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1.
青藏高原北部植物叶片碳同位素组成特征的环境意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
测定了青藏高原北部13个地点101份草本植物叶片碳同位素组成（δ 13 C值）。研究结果表明，与其它地区相比，青藏高原北部植物叶片δ 13 C值相对较高，并且在海拔 4161 m的西大滩仍有植物δ 13 C值落在C4植物区，说明青藏高原的地理特殊性以及植物适应环境的策略。随海拔的升高，植物叶片δ 13 C值也随之升高，但变化程度具有物种的依赖性。唐古拉山南边植物叶片δ 13 C值明显高于北边植物叶片δ 13 C值，分析表明植物叶片δ 13 C值南北分布的这种格局主要是由降水的差异决定的。 相似文献
2.
Stable carbon isotope geochemistry provides important information for the recognition of fundamental isotope exchange processes related to the movement of carbon in the lithosphere and permits the elaboration of models for the global carbon cycle.Carbon isotope ratios in fluid-deposited graphite are powerful tools for unravelling the ultimate origin of carbon（organic matter,mantle,or carbonates） and help to constrain the fluid history and the mechanisms involved in graphite deposition.Graphite precipitation in fluid-deposited occurrences results from CO2- and/or CH4-bearing aqueous fluids.Fluid flow can be considered as both a closed（without replenishment of the fluid） or an open system（with renewal of the fluid by successive fluid batches）.In closed systems,carbon isotope systematics in graphite is mainly governed by Rayleigh precipitation and/or by changes in temperature affecting the fractionation factor between fluid and graphite.Such processes result in zoned graphite crystals or in successive graphite generations showing,in both cases, isotopic variation towards progressive l3C or 12C enrichment（depending upon the dominant carbon phase in the fluid.CO2 or CH4,respectively）.In open systems,in which carbon is episodically introduced along the fracture systems,the carbon systematics is more complex and individual graphite crystals may display oscillatory zoning because of Rayleigh precipitation or heterogeneous variations of 5’ C values when mixing of fluids or changes in the composition of the fluids are the mechanisms responsible for graphite precipitation. 相似文献
3.
The stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of fossil ostracods are powerful tools to estimate past environmental and climatic conditions. The basis for such interpretations is that the calcite of the valves reflects the isotopic composition of water and its temperature of formation. However, calcite of ostracods is known not to form in isotopic equilibrium with water and different species may have different offsets from inorganic precipitates of calcite formed under the same conditions. To estimate the fractionation during ostracod valve calcification, the oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of 15 species living in Lake Geneva were related to their autoecology and the environmental parameters measured during their growth. The results indicate that: (1) Oxygen isotope fractionation is similar for all species of Candoninae with an enrichment in 18O of more than 3‰ relative to equilibrium values for inorganic calcite. Oxygen isotope fractionation for Cytheroidea is less discriminative relative to the heavy oxygen, with enrichments in 18O for these species of 1.7 to 2.3‰. Oxygen isotope fractionations for Cyprididae are in-between those of Candoninae and Cytheroidea. The difference in oxygen isotope fractionation between ostracods and inorganic calcite has been interpreted as resulting from a vital effect. (2) Comparison with previous work suggests that oxygen isotope fractionation may depend on the total and relative ion content of water. (3) Carbon isotope compositions of ostracod valves are generally in equilibrium with DIC. The specimens’ δ13C values are mainly controlled by seasonal variations in δ13CDIC of bottom water or variation thereof in sediment pore water. (4) Incomplete valve calcification has an effect on carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of ostracod valves. Preferential incorporation of at the beginning of valve calcification may explain this effect. (5) Results presented here as well as results from synthetic carbonate growth indicate that different growth rates or low pH within the calcification site cannot be the cause of oxygen isotope ‘vital effects’ in ostracods. Two mechanisms that might enrich the 18O of ostracod valves are deprotonation of that may also contribute to valve calcification, and effects comparable to salt effects with high concentrations of Ca and/or Mg within the calcification site that may also cause a higher temperature dependency of oxygen isotope fractionation. 相似文献
4.
K.G. Schulz B. Rost U. Riebesell D.A. Wolf-Gladrow 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(22):5301-5312
Iron is limiting phytoplankton productivity in large parts of today’s oceans, the so-called HNLC (high nutrient low chlorophyll) areas. It is a key component in photosynthesis during which inorganic carbon fixation in most phytoplankton species is sustained by so-called carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). Here we investigate CCM regulation in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in response to varying degrees of iron limitation by means of membrane-inlet mass spectrometry. Compared to iron replete conditions rates of both active CO2 and uptake were markedly reduced under iron limitation leading to significantly diminished growth rates. Moreover, there was a concomitant decrease in CCM efficiency, reflected in an increased CO2 loss from the cell in relation to carbon fixation. Under such conditions higher values for carbon isotope fractionation (?p) would be expected. However, direct measurements of ?p showed that carbon isotope fractionation was insensitive to changes in growth rates and CCM activity. This can be explained by concomitant changes in internal DIC fluxes in and out of the chloroplast as demonstrated with a simple cell model comprising two compartments. Thus, carbon isotope fractionation reflects the ability of phytoplankton to actively control their inorganic carbon acquisition depending on environmental conditions. The insensitivity of carbon isotope fractionation to changes in the availability of iron could be of interest for paleoreconstructions in the HNLC areas of today’s oceans. 相似文献
5.
We examined stable carbon isotope fractionation in biosynthesis of fatty acids of a piezophilic bacterium Moritella japonica strain DSK1. The bacterium was grown to stationary phase at pressures of 0.1, 10, 20, and 50 MPa in media prepared using sterile-filtered natural seawater supplied with glucose as the sole carbon source. Strain DSK1 synthesized typical bacterial fatty acids (C14-19 saturated, monounsaturated, and cyclopropane fatty acids) as well as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (20:6ω3). Bacterial cell biomass and individual fatty acids exhibited consistent pressure-dependent carbon isotope fractionations relative to glucose. The observed ΔδFA-glucose (−1.0‰ to −11.9‰) at 0.1 MPa was comparable to or slightly higher than fractionations reported in surface bacteria. However, bulk biomass and fatty acids became more depleted in 13C with pressure. Average carbon isotope fractionation (ΔδFA-glucose) at high pressures was much higher than that for surface bacteria: −15.7‰, −15.3‰, and −18.3‰ at 10, 20, and 50 MPa, respectively. PUFA were more 13C depleted than saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids at all pressures. The observed isotope effects may be ascribed to the kinetics of enzymatic reactions that are affected by hydrostatic pressure and to biosynthetic pathways that are different for short-chain and long-chain fatty acids. A simple quantitative calculation suggests that in situ piezophilic bacterial contribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids to marine sediments is nearly two orders of magnitude higher than that of marine phytoplankton and that the carbon isotope imprint of piezophilic bacteria can override that of surface phytoplankton. Our results have important implications for marine biogeochemistry. Depleted fatty acids reported in marine sediments and the water column may be derived simply from piezophilic bacteria resynthesis of organic matter, not from bacterial utilization of a 13C-depleted carbon source (i.e., methane). The interpretation of carbon isotope signatures of marine lipids must be based on principles derived from piezophilic bacteria. 相似文献
6.
Jean-Charles Fontes 《地学学报》1994,6(1):20-36
There are considerable, well-recognized difficulties involved in the investigation of very low permeability rocks by conventional measurements of water potentials and spatial distribution of hydrological parameters such as permeability and effective porosity. Therefore, most studies of predictive behaviour are based on models which, when unconstrained by data, are often worse than no model at all. Geochemistry and environmental isotope geochemistry are techniques well suited for hydrological investigations of potential sites of nuclear waste isolation and for constraining predictive models. Stable isotopes constitutive of the water molecule (2H and 18O) may give information on the origin of the water, especially 2H which is practically uninvolved in isotope exchange with rock-forming minerals. Variations in stable isotope contents can be related to palaeohydrological and palaeoclimatic conditions whereas 3H is indicative of recent recharge. The 13C content of dissolved carbon is related to its origin(s) and the 14C activity gives a time-scale. However, the initial carbon isotope contents can be modified by various diagenetic effects such as precipitation/dissolution of secondary calcite and oxidation of reduced carbon. The heavy isotope content of the Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (TDIC) cannot be interpreted without a detailed knowledge of the carbon chemistry and of the mineralogy and isotope contents of secondary carbonates. Species of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), with high molecular weights (HMW) can generally be attributed to soil derived compounds. Their 14C content may be measured by AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) thus providing an estimate of the time elapsed since recharge took place. Chlorine-36 is an interesting potential tool for dating old ground waters because of its long half-life (301 kyr) and its hydrophilic behaviour. It can be also produced in situ in significant amount if the rocks are rich (some tens of ppm) in U and Th. In such cases, this time dependent build-up provides a more systematic radiochronometer of CI- residence time in the rock than the decay of cosmic input 36CI, provided no Cl- is leached from the rock. The isotopic composition of aqueous sulphur compounds depends on their origin and on their diagenetic evolution. The redox reactions of SO2-4 reduction or of S2- oxidation are marked by strong isotope effects especially when generated by bacteria. Sulphate reduction by organic matter is a potential source of dissolved inorganic carbon and may thus interfere with 14C age interpretations. After discussion of the possible age and origin of waters and solutes, some scenarios of evolution of local and regional palaeohydrological conditions are proposed. Examples are given with special emphasis on detailed results from the Fennoscanian shield (Stripa project), and from northern Switzerland. 相似文献
7.
The carbonate carbon isotope record of the Phanerozoic is marked by repeated high-amplitude excursions towards more positive values. Although the interpretation of C-isotope events remains controversial, they are regarded as a proxy of the global C-cycle. Using δ13 COrg -measurements of samples from DSDP Site 416, it is shown that a classic example of platform drowning coincided with the onset of the mid-Valanginian carbon-cycle excursion. Widespread carbonate platform drowning would have contributed to the observed positive shift in the C-isotope record. As choking of carbonate production was compensated by increased organic production, both processes favoured a shift in marine carbon partitioning from the oxidized to the reduced carbon reservoir. This would have resulted in an increased flux of CO2 from the atmosphere into the marine and sedimentary carbon reservoir. 相似文献
8.
Tracing seafloor methane emissions with benthic foraminifera in the Baiyun Sag of the northern South China Sea 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Changes in the concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases are an important part of the global climate forcing. The hypothesis that benthic foraminifera are useful proxies of local methane emission from the seafloor has been verified on sediment cores by numerous studies. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content and the high-resolution carbon and oxygen isotope composition of the benthic foraminifera from the core 08CF7, from the northeastern Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area in the Baiyun Sag of the northern South China Sea were analyzed, and the benthic foraminifera’s evidence for methane release from gas hydrate decomposition are presented here for the first time. Two rapid obvious carbon isotope negative excursions were observed in the oxygen isotope stage boundaries 5d/5c and 6/5e (penultimate deglaciation, about 130 ka) of the cold-to-warm climatic transition period. The largest negative value of δ13C is about ?2.95 ‰, and the whole change of carbon and oxygen isotope is strikingly similar and is in consonance with the atmospheric methane concentration recorded by the Vostok ice core and the carbon isotopic record from Lake Baikal. Combining these results with the analysis of the geological conditions of the study area and the fact that gas hydrate exists in the surrounding area, it can be concluded that the carbon isotope negative excursions of the benthic foraminifera in the northern South China Sea are associated with methane release from gas hydrate decomposition due to deglacial climate warming. By recording the episodes of massive gas hydrate decomposition closely linked with the northern hemisphere temperatures during major warming periods, the new δ13C record from the Baiyun Sag provides further evidence for the potential impact of gas hydrate reservoir on rapid deglacial rises of atmospheric methane levels. 相似文献
9.
祁连山青海云杉叶片δ~(13)C特征及其与生理指标关系 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
以祁连山青海云杉叶片为研究对象,通过测定叶片稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C)、叶片含水量(LWC)、脯氨酸含量、灰分含量、碳含量、氮含量、碳氮比、土壤含水量(SWC)等指标,探讨不同水分梯度下叶片δ13C的控制因子.结果表明,祁连山青海云杉叶片δ13C值在-28.9‰～-25.4‰之间变化,平均值为-27.3‰.沿河西走廊从东到西的干旱梯度(降水量逐渐减少),叶片δ13C表现出偏正的趋势.叶片δ13C与LWC和脯氨酸含量呈显著正相关关系,与灰分含量、SWC显著负相关.叶片δ13C值在青海云杉种内分布稳定,主要是由自身的遗传特性所决定,同时与生长环境条件也有一定的关系,其中土壤可利用水分是最主要的限制因子.叶片灰分含量是δ13C值的可选择性替代指标. 相似文献
10.
在中国已知最好的苔藓植物化石产地之一河北蔚县, 采集了大量中侏罗世的苔藓植物化石, 选取了3种保存较好的数十块苔类植物化石进行实验室分析处理, 测定了它们的碳同位素组成, 并计算出Δ13C, 运用国际学术界古大气CO2浓度的最新研究成果, 即通过地质学、植物学、植物生理学、地球化学和概率统计学的多学科交叉研究, 利用苔藓植物化石有机碳同位素判别这一全新指标和重建古大气二氧化碳的模型——BRYOCARB, 恢复出中侏罗世的古大气CO2浓度约为705(BRYOCARBNP)或566(BRYOCARBP)μmol/mol, 结果表明苔藓植物化石是恢复地质历史时期大气CO2浓度变化的有效新指标. 相似文献
11.
Christine Latal Werner E. Piller Mathias Harzhauser 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2006,95(1):95-106
The Korneuburg Basin, with mainly upper Lower Miocene (Karpatian) sediment filling, is divided by the Mollmannsdorf–Obergänserndorf Swell into two sub-basins characterised by different environmental settings. Paleoecological data indicate a marine northern part and a mainly estuarine southern part. Nevertheless, short-termed marine ingressions from the north allowed marine faunas (ostracods, molluscs, and echinoids) to temporarily settle the southern part of the basin. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of gastropod shells from these different environmental settings were investigated. Highest δ18O and δ13C values are found in Turritella shells from the northern part of the basin, and in Turritella shells from layers interpreted as a marine ingression in the south. Generally, components of the mudflat fauna (Tympanotonos cinctus, Granulolabium bicinctum, Terebralia bidendata, and Ocenebra crassilabiata) have slightly lower isotope values. Considerable freshwater influx in the southern part is documented by abundant freshwater genera such as Melanopsis, which show low carbon and oxygen isotope values. Data of identical taxa, especially Turritella and Granulolabium, reflect a trend from higher isotope values at the marine northern part to slightly lower values in the mainly estuarine southern part of the basin. Differences in δ18O between the marine and the estuarine assemblages are interpreted to be caused by changes in salinity and isotopic composition of ambient water rather than by temperature. Paleotemperature estimates derived from oxygen isotope data are in good agreement with existing paleoclimatic proxies for the Korneuburg Basin. Hence, an annual range of the sea-surface temperature from 13 to 26°C can be predicted within that protected basin. 相似文献
12.
It has been suggested that part of the so-called “missing sink” of carbon dioxide introduced into the atmosphere by anthropogenic
activities, that is the imbalance between estimated anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and oceanic uptake, may be stored
in the vegetation in midlatitudes. Precise mechanisms of abstraction of additional carbon dioxide by vegetation, also known
as the “fertilization effect”, are poorly understood. Stable carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of cellulose extracted from
annual growth rings (covering the time period 1980–1993) in an oak tree from Kalamazoo, SW Michigan provide a basis to investigate
at a physiological level how the fertilization effect may operate. The carbon isotope ratios show that the intercellular concentration
of carbon dioxide increased due to an increase in stomatal opening. Although increased intercellular concentration of carbon
dioxide translated to increased Water Use Efficiency and assimilation rates, it also resulted in increased transpiration rate
as shown by higher D/H of the fixed carbon. The two-fold significance of the isotope data are: first, they provide the first
field evidence based on isotope studies for excess CO2 induced biomass production and second, they suggest that this mechanism is likely to operate only in limited environments.
Vegetation in regions where moisture availability is not restricted so that there can be a gain in water use efficiency despite
increased leaf evaporation are best suited to sequester excess carbon from the atmosphere. 相似文献
13.
Environmental parameters such as rainfall, temperature and relative humidity can affect the composition of higher plant leaf wax. The abundance and distribution of leaf wax biomarkers, such as long chain n-alkanes, in sedimentary archives have therefore been proposed as proxies reflecting climate change. However, a robust palaeoclimatic interpretation requires a thorough understanding of how environmental changes affect leaf wax n-alkane distributions in living plants. We have analysed the concentration and chain length distribution of leaf wax n-alkanes in Acacia and Eucalyptus species along a 1500 km climatic gradient in northern Australia that ranges from subtropical to arid. We show that aridity affected the concentration and distribution of n-alkanes for plants in both genera. For both Acacia and Eucalyptus n-alkane concentration increased by a factor of ten to the dry centre of Australia, reflecting the purpose of the wax in preventing water loss from the leaf. Furthermore, Acacian-alkanes decreased in average chain length (ACL) towards the arid centre of Australia, whereas Eucalyptus ACL increased under arid conditions. Our observations demonstrate that n-alkane concentration and distribution in leaf wax are sensitive to hydroclimatic conditions. These parameters could therefore potentially be employed in palaeorecords to estimate past environmental change. However, our finding of a distinct response of n-alkane ACL values to hydrological changes in different taxa also implies that the often assumed increase in ACL under drier conditions is not a robust feature for all plant species and genera and as such additional information about the prevalent vegetation are required when ACL values are used as a palaeoclimate proxy. 相似文献
14.
青藏高原(东北部)现代植物碳同位素组成特征及其气候信息 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：22
分析了青藏高原(东北部)现代植物(全部为C3植物)全木混合样的碳同位素组成(其δ13C值分布范围一般为-235‰~-308‰,平均值为-266‰),对影响其变化的各种环境因素进行了探讨.研究表明,降雨量及大气压力是影响该区植物δ13C值变化的最重要环境因素.一方面,降雨量增大,空气相对湿度增大,植物的δ13C值降低(偏负);另一方面,大气压力降低,植物的δ13C值增大(偏正).可见,植物中保存着自然环境变化的大量信息. 相似文献
15.
Stable carbon isotopic composition of soil organic matter in the karst areas of Southwest China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This study dealt with the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon （SOC） and the variation of stable carbon isotopic composition （δ^13C values） with depth in six soil profiles, including two soil types and three vegetation forms in the karst areas of Southwest China. The δ^13C values of plant-dominant species, leaf litter and soils were measured using the sealed-tube high-temperature combustion method. Soil organic carbon contents of the limestone soil profiles are all above 11.4 g/kg, with the highest value of 71.1 g/kg in the surface soil. However, the contents vary between 2.9 g/kg and 46.0 g/kg in three yellow soil profiles. The difference between the maximum and minimum δ^13C values of soil organic matter （SOM） changes from 2.2‰ to 2.9‰ for the three yellow soil profiles. But it changes from 0.8‰ to 1.6‰ for the limestone soil profiles. The contrast research indicated that there existed significant difference in vertical pattems of organic carbon and δ^13C values of SOM between yellow soil and limestone soil. This difference may reflect site-specific factors, such as soil type, vegetation form, soil pH value, and clay content, etc., which control the contents of different organic components comprising SOM and soil carbon turnover rates in the profiles. The vertical variation patterns of stable carbon isotope in SOM have a distinct regional character in the karst areas. 相似文献
16.
陆生蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素组成记录了环境气候信息,是地质历史时期古环境和古气候重建的一个良好指标。文章在前人对现生蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素的环境意义研究基础上,通过增加对不同气候条件下的新疆地区（受西风带控制）、川西地区（受印度季风控制）以及东北地区（东亚季风北端）的现生蜗牛碳氧同位素组成进行测试分析,结合中国其他地区已有数据,总结探讨所有研究区已有蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素组成的分布规律及影响因子,回归分析蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素组成与降水量、温度、湿度、蒸发量及干燥度等5个气候因子之间的关系。得出以下研究结果：全国范围内的蜗牛壳体碳同位素组成与年均降水量、年均相对湿度具有明显负相关关系,与年均蒸发量及干燥度具明显正相关关系,年均温度大于9.5℃采样点的蜗牛壳体碳同位素与温度呈负相关关系;蜗牛壳体氧同位素组成与各种气候因子之间的关系比较复杂而显示无明显的相关性,可能由于不同区域蜗牛壳体氧同位素对不同气候因子的响应程度不同,也可能是由于蜗牛壳体氧同位素与温度的关系在不同区域存在差异导致。总之,蜗牛壳体碳同位素较为忠实地记录了有效降水引起C3植被同位素变化的信息,而对蜗牛壳体氧同位素记录的信息的解读还不明晰,仍需更多研究。 相似文献
17.
华南晚二叠世碳酸盐岩碳同位素旋回对海平面变化的响应 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：22
华南晚二叠世的碳同位素变化曲线是逐渐降低的,与全球海平面变化趋势相一致。华南晚二叠世碳酸盐岩碳同位素旋回可分为两个三级旋回,与两个三级海平面变化响应,其中吴家坪晚期和长兴期组成了一个三级旋回。华南长兴期识别出了三个四级碳同位素地层旋回可能与四级海平面变化旋回相对应。华南晚二叠世碳同位素旋回记录了全球海平面变化的信息:高值区和高海平面相对应,而低值区和低海平面相对应。 相似文献
18.
Metazoan fossils in the Gaojiashan Biota are famous for being well preserved and may provide new insights into the early evolution and skeletonization of Metazoans. We are studying the isotopic compositions of organic and carbonate carbon from a sequence of sedimentary rocks at the Gaojiashan section, northern Yangtze Platform, Shaanxi Province of China. Organic carbon isotope values display a range between –30.8‰ and –24.7‰ with clear stratigraphic variations. Carbonate carbon isotope data vary between 0.1‰ and +6‰. Positive δ13C values from sediments with Gaojiashan biota reflect temporal variations in carbon turnover, i.e. an increasing in photosynthetic carbon fixation followed by an increasing subsequent fractional organic carbon burial, and that related to bio-radiation such as increasing algae, bacteria, and original creatures productivity in biomass. These secular variations are interpreted to reflect perturbations of the regional carbon cycle, specifically changes in the fractional burial of organic carbon, and discuss the relationship between Gaojiashan biota and paleoenvrionmental variation. 相似文献
19.
天然气甲烷碳同位素动力学模型与地质应用新进展 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
天然气甲烷碳同位素动力学模拟是在热模拟实验的基础上对甲烷碳同位素值进行数字模拟的一种研究方法。它在石油、天然气地球化学中具有广阔的应用前景：模拟甲烷碳同位素的整个演化趋势，模拟天然气成藏，进行精确的气源对比。分析了国外几个典型的甲烷碳同位素动力学模型，对各模型的特点和优缺点进行了简要的评述，并认识到Cramer 3是目前对实验数据模拟效果最好、适用范围最宽的一个模型。在此基础上，结合一些研究实例，探讨了天然气甲烷碳同位素动力学研究的发展方向。 相似文献
20.
Stable isotope ratios obtained from pronghorn teeth recovered from archaeological sites in southwestern Wyoming may provide information on past climate and hunter behavior. However, the interpretation of archaeological isotope values depends on pronghorn isotopic correlations with the environment and geography. To investigate these correlations, a series of modern Wyoming carbon, oxygen and strontium isoscapes are compared with recent temperature, humidity and geological variation. Results indicate that both pronghorn and sagebrush carbon, and to a lesser degree oxygen, isotope ratios are tied to relative humidity. Temperature is correlated with oxygen isotope ratios in sagebrush, but not pronghorn. Strontium isotope ratios in both sagebrush and pronghorn vary with geography, which in turn reflects variation in geology. 相似文献