粒物样品中的左旋葡聚糖等糖类化合物进行了测定。结果表明，左旋葡聚糖主要存在于细颗粒中，可以作为示踪化合物来研究生物质燃烧现象。生物质燃烧对北京市大气颗粒物有较重要的贡献。对应于12％-40％的PM2.5有机碳和10％-33％的PM10有机碳。北京市在2002年10月和11月受到明显的生物质燃烧的影响，可能由于农田秸杆焚烧和秋季落叶焚烧。2003年5月7日颗粒物样品受到直线距离约为1000km以外的内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市大兴安岭林区森林大火烟雾的影响。生物质燃烧事件具有突发性，可以长距离传输；生物质作为农村生物燃料的使用其燃烧排放具有经常性和持久性的特征。 相似文献
17.
大气降尘矿物学特征研究具有重要的环境学意义。文章以华北理工大学校区采集样品为例,应用激光粒度分析仪、扫描电镜、X射线粉末衍射、电感耦合等离子体质谱等对河北省唐山市曹妃甸地区大气降尘矿物学特征进行了初步分析研究。结果表明,曹妃甸地区大气降尘粒径较粗,颗粒物包括块状、柱状、片状、球状及不规则粒状集合体,主要由石英、长石、石膏、云母、绿泥石、角闪石、白云石、方解石和赤铁矿等矿物组成;降尘样品中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等重金属元素含量均较高。研究分析表明,降尘样品中硅酸盐矿物主要源自地面扬尘,而石膏、方解石等碳酸盐矿物可能为环境中的次生矿物,样品中重金属污染主要来源于燃煤、工矿企业生产排放和少部分汽车尾气排放。 相似文献
18.
J. Hladil M. Gersl L. Strnad J. Frana A. Langrova J. Spisiak 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2006,95(4):703-723
Mineral dust and other constituents of Devonian atmospheric aerosols together with certain amounts of aquatic suspensions of riverine detrital origin, colloidal particle dispersions and seawater solutes were embedded in ~95–98% (or purer) limestones on a consistently subsiding isolated carbonate platform where they formed very complex impurity systems. Very low Th/U values, relative abundance of Fe but a slight excess of K typically characterize these ultrafine impurities which are mineralogically dominated by smectite–illite and mica (sericite) together with goethite. In vertical section, these impurities are arranged like incremental series of light and dense bands. The combined method of natural gamma-ray spectrometric and magnetic susceptibility measurements (GRS–MS) together with background of major and trace element analyses provided first systematic insights into fine-scale variability of these impurities in a pile of pure carbonate platform beds, mostly in inner platform Amphipora limestone facies. These carbonates were deposited close to sea level but far from river mouths, and they represented a certain sort of a relatively “independent” medium that was primarily sensitive to climatically (and by rare events) controlled input of atmospheric dust. A remarkable similarity of MS stratigraphic patterns that reflect the quantity and quality of embedded impurities in very distant and paleogeographically separated Devonian basins might be seen as supporting this viewpoint. A long composite stratigraphic section of the Moravian Karst ranges from mid-Eifelian to end-Frasnian levels and yields a number of time characterizing GRS–MS variations that can potentially serve as templates for high-resolution stratigraphic correlations over long distances.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
19.
This investigation represented the preliminary study to characterize Pt and Pd concentrations and enrichment ratios in urban
roadside soils. Roadside soil samples were analyzed by ICP-MS. Data from 21 roadside topsoil samples show medians of Pt and
Pd concentrations are 2.9 and 2.8 ng g−1, respectively. These values are higher than those of upper crust that average 0.4 and 0.4 ng g−1, respectively. The relatively lower Pt and Pd concentrations are expected due to recent introduction of catalysts to China
compared to the prolonged use of catalysts in Europe. Hierarchical clustering analysis indicates that Pt and Pd in Xuzhou
urban roadside soils were mainly from the traffic emissions. Computation of enrichment ratios using the upper crust values
as background levels suggests that the roadside soils had enrichment medians of 6.4 for Pt (range 2.5–11.75) and of 6.75 for
Pd (range 2.75–9.25). Lower Pt/Pd ratios (range 0.35–2.86) in relation to similar studies in other countries were observed
due to the different automobile catalytic converters. In general, fine fraction (<250 μm) contains higher Pt and Pd concentrations
compared to the coarse fraction (250–500 μm). 相似文献
20.
Attention has been paid for the levels, sources and health risks of atmospheric aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(n-alkanes and PAHs) in remote areas, however, few studies have focused on those in the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, 18 pairs
of atmospheric samples were obtained during the period from August 2006 to July 2007 in Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet.
Both gas-phase and particulate-phase n-alkanes and PAHs were measured. Concentrations of n-alkanes (gas + particulate phase, 99.1–480.9 ng/m3) and PAHs (gas + particulate phase, 11.4–72.5 ng/m3) in Lhasa are lower than those in many cities. The sources of n-alkanes related to biological and petroleum sources were 67 and 33%, respectively. According to the results of diagnostic
ratios and principal component analysis, emission of traffic vehicles was one of the important PAH sources, and sources of
benzo(a)pyrene was likely attributed to incense burning. Good simulations were obtained by traffic soot-based model for fluoranthene,
pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene, while, wood soot-based model fitted the experimental results of benzo(a)pyrene better. This
meant atmospheric fate of PAHs was mainly influenced by the adsorptive partitioning that occurred during traffic and incense
burning procedures. In addition, the benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power (BaPE) in the present study (0.1–1.6 ng/m3) is lower than those in other cities and also the air quality standard of China, suggesting that atmospheric PAHs caused
low health risks. 相似文献