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1.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(1):123-133
The use of the organoarsenical roxarsone, added to poultry feed to increase weight gain, results in elevated As concentrations (10–50 mg/kg) in poultry litter. This litter is used extensively as fertilizer in agricultural regions. The authors investigated the sources and sinks of As within the vadose zone of an agricultural watershed in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, USA, an area of intense poultry production. Batch experiments were constructed to examine adsorption and biotransformation characteristics of roxarsone within the Ap and Bt soil horizons of Frederick series soils, common in the Shenandoah Valley. Roxarsone exhibits weak adsorption to the Ap soils; however, it is rapidly biotransformed to As(V) in this soil horizon. Although the Bt horizon demonstrated strong adsorption of roxarsone and thus may act as a sink for As species, soil water data collected from lysimeters at an agricultural field site suggest that As, as As(V), is mobile in the Bt soil water. It is unclear if this mobilization is due to competitive reactions with phosphate or organic acids, also present in litter. These results have implications for As cycling within poultry-dominated watersheds. For watersheds that have experienced years of litter application, As and other litter-associated species will be attenuated in soils through adsorption to mineral surfaces, but a variety of geochemical processes, such as competitive adsorption, may allow for enhanced transport of As through the vadose zone and into aquifer systems. 相似文献
2.
The bulk of fly ash (an inorganic waste of coal-fired power generation) produced is deposited in disposal areas where it needs
to be revegetated. The effects of addition of three conventional organic amendments (biosolids, poultry manure, green waste
compost), or poultry manure-derived biochar, to coal fly ash (at two rates) on some key chemical, physical and microbial properties
and on growth of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) was studied in a laboratory incubation/greenhouse study. Addition of all amendments, including biochar, increased concentrations
of extractable Mg, K, Na and P and CEC(pH 7.0). Additions of poultry manure, and particularly biosolids, also greatly increased levels of extractable NH4
+ and NO3
−-N. Addition of biosolids, green waste compost and biochar resulted in a decrease in macroporosity, a concomitant increase
in mesoporosity and, at the high rate of addition, an increase in available water-holding capacity. Basal respiration was
very low in fly ash and was increased by addition of all amendments; metabolic quotient was markedly greater in control than
amended treatments. Biosolids, poultry manure and green waste compost additions all increased microbial biomass C. Growth
of Rhodes grass was extremely low under unfertilized conditions in control, biochar and, to a lesser extent, green waste compost
treatments but addition of poultry manure and the lower rate of biosolids resulted in large increases in yields. Although
biochar additions increased extractable Ca, K, P, Cu, Zn and Mn, CEC, mesoporosity and water-holding capacity, they had a
little or no stimulatory effect on the size of the soil microbial community, N fertility or plant growth. This was attributable
to the lack of metabolisable C and an insignificant N-supplying capacity. 相似文献
3.
Abu El-Eyuoon Abu Zied Amin 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(23):759
Most arid and semi-arid soils, especially calcareous sandy soils, are widely distributed in the Middle East region; the deficiency in their content of many nutrients particularly phosphorus and organic matter limits crops production. This study aimed to assess the effects of adding biochar (B) with farmyard manure (FYM) and poultry manure (PM) on some soil properties, phosphorus (P) availability, and barley growth in calcareous sandy soil. The pot experiment includes the following treatments: Control, B, B?+?FYM (1:1), B?+?PM (1:1), B?+?FYM (2:1), B?+?PM (2:1), FYM?+?B (2:1), and PM?+?B (2:1). Biochar combined with FYM and PM enhanced the water holding capacity (WHC) and soil organic matter (SOM) content in calcareous sandy soil. Phosphorus availability was increased significantly by applying biochar mixed with farmyard manure and poultry manure at all treatments. Green biomass of barley improved because of adding biochar alone, poultry manure alone, and biochar co-applied with poultry manure at all mixing ratios. Biochar application caused significant increases in phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) by barley plants compared to all other treatments, except for the control. We recommend adding biochar either individually or mixed with poultry manure to improve the productivity of calcareous sandy soil. 相似文献
4.
压实度是影响铁盐稳定化砷(As)、锑(Sb)污染土环境岩土工程特性的主要因素之一。通过测定不同压实度铁盐稳定剂(PFSC)稳定化As、Sb污染土无侧限抗压强度(UCS)、As和Sb浸出浓度、渗透系数kw,研究了压实度对PFSC稳定化As、Sb污染土环境岩土工程特性的影响规律。通过工业CT扫描、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)明确了稳定化土微观孔隙特征、元素价态随压实度的变化规律。As的浸出浓度随着压实度的提高先降低后略微上升,压实度为93%时,As的浸出浓度最低;Sb的浸出浓度随着压实度的提高而降低,压实度大于85%后趋于平稳。压实度由75%提高至96%,稳定化土UCS由4.26 kPa增大至43.78 kPa。压实度由80%提高至96%,稳定化土kw由1.33×10–7 m/s降低至2.81×10–9 m/s。工业CT扫描结果表明,随着压实度的提高,土体逐渐紧实,土体孔隙度由7.54%降低至5.30%。As、Sb和Fe的XPS分析结果表明,压实度增高促使As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)和Fe(Ⅲ)分别向As(Ⅲ)、Sb(Ⅲ)和Fe(Ⅱ... 相似文献
5.
查明地下水中砷的时间变异性规律及机理是高砷地下水研究的难点和热点, 也是防控地下水砷污染的根本.选择在雨季前后对浅层潜水和孔隙承压水进行了动态监测.研究表明地下水砷含量和形态与地下水位波动存在明显的响应关系: 雨季开始后随着地下水位抬升, 地下水还原环境增强, As(Ⅴ)和Asp转化成As(Ⅲ), 颗粒态铁大幅降低, 导致水中溶解的砷和铁大幅增加, 地下水砷含量在雨季达到最高且As(Ⅲ)所占比例达到90%;雨季结束后随着水位逐渐降低, 地下水中As(Ⅲ)所占比例和溶解的砷含量下降.农业活动对浅层潜水砷形态季节性变化有明显的影响.孔隙承压水的砷形态分布变化较浅层潜水幅度大, 其变化与水位波动存在滞后效应.自然或人为活动引起的地下水位季节性变化改变了含水层的氧化还原环境, 补给水源与地下水之间的混合过程带来新的物质输入促进地下水系统中砷的迁移转化. 相似文献
6.
超声提取-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定水系沉积物中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在50℃条件下,使用4.8 mol/L HCl超声提取水系沉积物中的As,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定As(Ⅲ)和总As的含量,用差减法计算As(Ⅴ)的含量。实验了柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠、草酸、草酸钠、酒石酸和酒石酸钠对As(Ⅴ)的掩蔽效果,通过控制合适的介质酸度选择性地测定As(Ⅲ)。结果表明,柠檬酸钠掩蔽As(Ⅴ)的效果最佳,且As(Ⅲ)有较高的灵敏度;超声提取30 min,柠檬酸钠浓度为6 g/L,测定酸度为0.24 mol/L时可获得最佳测定效果,降低了测定时As(Ⅴ)对As(Ⅲ)产生的信号干扰。方法检出限为0.41μg/L,相对标准偏差为1.33%(n=11),标准曲线线性范围为1.5～250μg/L。As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的加标回收率分别为82.7%～95.3%和96.1%～107.6%。方法操作简便快速,准确度高,分析成本低,应用于水系沉积物中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的价态分析测定,获得了满意的结果,可满足大批量地质样品的分析要求。 相似文献
7.
纳米铁去除饮用水中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ) 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在好氧水体中,As(Ⅲ)比As(Ⅴ)更易迁移,而且在水处理过程中去除效率更低。在实验室合成制得BET比表面积为49.16 m2/g,直径范围为20~40 nm的纳米铁。通过批试验考察纳米铁对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)去除能力及其反应动力学情况。结果表明,在pH为7,温度20℃时纳米铁能够快速地去除As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ),在60 m in内,0.25 g纳米铁对起始浓度为968.6μg/L As(Ⅲ)和828.9μg/L As(Ⅴ)的去除率大于99.5%。反应遵循准一级反应动力学方程,标准化后的As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)比表面积速率常数kSA分别为1.30 mL/(m2.m in)和1.64 mL/(m2.m in)。由实验结果可知,具有高反应活性的纳米铁是用于含砷饮用水处理非常有效的吸附材料。 相似文献
8.
土壤重金属污染物的环境效应与其无机价态有密切的关系。As、Cr、Sb和Se元素的价态测定意义重大,但由于价态之间易发生转化使测定工作存在较大难度,标准化程度较低。地质行业标准DD2005-3推荐使用离子交换树脂分离,原子荧光光谱差减法测定As、Sb、Se价态及石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)测定Cr价态。这些方法前处理操作繁琐,测定次数多,工作量大,其他元素形态的存在还会导致结果出现误差。为满足地质调查和评价的需要,本文建立了一套适用于测定土壤水溶态和离子交换态提取液中As、Cr、Sb、Se价态的方法。样品在50℃水浴振荡加热浸提30min,采用液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法(LC-AFS)分离并测定As、Sb、Se价态,一次进样元素的两种无机价态按顺序出峰,同时测定,简便易行,结果更可靠。为了避免了某些离子交换提取剂的屏蔽和干扰,作为补充建立了AFS选择性测定Sb、Se价态的方法,设备成本较低。对于Cr价态的测定,建立了阳离子交换树脂分离-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的方法,比推荐的GFAAS测定法灵敏度高。As、Cr、Sb和Se的检出限≤0.02μg/g,RSD为3.8%~10.7%,加标回收率为91.0%~106.0%。应用色谱方法对采集的土壤样品进行检测,各项指标满足规范DD2005-3质量要求,与非色谱法相比,实现多组分同时测定。同时初步研究表明,土壤中元素价态含量不高,与土壤总量不存在相关性,采用价态含量作为环境风险评估指标更为合适。 相似文献
9.
Diffuse pollution from livestock production in China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
王晓燕 《中国地球化学学报》2005,24(2):189-193
With economic development and living standard improvement, livestock and poultry production has grown up rapidly, also has become the leading source of pollution in vast rural areas in China.The estimated annual loss amount of COD, BOD, NH3-N from manure in 2001 is 7.28 million ton, 4.99 million ton and 1.32 million ton, respectively. The COD loss amount from manure is close to the sum of COD from industrial and domestic wastewater. Because animal waste and wastewater can enter water bodies from spills or breaks of waste storage structures ( due to accidents or excessive rain) , and non-agricultural application of manure to cropland, this contamination has resulted in quality degradation of surface and underground drinking water supplies. Areas with concentrated livestock operations are showing elevated nutrients and organic pollutant contents in surface waters. This widespread contamination of water has prompted governments at various levels to adopt regulations and measures to control the spreading of livestock pollution. 相似文献
10.
选取磷酸作为提取剂,比较了超声和水浴两种方法辅助提取土壤中不同形态的砷,离子色谱一氢化物发生原子荧光光谱联用法(IC-HGAFS)测定砷的4种形态,即As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)、MMA (甲基胂酸)和DMA(二甲基胂酸)。从测定结果可以看出,水浴的提取效果明显高于超声的提取效果。土壤中砷以无机态为主,而无机态砷又以As(Ⅴ)为主,没有检测到有机砷。测定土壤中各种形态砷的加标回收率为72.0%～105.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为2.61%～8.19%。 相似文献
11.
Xiaorong Zhao Yanfei Cai Chong Peng Suqing Zhao Yongtao Li 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(9):3865-3878
The effect of glucose, chicken manure, and filter mud on the ammonium and nitrate concentrations, ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community and bacterial community in latosolic red soils during the incubation of microcosms was investigated. The soil nitrate concentration was significantly lower in the glucose-treated soil than in the filter mud or chicken manure-treated soil from days 2 and 5 to 21 of incubation. The ammonia-oxidizing bacteria community composition, measured by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, was different among the treatments 9 days after incubation, suggesting that the control soil without external fertilization had a low 283-bp (Nitrosospira) fragment relative abundance (27 %) compared with the glucose-treated (62 %), filter mud (73 %) and chicken manure (78 %) samples. Additionally, 491-bp fragments (Nitrosomonas) were detected in all the soil treatments except for the control soil, and 48-bp fragments (from different Nitrosomonas) were detected in the chicken manure-treated soil. The bacterial community structure was markedly changed in the glucose-treated soil on day 9 and in the filter mud-treated soil on day 31, indicating that the effect of filter mud on the bacterial community is delayed compared to the effect of glucose. The chicken manure-treated soil showed less change, similar to that of the control soil. Glucose fertilization greatly increased the soil bacterial abundance and functional diversity; however, the chicken manure and filter mud did not stimulate soil bacterial activity on day 9. These results indicated that nitrification may have been somewhat suppressed in the glucose-treated soils, which was possibly related to the improving ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community, bacterial community and activity via the available carbon application. The filter manure and chicken manure treatments demonstrated fewer effects. These results suggest that organic carbon quality, e.g., increasing the available carbon, regulates the nitrification process and is beneficial to reducing soil nitrogen losses. 相似文献
12.
为了揭示季节性低温胁迫下陇东黄土高原油污土壤环境因子对耐冷混合菌场地生态修复的响应机制,利用自主筛选构建的耐冷石油降解混合菌在甘肃省庆阳市庆城县马岭镇长庆油田陇东油泥处理站开展了为期7个月的场地修复实验,采用常规方法测定了不同季节土壤理化特性、酶活性和微生物群落特性等环境指标。结果表明：（1）在季节性低温胁迫下（9-11月）M2组（耐冷混合菌处理组）月平均降解率明显增加（P<0.01）,JZJ+M1组（金盏菊联合常温混合菌处理组）和M2组累计TPH降解率分别为15.37%±3.51%和28.64%±4.12%。（2）M2组土壤脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶在低温季节（LT）活性最高,且温度和处理存在显著交互作用（P<0.01）。在土壤营养元素方面,无论何种处理方式（JZJ+M1和M2）二者含量均为RT（常温季节）高于LT（P<0.05）,同时明显高于CK组（P<0.05）。（3）M2组土壤微生物群落Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数在LT高于RT（P<0.05）。（4）NMDS和Pearson相关性分析结果显示,M2组在低温季节具有较高TPH降解率主要与土壤多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶、单月TPH降解率（μ2）和Shannon-Wiener指数有关,且均呈极显著正相关关系。通过分析环境因子的季节响应,优化场地修复在低温环境的降解条件、加速低温期石油烃降解速率,以期为陇东地区低温耐冷混合菌场地生态修复技术的推广应用提供参考和基础数据资料。 相似文献
13.
Veterinary antibiotics contamination in water, sediment, and soil near a swine manure composting facility 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Yasser M. Awad Sung-Chul Kim Samy A. M. Abd El-Azeem Kye-Hoon Kim Kwon-Rae Kim Kangjoo Kim Choong Jeon Sang Soo Lee Yong Sik Ok 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(3):1433-1440
Antibiotics have been commonly used to prevent animal diseases and promote livestock productivity. However, its release into the surrounding environments leads to ecological disturbance and risks to human health. This study was conducted to monitor the occurrence and seasonal variations of antibiotics in water, sediment, and soil close to a swine manure composting facility, Korea. Various types of antibiotics such as tetracyclines (TCs) including tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline, and sulfonamides (SAs) including sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfathiazole were measured by the high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry via a solid-phase extraction. In the results it was identified that the variations of measured antibiotics’ concentrations in water, sediment, and soil are depending on the season. The observed concentration levels of TCs were higher in winter than in summer season, indicating that the low temperature is a parameter attributing to interruption of its degradation in water, sediment, and soil. The concentration levels of SAs were significantly higher than those of TCs and in general, all measured antibiotics’ concentrations were also in general higher in Korea when compared to those in other countries. The long-term monitoring of antibiotics’ residues in aquatic and terrestrial environments is necessary. 相似文献
14.
Doongar R. Chaudhary Aditya P. Rathore Bhavanath Jha 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2016,13(9):2199-2208
Irrigation with diluted seawater would be an alternative water resource which can play an important role under scarce resources of freshwater for promoting agricultural production in coastal areas. Salvadora persica Linn. was irrigated with different concentrations of seawater (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % seawater), and their effect on plant growth, nutrient contents in soil and plants, shift in soil microbial community structure (phospholipid fatty acid; PLFA) and community-level physiological profiling (CLPP, Biolog ECO MicroPlate) were studied. Plant dry matter was significantly increased with all seawater treatments, and highest increase was at 20 % seawater treatment. Sodium and chloride contents were significantly increased, whereas ratios of K/Na and Ca/Na were significantly decreased in plants with seawater irrigation. Soil electrical conductivity (EC), available K and Na were significantly increased with increasing the concentration of seawater. Total PLFA concentration and PLFA profile of soils were used as indices of total microbial biomass and community composition, respectively. The concentrations of total PLFA, gram-positive, gram-negative and actinomycetes biomarker PLFAs were significantly reduced at 20, 40, 80 and 40 % concentrations of seawater, respectively. The application of different concentrations of seawater induced a clear shift in the soil microbial community structure toward the bacterial abundance. The microbial community structure and community-level physiological profiling in seawater irrigation treatments had significantly differentiated. It can be concluded that irrigation with different concentrations of seawater had significant impact on soil chemical and microbial properties which is attributed due to the salinity stress. 相似文献
15.
A. Suda T. Makino 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2016,13(10):2375-2382
Rice consumption is considered an important arsenic source for the population in Asian countries. Previous studies showed increase in arsenic solubility in flooded soils and arsenic uptake by rice plants with the application of organic amendments, while contrasting results were also reported. Here, we comprehensively examined the effect of three types of organic amendments on arsenic solubility during long-term flooded soil incubation. The amendments examined were categorized as (1) plant-based composts, (2) cattle manures, and (3) fermented livestock (swine and poultry) droppings. The dissolved arsenic in all soils with fermented livestock dropping was significantly greater than that in control soils at 10 and 39 days after incubation. The soils with two cattle manures also contained significantly greater amounts of dissolved arsenic than control soils at day 39, while the rest of the amendments did not increase arsenic solubility. At day 80, the amount of dissolved arsenic in all soils became comparable. Tukey’s test demonstrated that the relative ratio of dissolved arsenic in soils with fermented livestock droppings to control soils was significantly greater than those with the plant-based composts and cattle manures at days 10 and 39. Furthermore, the solubilizing effect of some organic amendments was mostly explained by promotion of decrease in soil Eh, rather than increase in dissolved organic carbon. Thus, it could be concluded that fermented livestock droppings potentially have a greater risk of solubilizing As than plant-based composts and cattle manures, because of their greater ability for accelerating soil reduction, associated with their higher bio-decomposability. 相似文献
16.
Adrian Spence David J. Mcnally Margaret V. McCaul Brett Paull 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(10):2571-2581
Soil microbial biomass is a primary source of soil organic carbon (SOC) and therefore plays a fundamental role in carbon and nitrogen cycling. However, little is known about the fate and transformations of microbial biomass in soil. Here we employ HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy to monitor 13C and 15N labeled soil microbial biomass and leachate degradation over time. As expected, there is a rapid loss of carbohydrate structures. However, diffusion edited HR-MAS NMR data reveals that macromolecular carbohydrates are more resistant to degradation and are found in the leachate. Aromatic components survive as dissolved species in the leachate while aliphatic components persist in both the biomass and leachate. Dissolved protein and peptidoglycan accumulate in the leachate and recalcitrant amide nitrogen and lipoprotein persists in both the degraded biomass and leachate. Cross-peaks that appear in 1H-15N HR-MAS NMR spectra after degradation suggest that specific peptides are either selectively preserved or used for the synthesis of unknown structures. The overall degradation pathways reported here are similar to that of decomposing plant material degraded under similar conditions suggesting that the difference between recalcitrant carbon from different sources is negligible after decomposition. 相似文献
17.
农业作为通辽科尔沁地区的传统产业，是当地重要经济产业之一.了解土壤微生物群落结构和功能及其影响因素对农作物种植、污染土地修复等具有重要意义.采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术、FAPROTAX.1.1功能预测平台等方法，在该区采集71个土壤样品，分析其地球化学特征和微生物群落特征并对微生物群落进行功能预测，同时探讨不同环境因子和空间因子对微生物群落的影响.结果显示:微生物群落由变形菌门（Proteobacteria）（19.77%）、奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）（17.85%）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）（17.14%）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）（15.58%）等构成；功能预测表明该区存在大量活跃的参与氮循环过程的微生物功能群，其中有氧氨氧化功能群为该区的优势微生物功能群.方差分解分析显示，在对微生物群落结构差异的可解释范围内环境因子比空间因子的解释量更大.Mantel检验结果显示，整体微生物群落与土壤pH、EC、TN、C/N及Mg、Na、Sr元素含量显著相关（p < 0.05）.综合分析表明，pH、EC和Sr元素含量是影响通辽科尔沁地区土壤微生物群落结构和功能及多样性的主要环境因素. 相似文献
18.
烟台市是山东半岛蓝色经济区核心城市之一,通过对山东省烟台市生态地球化学资料的系统整理,研究土壤重金属污染现状与分布迁移规律,发现土壤主要污染因子是As、Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属元素污染,工矿三废排放是土壤重金属污染的主要原因;主要致污因子砷是环境中毒性最大的有害元素之一。土壤-苹果树体系中As迁移及形态转化规律为:植物根系吸收土壤中的砷,并在根部发生了AsⅤ→AsⅢ的还原作用,由植物的根部向上迁移过程中,AsⅢ的比例逐渐降低。砷在根系土-植物体系中的分布为:根系土>根>叶子>茎>苹果。 相似文献
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微生物参与铁氧化物矿物的还原性溶解是高砷地下水形成的关键过程,其中具有砷还原功能的微生物如何参与含水层砷释放的生物地球化学过程亟待研究.利用从江汉平原典型高砷含水层中厌氧条件下分离出的四株细菌(Citrobacter sp.JH-1、Clostridium sp.JH-6、Exiguobacterium sp.JH-13、Paenibacillus sp.JH-33),通过室内厌氧模拟培养实验,查明其砷、铁还原能力,并通过分别与铁氧化物矿物及原位沉积物共同培养,探究原位含水层微生物参与的砷释放机理.结果表明:四株细菌均具有厌氧条件下砷、铁还原功能,Citrobacter sp.JH-1砷还原能力最强,96 h内还原的As(Ⅴ)浓度为2.22 μmol/L.其中Citrobacter sp.JH-1不仅可在厌氧和有氧条件下还原溶液中的As(Ⅴ),还可在厌氧条件下还原溶液中的Fe(Ⅲ)和无定型的水铁矿,在与含水层沉积物共培养12 d后,沉积物中铁与砷的释放量分别为510 mg/kg及1 150 μg/kg.江汉平原含水层中的原位微生物兼具砷/铁还原功能,在厌氧条件下可还原沉积物中的铁氧化物矿物并促进砷的释放,为深入揭示高砷地下水成因机理与地下水砷污染的防控提供重要科学依据. 相似文献