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1.
鲁中南典型岩溶区岩溶水水化学特征及成因分析——以双村岩溶水系统为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对2013年9月在双村岩溶水区域采集测试的18组岩溶水化学资料进行分析,探讨了该区地下水的水化学特征,并利用R型因子分析法对影响该区岩溶水化学组分的3个主要因素进行了研究,分析结果表明:弱碱性地球化学背景下地下水对包气带的离子类质同象替代作用影响着岩溶水中Mg2+、K+、F-,人为污染因素控制着Cl-、Na+、NO3-、SO42-,岩溶水中的HCO3-、Ca2+、p H值受岩溶碳汇因素所影响。以上3种因子可以解释双村岩溶区岩溶水水化学特征87.103%的成因。 相似文献
2.
典型岩溶槽谷区地下水化学特征及地球化学敏感性分析 总被引：11，自引：8，他引：3
利用2012年4月—2013年3月的水化学数据研究了重庆老龙洞地下河流域地下水系统地球化学敏感性。结果表明,研究区表层岩溶泉和地下河水化学阳离子分别以Ca2+、Mg2+和Ca2+、Na+为主,阴离子以HCO3-、SO42-为主;表层岩溶泉雨季Mg2+/ Ca2+摩尔比和地下河雨季Na+/ Ca2+摩尔比旱季大于雨季,表层岩溶泉和地下河雨季 HCO3-/SO42- 摩尔比分别为3.428～6.524、3.122～5.966,旱季HCO3-/SO42-摩尔比分别为5.693～8.664、3.428～6.524,表现出低SO42-、高HCO3-的特征,主要受农业活动影响的表层岩溶泉主量元素地球化学敏感性依次为HCO3-> SO42->Ca2+> NO3-> Mg2+> Na+> K+>Cl-,而受农业活动、工业活动、城镇建设活动等多种因子共同影响下的地下河主量元素地球化学敏感性有所变化,依次为HCO3->Na+> Ca2+> K+> Cl-> Mg2+> NO3-> SO42-,随着人类影响的加剧,离子敏感指数将会有增加的趋势。 相似文献
3.
雪玉洞岩溶地下水、地表水Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+变化特征研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过2011年对重庆丰都雪玉洞洞内滴水和地下河河水,上覆岩层中出露的表层岩溶泉水和雪玉洞附近龙河河水等不同类型水中Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+浓度及Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值的研究,发现不同水的Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+随外界降水条件的改变而出现明显变化。表层岩溶泉水Ca2+变化能够敏感反应外界降水条件改变,滴水对外界降雨的反应滞后接近1个月,地下河Ca2+可以反应雨季和旱季的变化,地表河水Ca2+全年比较稳定,但是对特殊干旱天气有显著响应。2011年不同类型水的Mg2+、Sr2+全年变化趋势基本一致,在降水较多的3、5、10月呈低值,在其他降水较少的月份浓度相对较高。各离子的这种变化特征主要是受到稀释效应、CO2效应以及所在地层的岩性的影响。雪玉洞不同类型水的Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值呈现出滴水>地表河>地下河>表层岩溶泉的特点,反映出不同类型水在含水介质中滞留时间的长短,并且Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值在降水较多的月份降低,在降水较少的月份升高;受碳酸钙的前期沉淀和运移路径差异的影响,不同类型水的Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca值变化稍有不同。因此,不同类型水的离子变化及其比值对外界降水条件变化的响应特征和时间的不同,决定了在利用元素及其比值反映外界环境变化时也要区别对待。 相似文献
4.
为研究利用滤泥与不同有机肥搭配对岩溶土壤进行改良增加无机碳汇的最佳实施方案,在果化示范区开展了滤泥、滤泥+秸秆+沼液和滤泥+秸秆+牛粪等三种土壤改良方案试验,在各个改良地和对照地埋放标准溶蚀试片和土壤水收集器,测试一年试片溶蚀速率和不同月份土壤水主要阴阳离子浓度。结果表明:滤泥中含有大量钙盐和硫酸盐,导致土壤水类型为Ca-SO4。各个改良地和对照地土壤水中参与岩溶作用的[Ca2+ +Mg2+ ]/HCO3-（当量浓度）均大于1,表明外源酸参与了土壤中碳酸盐岩溶蚀。施肥高峰期,试验区本底土壤CO2净消耗量出现负值,原因是硝化作用产生的H+与土壤水中HCO3-发生脱气作用,导致CO2从水中逸出。单施滤泥改良后,滤泥有机酸显著提高了试片溶蚀速率,但土壤水pH值降低,H+的大量存在导致脱气作用加剧,年均碳酸贡献率为-0.32,年均减少CO2净消耗量0.66 mmol·L-1。滤泥配施秸秆和牛粪引起8月脱气作用加剧,其他月份同样削弱了脱气作用,最终导致CO2年均净消耗量几乎不变。滤泥配施秸秆和沼液大大削弱了单施滤泥引起的脱气作用,同时减小了土壤中碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率的增强程度,最终导致CO2年均净消耗量增加了0.065 mmol·L-1,该方案为最佳增加无机碳汇的实施方案。 相似文献
5.
广西弄拉表层岩溶动力系统水循环碳汇效应研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于对广西弄拉表层岩溶泉水文动态自动化监测研究,发现在良好的森林植被覆盖条件下,泉域内水资源的排泄方式在不同季节差异较大。丰水期主要以泉口径流排泄为主,而枯水期则以泉域内生态需水消耗为主。4至8月降水量占全年总量的66.24%,泉口水资源输出量却高达全年总量的90.89%。与之相对应,碳输出量占全年总量的90.46%。上述数据说明岩溶碳汇过程主要发生在径流系数较高的丰水季节。在碳汇方式上,碳汇过程明显受到雨水稀释效应、CO2效应及水岩相互作用的控制。在降水初期,受到雨水的混合稀释,HCO3-浓度明显下降。期间受到CO2效应及水岩相互作用的影响,使HCO3-浓度波动较大。但随着流量的衰减,水岩相互作用重新又占主导地位,HCO3-浓度动态变化趋于平稳。根据近十年来的监测结果表明,在次生森林植被覆盖条件恢复下,岩溶动力系统中的Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO3-离子浓度均明显增高。以HCO3-浓度增长最为明显,2003—2005年平均值为356.55 mg/L,而2012年上升为432.97 mg/L,其差值76.42 mg/L,十年间增幅达21.4%。 相似文献
6.
太原市西山岩溶水系统水文地球化学特征分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
岩溶含水系统的水化学特征能够反映地下水补径排关系、含水介质特征及水岩相互作用等。本文通过分析太原市西山岩溶含水系统地下水中TDS、Sr2+ 、HCO-3 、SO2-4 的分布特征、相互关系及指示意义,得出以下结论: 从补给区到径流排泄区, TDS 随着径流途径、径流时间及循环深度的增加而逐渐增加。Sr2+ 、Mg2+ 、Ca2+ 浓度沿着地下水径流方向具有同步增加的趋势,但Sr- Mg 的变化斜率小于Sr- Ca ,这主要是碳酸盐岩中白云石与方解石含量及溶解度不同造成, CaO与MgO比值越大,相对溶解度越大。沿地下水径流方向,水化学类型由HCO3 型过渡为HCO3· SO4 型、SO4· HCO3 型、SO4 型, SO2-4 离子浓度逐步增加,总体来看,Ca2+ 、Mg2+ 离子总含量与HCO-3 、SO2-4 离子总含量达到平衡,说明在西山岩溶区,水中离子的主要来源除碳酸盐外,硫酸盐的溶解也是一个重要途径,且受煤系地层及煤矿开采活动的影响强烈。 相似文献
7.
以来自广西上林县大龙洞岩溶水库中的小球藻为研究对象,探讨了封闭体系中小球藻在4.6 mmol·L-1、2.5 mmol·L-1和0.5 mmol·L-1三种不同HCO3-浓度的水体环境中,对Ca2+和HCO3-的利用效率。结果表明:（1）小球藻在4.6 mmol·L-1、2.5 mmol·L-1和0.5 mmol·L-1三种不同HCO3-浓度的水体中培养7天后生物量从0.04Abs分别增长到0.56Abs、0.50Abs和0.44Abs,在HCO3-和Ca2+浓度较高的环境中,A组28.26%的Ca2+和B组24.14%的Ca2+被小球藻吸收利用,A组54.95%的HCO3-和B组48.00%的HCO3-被小球藻吸收利用,生成有机碳固定下来,C组HCO3-浓度过低（0.5 mmol·L-1）,小球藻难以对其进行利用,表明岩溶水库中高浓度的HCO3-对小球藻生长起着“施肥作用”,这对岩溶碳汇的稳定性起着重要作用。（2）小球藻光合作用利用HCO3-从而引起Ca2+沉积的量大于小球藻光合作用吸收Ca2+的量;（3）小球藻光合作用使培养基中的δ13CDIC偏正,而呼吸作用使培养基中的δ13CDIC偏负。 相似文献
8.
金沙江河谷巧家段地下水化学特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
金沙江河谷巧家段地形切割强烈,最大相对高差可达2 719 m,水文地质条件差异大,河谷区内泉水出露众多。对河谷区内38组泉水水化学组分进行分析的结果表明:地下水化学类型较简单,主要为HCO3- Ca、HCO3- Ca?Mg、HCO3- Mg?Ca型;地下水溶解性总固体(TDS)浓度变化较大,总体上TDS浓度自河谷斜坡补给-径流区至谷底排泄区,具有逐步增高的趋势;孔隙水TDS浓度明显高于岩溶水;地下水宏量组分HCO3-、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-与TDS具有正相关关系。据水化学组分变化分析谷底第四系地层中出露大泉的形成条件,其为孔隙水与岩溶水相混合形成。 相似文献
9.
百泉泉域岩溶地下水是河北邢台市生产和生活的主要供水水源。近年来受到自然条件变化和人类活动的影响,泉域地下水流场明显改变,水化学场演变机制有待查明。本研究在水文地质调查和样品采集测试的基础上,采用统计学方法（描述性统计、Person相关系数）、饱和指数计算和水化学方法（Piper图、Stiff图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数）对泉域岩溶水化学特征展开了系统分析。结果表明:泉域岩溶水为弱碱性淡水,Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-、SO42- 是地下水中的主要离子,主要来源于方解石、白云石和石膏的风化溶解,Na+和Cl-主要来源于少量岩盐的溶解。沿着径流方向方解石相对于地下水由溶解状态转变为平衡状态,而白云石、石膏和岩盐一直处于溶解状态。补给区和北部径流区基本为HCO3-Ca·Mg型水,七里河、沙河附近和南部煤铁矿区岩溶水除HCO3-Ca·Mg型外,还多出现HCO3·SO4-Ca型、CO3·Cl-Ca·Mg型和HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水,煤铁矿区附近岩溶水中SO42- 的升高是受到了高SO42- 矿坑排水的混合影响。蒸发浓缩作用仅在水位埋深浅且地下水流动相对滞缓的排泄区较为明显,排泄点——百泉泉水为HCO3·SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg型。此外,人类工农业活动改变了地下水的径流条件和水质,使局部岩溶水中NO3-、Cl-、Fe、总硬度含量升高甚至超标。 相似文献
10.
典型岩溶丘陵区地下水水化学特征及地球化学敏感性分析——以武冈东部地区为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过对典型岩溶丘陵区地下水进行水化学特征及地球化学敏感性的研究表明,该地下水系统水化学特征阳离子以Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以HCO3-、NO3-、SO42-为主,受水岩作用及人类活动共同影响;Mg2+/Ca2+受岩性控制,流经白云岩地层最高,灰岩夹白云岩次之,灰岩最低;研究区岩溶地下水表现出较高的地球化学敏感性。阳离子以Ca2+最为敏感,其次为Mg2+,阴离子以HCO3-最为敏感,其次为NO3-,元素的地球化学敏感性大小依次为:HCO3->Ca2+>Mg2+>NO3->SO42->Cl->Na+>K+;以敏感性最强的敏感因子HCO3-对研究区岩溶地下水进行敏感性等级划分。研究区低敏感性的水点仅占7.27%,中敏感性的水点占25.45%,高敏感性的水点占67.28%。通过地球化学敏感性划分统计结果显示,对该地区地下水的保护显得十分重要且迫切。 相似文献
11.
Single crystal Raman spectra of pyrite-type RuS2, RuSe2, OsS2, OsSe2, PtP2, and PtAs2 are presented and discussed with reference to the energies of the X-X stretching modes
x-x (A
g, F
g) and the X2 librations
(E, 2Fg). The main results obtained are (i) strong Raman resonance effects, (ii) different sequences for
x-x (A
g) and
(E
g), i.e.,
R_{x_2 } $$
" align="middle" border="0">
for PtP2 and PtAs2 and
R_{x_2 } $$
" align="middle" border="0">
for OsS2, owing to the interplay of intraionic and interionic lattice forces, (iii) greater strengths for the intraionic P-P and As-As bonds compared to the S-S and Se-Se bonds, respectively, and (iv) a strong influegnce of the metal ions on the strength of the X-X bonds.This is contribution LXI of a series of papers on lattice vibration spectra 相似文献
12.
13.
14.
W. Johannes 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1969,21(4):311-318
The formation of the solid solution series MgCO3-FeCO3 in the system Mg2+-Fe2+-CO 3 2? -Cl 2 2? -H2O has been investigstad between 200° C and 500° C. The experimental results show that the composition of any of these carbonates strongly depends on the temperature: At high temperatures mixed crystals rich in MgCO3 are formed and low temperatures lead to the formation of FeCO3-rich carbonates. Thus, at 200° C a Fe-poor (Mg-rich) solution is in equilibrium with a Fe-rich carbonate. At temperatures higher than 350° C a Fe-rich (Mg-poor) solution coexists with a Fe-poor (Mg-rich) solid phase; see Fig. 1. At 350° C a solution with a mole fractionmFe2+/(mFe2++mMg2+) of 0.20 leads to the formation of magnesite very poor in Fe, whereas at 250° C the same solution is in equilibrium with sideroplesit, containing 80 Mol-% FeCO3, see Figs. 2 and 3. The importance of the experimental results for the formation of deposits of magnesite and siderite is discussed. 相似文献
15.
Internally-Consistent Thermodynamic Data for Minerals in the System Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-CO2 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Internally consistent standard state thermodynamic data arepresented for 67 minerals in the system Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-CO2.The method of mathematical programming was used to achieve consistencyof derived properties with phase equilibrium, calorimetric,and volumetric data, utilizing equations that account for thethermodynamic consequences of first and second order phase transitions,and temperature-dependent disorder. Tabulated properties arein good agreement with thermophysical data, as well as beingconsistent with the bulk of phase equilibrium data obtainedin solubility studies, weight change experiments, and reversalsinvolving both single and mixed volatile species. The reliabilityof the thermodynamic data set is documented by extensive comparisons(Figs. 4–45) between computed equilibria and phase equilibriumdata. The high degree of consistency obtained with these diverseexperimental data gives confidence that the refined thermodynamicproperties should allow accurate prediction of phase relationshipsamong stoichiometric minerals in complex chemical systems, andprovide a reasonable basis from which activity models for mineralsmay be derived. 相似文献
16.
The stability of merwinite (Mw) and its equivalent assemblages, akermanite (Ak)+calcite (Cc), diopside (Di)+calcite, and wollastonite (Wo)+monticellite (Mc)+calcite was determined at T=500–900° C and P
f=0.5–2.0 kbar under H2O–CO2 fluid conditions with X
CO
2=0.5, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.02. Merwinite is stable at P
f=0.5 kbar with T>700° C and X
CO
2<0.1. At P
f=2.0 kbar, the assemblage Di+Cc replaces merwinite at all T and X
CO
2 conditions. At intermediate P
f=1 kbar, the assemblage Ak+Cc is stable above 707° C and Wo+Mc+Cc is stable below 707° C. The univariant curve for the reaction Di+Cc=Wo+Mc+CO2 is almost parallel to the T axis and shifts to low P
f with increasing X
CO
2, with the assemblage Di+Cc on the high-P
f side. The implications of the experimental results in regard to contact metamorphism of limestone are discussed using the aureole at Crestmore, California as an example. 相似文献
17.
18.
A revised equation is proposed to represent and extrapolate the heat capacity of minerals as a function of temperature: C
P=k0+k1
T
–0.5+k2
T
–2+k3
T
–3 (where k1, k20).This equation reproduces calorimetric data within the estimated precision of the measurements, and results in residuals for most minerals that are randomly distributed as a function of temperature. Regression residuals are generally slightly greater than those calculated with the five parameter equation proposed by Haas and Fisher (1976), but are significantly lower than those calculated with the three parameter equation of Maier and Kelley (1932).The revised equation ensures that heat capacity approaches the high temperature limit predicted by lattice vibrational theory (C
P=3R+2VT/). For 16 minerals for which and have been measured, the average C
Pat 3,000 K calculated with the theoretically derived equation ranges from 26.8±0.8 to 29.3±1.9 J/(afu·K) (afu = atoms per formula unit), depending on the assumed temperature dependence of . For 91 minerals for which calorimetric data above 400 K are available, the average C
Pat 3,000 K calculated with our equation is 28.3±2.0 J/(afu·K). This agreement suggests that heat capacity extrapolations should be reliable to considerably higher temperatures than those at which calorimetric data are available, so that thermodynamic calculations can be applied with confidence to a variety of high temperature petrologic problems.Available calorimetric data above 250 K are fit with the revised equation, and derived coefficients are presented for 99 minerals of geologic interest. The heat capacity of other minerals can be estimated (generally within 2%) by summation of tabulated oxide component C
Pcoefficients which were obtained by least squares regression of this data base. 相似文献
19.
Summary. ?Ca-tourmaline has been synthesized hydrothermally in the presence of Ca(OH)2 and CaCl2-bearing solutions of different concentration at T = 300–700 °C at a constant fluid pressure of 200 MPa in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3-H2O-HCl. Synthesis of tourmaline was possible at 400 °C, but only above 500 °C considerable amounts of tourmaline formed. Electron
microprobe analysis and X-ray powder data indicate that the synthetic tourmalines are essentially solid solutions between
oxy-uvite, CaMg3- Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O, and oxy-Mg-foitite, □(MgAl2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O. The amount of Ca ranges from 0.36 to 0.88 Ca pfu and increases with synthesis temperature as well as with bulk Ca-concentration
in the starting mixture. No hydroxy-uvite, CaMg3(MgAl5)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH), could be synthesized. All tourmalines have < 3 Mg and > 6 Al pfu. The Al/(Al + Mg)-ratio decreases from 0.80 to 0.70
with increasing Ca content. Al is coupled with Mg and Ca via the substitutions Al2□Mg−2Ca−1 and AlMg−1H−1. No single phase tourmaline could be synthesized. Anorthite ( + quartz in most runs) has been found coexisting with tourmaline.
Other phases are chlorite, tremolite, enstatite or cordierite.
Between solid and fluid, Ca is strongly fractionated into tourmaline ( + anorthite). The concentration ratio D = Ca(fluid)/Ca(tur) increases from 0.20 at 500 °C up to 0.31 at 700 °C. For the assemblage turmaline + anorthite + quartz + chlorite or tremolite
or cordierite, the relationship between Ca content in tourmaline and in fluid with temperature can be described by the equation
(whereby T = temperature in °C, Ca(tur) = amount of Ca on the X-site in tourmaline, Ca( fluid) = concentration of Ca2+ in the fluid in mol/l). The investigations may serve as a first guideline to evaluate the possibility to use tourmaline as
an indicator for the fluid composition.
Received July 24, 1998;/revised version accepted October 21, 1999 相似文献
Zusammenfassung. ?Synthese von Ca-Turmelin im System CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -B 2 O 3 -H 2 O-HCl Im System CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3-H2O-HCl wurde Ca-Turmalin hydrothermal aus Ca(OH)2 and CaCl2-haltigen L?sungen bei T = 300–700 °C und einem konstanten Fluiddruck von 200 MPa synthetisiert. Die Synthese von Turmalin war m?glich ab 400 °C, aber nur oberhalb von 500 °C bildeten sich deutliche Mengen an Turmalin. Elektronenstrahl-Mikrosondenanalysen und R?ntgenpulveraufnahmen zeigen, da? Mischkristalle der Reihe Oxy-Uvit, CaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O, und Oxy-Mg-Foitit, □(MgAl2)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O gebildet wurden. Der Anteil an Ca variiert zwischen 0.36 und 0.88 Ca pfu und nimmt mit zunehmender Synthesetemperatur und zunehmender Ca-Konzentration im System zu. Hydroxy-Uvit, CaMg3(MgAl5) (Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH), konnte nicht synthetisiert werden. Alle Turmaline haben < 3 Mg und > 6 Al pfu. Dabei nimmt das Al/(Al + Mg)- Verh?ltnis mit zunehmendem Ca-Gehalt von 0.80 auf 0.70 ab. Al ist gekoppelt mit Mg und Ca über die Substitutionen Al2□Mg−2Ca−1 und AlMg−1H−1. Einphasiger Turmalin konnte nicht synthetisiert werden. Anorthit (+ Quarz in den meisten F?llen) koexistiert mit Turmalin. Andere Phasen sind Chlorit, Tremolit, Enstatit oder Cordierit. Ca zeigt eine deutliche Fraktionierung in den Festk?rpern Turmalin (+ Anorthit). Das Konzentrationsverh?ltnis D = Ca(fluid)/Ca(tur) nimmt von 0.20 bei 500 °C auf 0.31 bei 700 °C zu. Für die Paragenese Turmalin + Anorthit + Quarz mit Chlorit oder Tremolit oder Cordierit gilt folgende Beziehung zwischen Ca-Gehalt in Turmalin und Fluid und der Temperatur: (wobei T = Temperatur in °C, Ca(tur) = Anteil an Ca auf der X-Position in Turmalin, Ca(fluid) = Konzentration von Ca2+ im Fluid in mol/l). Die Untersuchungen dienen zur ersten Absch?tzung, ob Turmalin als Fluidindikator petrologisch nutzbar ist.
Received July 24, 1998;/revised version accepted October 21, 1999 相似文献
20.
The equilibrium temperatures of the reaction muscovite+chlorite+quartz= cordierite+phlogopite+H2O (1) in the pure system K2O—MgO—Al2O2—SiO2—H2Owere found to be 495±10°C at 1 kb PH2O; 525±10°Cat 2 kb; 610±15°C at 5 kb; 635±10°C at6 kb. From intersection of this curve with the lower temperaturestability limit of cordierite close to 645°C, 6.5 kb PH2O,a reaction cordieritc+muscovite = phlogopite+aluminum silicate+quartz+H2O(2) is generated which has a negative slope and passes throughthe points 645°C, 6.5 kb PH2O and 700°C, 5 kb PH2O.On the high-pressure side of this reaction curve cordieriteis restricted to K2O—poor bulk compositions. Application of the experimentally determined phase relationsto more complex natural pelitic rocks suggests that reaction(1) represents maximum temperatures for the disappearance ofchlorite from pelitic assemblages containing muscovite and quartz,whereas reaction (2) gives maximum water pressures for the disappearanceof cordierite from these rocks. 相似文献