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1.
Michael P. Weinstein 《Estuaries and Coasts》2007,30(2):365-370
More than ever, there is a need to integrate restoration ecology, as practiced by the scientific community, and ecological
restoration, a province that is largely, but not entirely the purview of practitioners. Success in some coastal restoration
projects is increasingly measured in the context of practioner skills and cultural goals rather than by the manifestation
of underlying ecological principles and mechanisms in the restoration process. Especially in human-dominated landscapes, restoration
practices should attempt to balance human needs with those of extant biota in a consensus based combination of restoration
ecology and ecological restoration criteria. The goal is to devise plans at the appropriate scale that allow humans and other
biota to share space and resources in an increasingly complex landscape. No matter where restoration takes place, both ecological
fidelity (in ecocentric terms) and human dimensions (in anthropocentric terms) must comprise the restoration design, but ultimately
in proportion to human density in the landscape. Without this integration, compromise, and balance, restoration will not likely
prosper in the mainstream of society. 相似文献
2.
William Eugene O’Brien 《GeoJournal》2007,69(3):135-149
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has undergone an apparent shift from an agency frequently accused of degrading environments to one that now embraces ecological restoration as a primary mission. Through a review of promotional films from the 1950s to the present, this paper assesses the changing ways in which the Corps and their partner resource management agencies represent their activities in the South Florida ecosystem, including the Everglades and Kissimmee River. I assess this paradigm shift in resource management from a feminist perspective illuminating continuities in depictions of science and technology-based ecological interventions. Based on this analysis I suggest that appeals to certainty of knowledge and technological control persist across time despite a shift in managerial ecology toward acknowledging imperfect knowledge and the unintended consequences of technological intervention. 相似文献
3.
Joy B. Zedler 《Estuaries and Coasts》2017,40(1):1-21
Adaptive learning about nature, based on observations and continual rethinking, dates back to Native Americans in what we call Traditional Ecological Knowledge. Fast forward to 1950+, when Eugene, Howard, and William Odum promoted sound science and its use in managing ecosystems—called adaptive management (AM). What began as an instinctive way of thinking and deciding how to obtain resources using accumulated information became a structured, science-based process that improves over time, given continual critiques of projects, clarification of definitions, and analyses of outcomes. The basic need is still to sustain ecosystem services despite uncertainties, such as climate change. I report recent innovations in the AM of estuaries and coasts that can add knowledge and improve future efforts. Innovations include new guidelines and approaches to confront uncertainty, engage stakeholders, improve governance, prioritize actions, centralize the role of science, and manage holistically. AM has been effective along the coast of Denmark and in several estuaries, and it is evolving elsewhere. In The Netherlands, Spain, California, and Oregon, large field experiments are generating “learning while restoring” (adaptive restoration, AR). AM and AR can help managers of coastal ecosystems and watersheds mitigate the impacts of rising sea levels, sea storms, and human disturbances. Science-based decision-making will become more nimble and protection/restoration more effective as innovations and model approaches are tailored to individual estuaries and coasts. 相似文献
4.
Kenneth B. Raposa Scott Lerberg Craig Cornu John Fear Nina Garfield Christopher Peter Robin L.J. Weber Gregg Moore David Burdick Michelle Dionne 《Estuaries and Coasts》2018,41(1):36-51
Evaluations of tidal wetland restoration efforts suffer from a lack of appropriate reference sites and standardized methods among projects. To help address these issues, the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) and the NOAA Restoration Center engaged in a partnership to monitor ecological responses and evaluate 17 tidal wetland restoration projects associated with five reserves. The goals of this study were to (1) determine the level of restoration achieved at each project using the restoration performance index (RPI), which compares change in parameters over time between reference and restoration sites, (2) compare hydrologic and excavation restoration projects using the RPI, (3) identify key indicator parameters for assessing restoration effectiveness, and (4) evaluate the value of the NERRS as reference sites for local restoration projects. We found that the RPI, modified for this study, was an effective tool for evaluating relative differences in restoration performance; most projects achieved an intermediate level of restoration from 2008 to 2010, and two sites became very similar to their paired reference sites, indicating that the restoration efforts were highly effective. There were no differences in RPI scores between hydrologic and excavation restoration project types. Two abiotic parameters (marsh platform elevation and groundwater level) were significantly correlated with vegetation community structure and thus can potentially influence restoration performance. Our results highlight the value of the NERRS as reference sites for assessing tidal wetland restoration projects and provide improved guidance for scientists and restoration practitioners by highlighting the RPI as a trajectory analysis tool and identifying key monitoring parameters. 相似文献
5.
Many reports have noted that a significant portion of coastal science that is funded to help society address resource management issues does not actually link to decisions. A few studies and reports have offered valuable but general advice on what the funders of this science can do to better link science with decisions; there are fewer still published empirical case studies assessing the impacts of innovative funder methods for getting more science used by intended audiences. Here, we report on three case studies involving new tools and science to help land use planners better protect coastal resources. Our qualitative analysis indicates that funder efforts to bring scientists and users into greater alignment did improve the extent to which science linked to decisions. However, these cases show that funders can and should do more if the paramount motivation behind the science is to address societal problems rather than generate new knowledge. Based on these findings, we assert that funders need to focus significantly more attention and resources on the user engagement aspect of science projects, making strong user engagement methods as important as strong biophysical science or social science methods. 相似文献
6.
Aaron T. David Pascale A. L. Goertler Stuart H. Munsch Brittany R. Jones Charles A. Simenstad Jason D. Toft Jeffery R. Cordell Emily R. Howe Ayesha Gray Michael P. Hannam William Matsubu Erin E. Morgan 《Estuaries and Coasts》2016,39(5):1491-1504
Compared to benthic and water-column invertebrate assemblages, considerably less is known about terrestrial arthropods inhabiting estuarine wetlands despite their importance to tidal wetland biodiversity and productivity. We also need to know more about how human modification of estuaries, including efforts to restore estuarine wetlands, affects these assemblages. To address this knowledge gap, we assembled data from multiple studies on terrestrial arthropod assemblages from 87 intertidal wetland sites in 13 estuaries along the west coast of North America. Arthropods were sampled between 1998 and 2013 with fallout traps deployed in wetlands for 1 to 3 days at a time. We describe patterns in the abundance and taxonomic composition of terrestrial arthropods and evaluate the relative ability of natural and anthropogenic factors to explain variation in abundance and composition. Arthropod abundance was highly variable. Vegetation assemblage, precipitation, and temperature best explained variation in arthropod abundance, while river discharge, latitude, and developed and agricultural land cover surrounding sampling sites were less important. Arthropod abundance rapidly achieved levels of reference wetlands after the restoration of tidal influence to leveed wetlands, regardless of surrounding land cover. However, arthropod assemblage composition was affected by the amount of developed land cover as well as restoration age. These results suggest that restoration of tidal influence to leveed wetlands can rapidly restore some components of estuarine wetland ecosystems but that recovery of other components will take longer and may depend on the extent of anthropogenic modification in the surrounding landscape. 相似文献
7.
中国西部环境与生态科学数据中心：面向西部环境与生态科学的数据集成与共享 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
国家自然科学基金委员会“中国西部环境与生态科学研究计划”自2001年启动以来,有力地推动了西部区域环境演化、陆地生态过程和人类活动对环境的影响等方面的研究,积累了丰富的基础数据。国家自然科学基金委员会“中国西部环境与生态科学数据中心”承担“西部计划”项目数据产出的收集、管理、集成,并面向西部环境与生态科学的各个领域提供科学数据服务。“西部数据中心”的总体框架是以“西部计划”和地球系统科学发展的科学需求为导向,建成以数据共享、知识积累、合作交流和数据科学为主要内容的集成平台,为“西部计划”多学科的交叉研究和成果的综合集成及地球科学发展的长远目标服务。以共建共享的指导思想集成针对西部环境与生态现状与变化的基础背景数据、环境与生态观测数据、模型数据集、数据工具及数据文档;并以完全与开放的数据共享原则为用户提供推送式数据服务。目前,“西部数据中心”已完成了数据共享平台、知识积累平台与合作交流平台的开发和集成,初步形成了科学数据平台,整理并发布了大量的西部环境生态科学所需的关键数据集。 相似文献
8.
以地域分异特征、主导生态功能、典型生态问题为基础依据,探讨江西省国土空间生态修复分区,为江西省编制和实施生态修复规划、实现国土空间管控提供科技支撑。在研究方法上,以“生命共同体理论”“三生协调理论”“适宜性管理”等理论为指导,基于主体功能区划和生态功能区划,综合“三生”空间实际生态问题及综合整治需求,采用多因素综合空间分析法,“自上而下”和“自下而上”相结合,实现国土空间生态修复三级分区。研究结果表明,可将江西省国土空间生态修复区域划为赣北平原湖泊生态修复区、赣中丘陵盆地生态修复区、赣西山地丘陵生态修复区、赣南山地丘陵生态修复区、赣东丘陵山地生态修复区5个大区及24个亚区和42个修复小区。通过江西省国土空间生态修复三级分区,摸清国土空间地域特征,明确生态主导功能,确定生态修复重点区域,承上启下,为实施生态修复工程和国土空间管治提供决策依据,为实现国土空间整体保护、系统修复、综合治理提供科技途径。 相似文献
9.
《Geoforum》2013
This article explores the relationship between science and the extension of colonial power through an examination of the rise of the Northern Rhodesian (later, Zambian) Copperbelt in the 1930s. The rise of the Copperbelt rested in part on scientific prospecting operations perhaps unparalleled in size and scope in the world at the time. These operations brought new ‘scientific’ prospecting techniques to the area which enabled the Northern Rhodesian subsurface to be ‘seen’ in new ways. The seemingly universal and fixed knowledge scientists produced served both political and commercial aims, animating the ‘civilising’ project of imperial power and transforming a newly acquired territory into a profitable annex to empire. Two prospecting operations are explored in detail: (1) the first large concession floated as the Rhodesian Congo Border Concession and (2) the first attempt to use geological science to generate a complete geological map of mineral resources on the Copperbelt in the Nkana Concession. Examining the efforts of these two prospecting operations reveals the methodological, theoretical and epistemological challenges of producing a viable mineral investment and practicing science in the periphery. Finally, the disconnects between the logics and goals of science and those of colonial extraction in Africa are explored. Here it is argued that it was the very malleability of the knowledge produced by European scientists, rather than its abstract fixity or placeless universality, that enabled it to become part of wider political and economic flows. 相似文献
10.
Due to the increasingly serious ecological degradation of river systems, research on how to restore damaged river ecosystems has become a high priority. Characterization of river functional regionalization is a prerequisite for adaptive ecological protection and management, which could provide a scientific basis for the river restoration and sustainable use of water resources. In this paper, the Songhua River in Harbin city is selected as a study site. The river functional assessment value is determined both in quality and quantity by the multiple-indices evaluation method. Then, the study area is divided into four parts in the longitudinal direction, consisting of an ecological protection area, a development and utilization area, a transition area, and an ecological restoration area. Furthermore, river regionalization can be established and analyzed in the horizontal, vertical and temporal perspectives to provide a reference for ecological restoration of the Songhua River. This paper proposes measures and contents for the regulation of river functional zoning. 相似文献
11.
根据国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部1990—2004年基金项目年度统计资料，归纳总结了1990年以来15年期间地球科学领域面上基金项目的申请和资助数量与金额、项目平均申请与资助金额的变化规律；分析了自由申请项目以及青年基金项目和地区基金项目的资助规律；比较了地球科学领域分支学科申请和资助情况。分析表明：地球科学面上项目的资助数量不断上升，资助率多年平均为21.92%；资助强度年均增长14.15%,至2004年,项目平均资助强度已达30.03万元；各类面上项目中，以自由申请项目获资助数量最多，占资助总量的76%，其次为青年基金项目，地区基金项目所占比例最低，不足资助总量的4%；地球科学各学科面上项目申请和资助数量及金额均呈上升趋势，但具体资助情况互有差异，其中地理学和地质学申请和资助数量及金额占到所有面上项目总数的50%以上，但资助率却低于其他学科；各学科的项目平均资助强度每年增加幅度大约为1.80万元，在2000年之前，各学科的项目平均资助强度相差较少，但自2000年开始，地质学、地球物理学和地球化学成为高资助强度的3个学科。 相似文献
12.
1997年将有一部跨国巨著——《生命支持系统百科全书(EOLSS)》与读者见面。该书将是世界上规模最大,也是最为重要的科学技术出版物之一。由美、欧、俄、中等国和地区350多位专家组成编委会,千余名专家执笔编写,全书将分50～60卷刊出,并以CD-ROM电子版本形成出版。 相似文献
13.
A major challenge to integrating local knowledge into collaborative environmental governance processes stems from the underlying differences between positivist science and local knowledge; these differences often result in strong differences of opinion regarding which forms of knowledge are valid in environmental decision-making. Previous research on these issues has mainly focused on the attitudes of scientists towards local knowledge. Studies of the views of local and non-scientific actors regarding their own knowledge are much less common. Through a qualitative case study of water allocation planning in South Australia, we analyzed participants’ conceptualizations of local knowledge and the role of local knowledge in collaborative governance. We found that participants defined local knowledge broadly across a number of dimensions and that many acknowledged variability in the nature and quality of different types of local knowledge. While most recognized the value of local knowledge in supporting technical investigations and developing policies, very few participants identified a role for local knowledge in the early stages of the collaborative process (i.e., in framing problems or establishing research protocols). Previous research has highlighted “epistemological anxiety” among scientists and resource managers toward local knowledge as a significant barrier to its effective use in environmental decision-making. This study suggests that state and local actors, and scientists and non-scientists, share similar reservations about local knowledge and highlights the need for researchers and practitioners to take into account the attitudes of all types of participants when considering how to overcome the epistemological challenges related to integrating local knowledge into collaborative management. 相似文献
14.
云南省昆明市东川拥有悠久的矿业开发历史。建国后随着东川矿务局成立,拉开了东川铜矿大规模开发的序幕。东川的现代矿业在为新中国建设做出贡献的同时,加剧了矿山地质环境的恶化,地质灾害频发,泥石流、崩塌、滑坡和地面塌陷等威胁矿区周边人民的生命财产安全,矿山采冶严重影响矿区周边人居环境和生产环境。通过系统分析东川地区矿山地质环境问题,阐明了东川矿山环境的深层次原因是东川的矿山和铜矿长期开采历史,问题根源是长期以来形成的单一矿业经济发展模式,提出了矿山地质环境问题防治思路和措施,东川需要通过实施矿山地质环境治理项目等废弃地生态恢复的一系列措施,使区内经济结构和产业结构趋于合理,生态环境保护监管能力得到加强,自然资源破坏和生态环境退化趋势得到遏制。 相似文献
15.
目前岩质边坡生态恢复问题在我国公路建设中研究较多，各种绿化方法不断涌现。这为岩质边坡生态恢复提供了强有力的技术支持，并使岩质边坡环境状况大大改善。然而边坡生态防护应基于稳定性之上。如今多是边坡稳定性治理后，再采取生态绿化，而未将稳定性治理与生态绿化作为整体综合性设计。论文提出对边坡稳定性治理与生态恢复整体考虑、综合设计的观点，可为非稳定岩质边坡生态恢复提供参考。 相似文献
16.
国土整治生态修复中的农业景观生物多样性保护策略 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着生态文明建设成为国家发展战略,国土整治修复需要更多生态科学和技术的支撑。农业景观生物多样性是重要的自然资源,为人类可持续发展提供了重要的生态系统服务,并提供了应对气候变化等风险的途径。本文分析了我国农业景观生物多样性保护及其对国土整治生态修复的重要性,国土整治生态修复中农业景观生物多样性保护面临的挑战,并总结了欧盟在农业景观生物多样性保护方面的经验和方法。最后,文章提出了将农业景观生物多样性保护整合到国土整治生态修复的四项策略,包括生态空间的“生态修复和管护-生态补偿-民生改善”策略、农业空间的“生态基础设施-生态系统服务提升-绿色发展”策略、城乡生活空间的“多功能景观-绿色宜居空间营造”策略、国土全域“生物多样性保护网络”策略,为生态文明背景下的国土整治生态修复提供参考。 相似文献
17.
随着新一轮的科技革命蓬勃兴起,大气科学学科正步入地球系统科学的新时代,学科交叉必然产生新的增长点.大气科学的发展经历了观测-理论-模型的三个阶段,很好地践行了“数据-模式驱使科学”的研究范式.然而,地质学具有更深远的时空复杂性,需要更长时间的数据积累.目前,地质学正面临着研究范式由观测向理论和模型的转变.大气科学与地质学的交叉将为这一转变提供经验和启示.同时,大气科学与地质学的交叉,需要研究气候系统上边界(大气顶的太阳辐射)和下边界(固体地球形态)变化导致的大气和海洋环流的响应.研究这些问题,将成为发展同时统辖“分钟、小时”直至“地史”的时间尺度的大气科学理论的关键,也是未来地球系统模式发展的重要方向之一.中国地质大学(武汉)的大气科学专业,作为推动大气科学与地质学交叉的排头兵,任重而道远. 相似文献
18.
中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全 总被引：39，自引：0，他引：39
生态系统服务是国际生态学研究的前沿和热点,表现出向生态系统服务机理和区域集成方法两大方向发展的趋势.开展陆地生态系统服务研究,是生态系统恢复、生态功能区划和建立生态补偿机制、保障国家生态安全的重大战略需求.面向国家重大需求和生态系统服务研究的国际前沿,以主要陆地生态系统为对象,"中国主要陆地生态系统服务功能与生态安全"项目拟解决3个科学问题:①生态系统结构-过程-服务功能的相互作用机理;②生态系统服务功能的尺度特征与多尺度关联;③生态系统服务功能评估的指标与模型.通过上述研究,发展生态系统服务研究的理论与方法,为国家的生态建设和环境保护提供科学支撑. 相似文献
19.
1986—2006年国家自然科学基金大气科学领域面上项目基金资助及成果统计分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用国家自然科学基金委员会项目档案电子查询系统提供的历年项目申请书和结题报告定量化数据,对1986—2006年大气科学领域面上项目基金资助情况和成果进行了统计分析，并据此揭示了20年来面上项目基金资助强度的发展变化，分析了基金投入和成果产出之间的关系，以及科学基金项目在稳定我国大气科学人才队伍中的作用；也是大气科学领域自然科学基金面上项目20年资助状况的回顾和总结。 相似文献
20.
江苏省长江沿岸废弃矿山修复治理是长江经济带生态修复的关键节点区域,如何快速、直观地获得区域内废弃矿山的分布和修复工程进展,成为长江经济带废弃矿山生态修复工程的重要工作之一。以江苏长江干流两岸10?km范围为研究区,以2017—2020?年4?期高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,采用ArcGIS平台人机交互解译和野外验证的方式,获取了研究区内露天废弃矿山分布情况、地质环境问题和生态修复情况等信息。结果表明:镇江市和南京市需修复面积较大,区内露天废弃矿山主要表现为矿山的采场和中转场地两类占地,涉及矿种以建筑石料用灰岩和建筑用砂矿为主;存在的主要矿山环境问题有地形地貌破坏、矿山地质灾害、矿区生态环境破坏和水土污染等;2018—2020 年研究区已修复面积和正在修复面积均呈上升趋势,截至2020 年10 月,研究区废弃矿山修复效果良好,修复面积占67.08%;主要生态修复措施有自然恢复、客土回填、土地平整、削坡、土地综合治理等。建议在进行修复治理工程时,最大限度地保护矿区原有地貌,充分利用土地资源。调查结果和建议可为同类型地区露天废弃矿山生态修复治理提供技术参考。 相似文献