共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Variations in the mechanical properties (compressive strength, elastic modulus, tensile strength, and fracture toughness) of granite were analyzed as functions of temperature. It was found that above 200 °C, tensile strength and fracture toughness tended to decrease with temperature, while variations in the compressive strength and elastic modulus demonstrated decreasing trends when the heating temperature exceeded 400 °C. The temperature ranges of room temperature—200 and above 600 °C—corresponded to an undamaged state and strongly/completely damaged state, respectively. It is suggested that 400 °C might be a critical threshold of thermal damage to granite. Based on results of statistical tests, a sharp decrease in mechanical properties can be recognized, accompanied by a drastic growth in peaking strain and acoustic emission rate. This phenomenon may be associated with the α/β phase transition of quartz. 相似文献
2.
We have studied the evolution of the texture in two granites and two limestones subjected to slow and uniform temperature change. Each granite has a different grain size and each limestone a different texture: Carrare crystalline limestone and Crepey oolitic limestone. Temperature was varied from 200°C to 700°C. Scanning Electron Microscope observations of different rock samples show that during thermal cycling intercrystalline boundaries in granites widen out progressively and porosity increases. New microcracks appear in crystals between 500°C and 600°C. In Carrare crystalline limestone, intercrystalline cracks appear at temperatures as low as 200°C. Due to its heterogeneous cracks appear at temperatures as low as 200°C. Due to its heterogeneous increasing temperature. Longitudinal wave velocity and intrinsic permeability show good correlation with the Scanning Electron Microscope observations. 相似文献
3.
This paper studies the variation of mass, density, wave velocity and thermal conductivity of concrete after high-temperature heat treatment. The range of temperature to which the concrete specimens are exposed is 25–900 °C, in a heating furnace. The results are summarized as follows: three temperature ranges (20–300 °C, 300–600 °C and above 600 °C) corresponding to the moisture vaporization (i.e., adhered water, combined water or crystal water), decomposition of some minerals (i.e., Ca-hydroxide, Mg-hydroxide) and Ca-carbonate are obviously evident. The physical properties of concrete specimens change most significantly within the temperature range above 300 °C, which may be attributed to the transformation of concrete minerals. Moreover, within the temperature range of 300–900 °C, especially between 400 and 600 °C, the concrete structure has significant chemical changes basing on the variations of surface features, ultimately making the number and width of cracks and mass loss level increased, as well as the wave velocity and thermal conductivity changed. 相似文献
4.
Sandstone alterations triggered by fire-related temperatures 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Z. Kompaníková M. Gomez-Heras J. Michňová T. Durmeková J. Vlčko 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(7):2569-2581
The aim of the study was to identify and describe changes in two different sandstone types when undergoing different environmental and extreme temperature regimes to assess the possibility of finding insolation weathering and how these sandstones would behave during and after a fire. The first step was the simulation in the laboratory of temperature regimes up to 60 °C which would correspond to extreme events that could be found in insolation cycles even in Central Europe and the second one was the temperature above 200 °C simulating in laboratory conditions the thermal regime of a potential fire situation at temperatures up to 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C. Heating the samples above 400 °C led to gradual changes in mineral composition, colour, surface roughness and physical properties reaching, eventually, total rock breakdown through spalling and granular disaggregation. The different behaviour of sandstones exposed to high temperatures is mainly caused by their different mineral composition with various ratios of minerals that are more or less chemically stable at high temperatures as well as by the differences in the porosity. 相似文献
5.
Tubing Yin Xibing Li Kaiwen Xia Sheng Huang 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(6):1087-1094
The effect of thermal treatment on the dynamic fracture toughness of Laurentian granite (LG) was investigated in this work. Notched semi-circular bend (NSCB) LG specimens are heat treated at temperatures up to 850?°C. The micro-cracks in the rock samples induced by thermal treatment are examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The microscopic observations are consistent with the subsequent P-wave velocity measurements, which shows that the P-wave velocity decreases with the treatment temperature monotonically when the temperature is higher than 250?°C. Dynamic fracture toughness measurements are then carried out on these samples with the dynamic load exerted by a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. The relationship between fracture toughness and treatment temperature is investigated. Experimental results show that fracture toughness increases with the loading rate but decreases with the treatment temperature. However, when the heating temperature is below 250?°C and above 450?°C, the dependence of dynamic fracture toughness on the temperature is different from other temperatures, which can be explained by the physical processes at the microscopic level of the rock due to heating. At treatment temperatures below 250?°C, the thermal expansion of grains leads to an increase in the toughness of the rock. At treatment temperatures above 450?°C, the sources of weakness such as grain boundaries and phase transition of silicon are depleted, and as a result the decrease in fracture toughness is not as significant as other treatment temperature ranges. 相似文献
6.
Effect of Rapid Thermal Cooling on Mechanical Rock Properties 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Laboratory tests have been conducted to investigate the effects of rapid thermal cooling on various rock specimens including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. At first, various types of thermal loading were conducted: heating up to 100, 200, and 300 °C, followed by rapid cooling with a fan. In addition, multiple cyclic thermal cooling (10, 15 and 20 cycles) with a maximum temperature of only 100 °C was conducted. Experiments included edge notched disc (END) tests to determine the Mode I fracture toughness, Brazilian disc tests to determine tensile strength, seismic tests to determine P-wave velocity, and porosity tests leading to meaningful results. Even though only small changes of temperature (rapid cooling from 100 °C to room temperature) were applied, the results showed that crack growth occurred in some rock types (granite, diabase with ore veins, and KVS) while crack healing occurred in other rock types (diabase without ore veins, quartzite, and skarn). To better understand the results, 3D transient thermo-mechanical analysis was conducted using the ANSYS program. The results indicated that there was a thin region near the outside of the specimen where large tensile stresses occur and microcracking would be expected, and that there was a large area in the middle of the specimen where lower magnitude compressive stresses occur and crack closure would be expected. It was found that the more heterogeneous and more coarse-grained rock types are more likely to exhibit crack growth, while less heterogeneous and more fine-grained rocks are more likely to exhibit crack healing. 相似文献
7.
花岗岩力学特性的温度效应试验研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
通过实时高温（常温～850 ℃）加载和高温（常温～1 200 ℃）后冷却再加载两种情况下的单轴压缩试验,对不同高温下花岗岩的力学性质进行了研究,分析了两种情况下单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、纵波波速、剪切滑移应变等随温度的变化规律,并研究了热-力耦合效应。研究结果表明：（1）在实时高温加载作用下单轴抗压强度和弹性模量随着温度升高而发生连续劣化;（2）高温作用冷却后再加载,花岗岩在常温～600 ℃区间峰值强度变化不大,800 ℃左右岩样强度突然降低;（3）纵波波速随加热温度的升高而逐渐降低;（4）剪切滑移应变在800 ℃之前相对较小,且变化不大,之后便迅速增大,表现出明显的塑性;（5）提出了热-力耦合因子的概念,并借助其提出了一维非线性热-力耦合本构模型,模型曲线和试验曲线较吻合。 相似文献
8.
Thermal and physical properties of reconsolidated crushed rock salt as a function of porosity and temperature 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Crushed salt can be used as backfill to bury and conduct heat away from radioactive waste in salt repositories. As the crushed salt compacts during reconsolidation, its thermal, mechanical and hydrologic properties will change in a manner related to the porosity. Measurements of crushed salt thermal properties are conducted to evaluate such relationships. A simple mixture theory model is presented to predict thermal conductivity of consolidating salt in repository conditions. Experimental work was completed to evaluate the model by measuring thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat of crushed salt as a function of porosity and temperature. Sample porosity ranged from 0 to 46 %, and measurements were made at ambient pressure, from room temperature to 300 °C. These are the temperature conditions expected in a radioactive waste storage facility. Crushed salt thermal conductivity decreases with increasing porosity and temperature. Thermal diffusivity showed little porosity dependence but decreased with increasing temperature. Specific heat also shows little porosity dependence but increases with increasing temperature. Fracture porosity in deformed bedded salt cores appears to reduce thermal conductivity more dramatically than inter- and intra-granular porosity in consolidated salt. A long-term effort to dry crushed salt at high temperatures resulted in a 0.48 weight-percent loss of water that had resided at grain boundaries and in intra-granular fluid inclusions. While this loss does not significantly affect thermal properties, the release of this water volume could impact the mechanical response of the reconsolidating salt and host rock. 相似文献
9.
The knowledge about thermo-mechanical properties of granite is still limited to some extent. Individual measurements are necessary to obtain reliable properties for specific granite types. A reliable numerical model of thermal cracking behaviours of granite exposed to extreme high temperatures (e.g. 800–1000 °C) is missing. In this study, the impact of temperature up to 1000 °C on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties as well as thermo-mechanical coupled behaviour of Eibenstock granite was investigated by laboratory testing and numerical simulations. The physical properties including mineral composition, density, P-wave velocity, and open porosity are measured to be temperature dependent. Uniaxial compression and Brazilian tests were carried out to measure uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Young’s modulus, stress–strain relationship, and tensile strength of Eibenstock granite before and after thermal treatment, respectively. Thermal properties including specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and linear thermal expansion coefficient are also measured and found to be temperature dependent, especially the expansion coefficient which shows a steep increase around 573 °C as well as at 870 °C. The numerical simulation code FLAC3D was used to develop a numerical scheme to simulate the thermal-induced damage of granite at high temperatures. Statistical methods combined with real mineral composition were used to characterize the heterogeneity of granite. The numerical model is featured with reliable temperature-dependent parameters obtained from laboratory tests. It can well reproduce the laboratory results in form of thermal-induced micro- and macrocracks, as well as the stress–strain behaviour and the final failure pattern of Eibenstock granite after elevated temperatures up to 1000 °C. The simulation results also reveal that the thermal-induced microcracks are randomly distributed across the whole sample. Although most thermal-induced damages are tensile failures, shear failure begins to develop quickly after 500 °C. The obvious UCS reduction in granite due to heating is mainly caused by the increase in shear failure. The simulation also shows that the dominant impact of α–β quartz transition is widening pre-existing cracks rather than the formation of new microcracks.
相似文献10.
Measurements are presented of volume changes in granite during room-temperature compression to 100, 200 and 300 MPa confining pressure followed by temperature increase to 900°C. Comparison with thermal expansion and compressibility data for the constituent minerals allows changes in porosity to be estimated. Under confining pressure, porosity is found to decrease with heating to 200°C through expansion of the minerals into cracks which are thought to be related to the geological cooling history of the rock. Between 200°C and 840°C porosity increases as a result of differential thermal expansion of the constituent minerals, but crack opening is increasingly suppressed at higher confining pressures. Extrapolation of the results indicates that differential thermal expansion can no longer cause crack opening in dry granite at confining pressures in excess of 450 MPa. The quartz α-β transition temperature in granite is marked by a kink in the thermal expansion curve of the rock, and it is found to increase by 60°C–70°C per 100 MPa confining pressure, as opposed to the published value of 26°C per 100 MPa for single crystals of quartz. Equations are presented which allow calculation of the effects of confining pressure and temperature on the stresses and displacements in and around a spherical inclusion embedded in a matrix of different elasticity and thermal expansion. The theory, together with a simple self-consistent model for granite, accounts semiquantitatively for the observations of thermal expansion and the effect of confining pressure thereon, and for the observed α-β transition temperatures for quartz in granite. 相似文献
11.
Based on the simultaneous inversion of unique ultralong-range seismic profiles Craton, Kimberlite, Meteorite, and Rift, sourced by peaceful nuclear and chemical explosions, and petrological and geochemical data on the composition of xenoliths of garnet peridotite and fertile primitive mantle material, the first reconstruction was obtained for the thermal state and density of the lithospheric mantle of the Siberian craton at depths of 100–300 km accounting for the effects of phase transformation, anharmonicity, and anelasticity. The upper mantle beneath Siberia is characterized by significant variations in seismic velocities, relief of seismic boundaries, degree of layering, and distribution of temperature and density. The mapping of the present-day lateral and vertical variations in the thermal state of the mantle showed that temperatures in the central part of the craton at depths of 100–200 km are somewhat lower than those at the periphery and 300–400°C lower than the mean temperature of tectonically younger mantle surrounding the craton. The temperature profiles derived from the seismic models lie between the 32.5 and 35 mW/m2 conductive geotherms, and the mantle heat flow was estimated as 11–17 mW/m2. The depth of the base of the cratonic thermal lithosphere (thermal boundary layer) is close to the 1450 ± 100°C isotherm at 300 ± 30 km, which is consistent with published heat flow, thermobarometry, and seismic tomography data. It was shown that the density distribution in the Siberian cratonic mantle cannot be described by a single homogeneous composition, either depleted or enriched. In addition to thermal anomalies, the mantle density heterogeneities must be related to variations in chemical composition with depth. This implies significant fertilization at depths greater than 180–200 km and is compatible with the existence of chemical stratification in the lithospheric mantle of the craton. In the asthenosphere-lithosphere transition zone, the craton root material is not very different in chemical composition, thermal regime, and density from the underlying asthenosphere. It was shown that minor variations in the chemical composition of the cratonic mantle and position of chemical (petrological) boundaries and the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary cannot be reliably determined from the interpretation of seismic velocity models only. 相似文献
12.
The Neoproterozoic granite of Gabal Abu Diab, central Eastern Desert of Egypt, comprises mainly garnet-bearing granite and alkali feldspar granite intruded into calc-alkaline granodiorite–tonalite and metagabbro–diorite complexes. The garnet-bearing granite is composed mainly of plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, garnet and primary muscovite ± biotite. The presence of garnet and primary muscovite of Abu-Diab granite suggests its highly fractionated character. Geochemically, the garnet-bearing granite is highly fractionated as indicated from the high contents of SiO2 (74.85–77.5%), alkalis (8.27 to 9.2%, Na2O+K2O) and the trace elements association: Ga, Zn, Zr, Nb and Y. This granite is depleted in CaO, MgO, P2O5, Sr and Ba. The alumina saturation (Shand Index, molar ratio A/CNK) of 1.0 to 1.1 indicates the weak peraluminous nature of this garnet-bearing granite. The geochemical characteristics of the Abu Diab garnet-bearing granite are consistent with either the average I-type or A-type granite and also suggest post-orogenic or anorogenic setting. A fluid inclusions study reveals the presence of three fluid generations trapped into the studied granite. The earlier is a complex CO2–H2O fluid trapped in primary fluid inclusions with CO2 contents >?60 vol.%. These inclusions were probably trapped at minimum temperature >?400°C and minimum pressure >?2 kb. The second is immiscible water–CO2 fluid trapped in secondary and/or pseudo-secondary inclusions. The trapping conditions were estimated at temperature between 400°C and 170°C and pressure between 900 and 2000 bar. The latest fluid is low-salinity aqueous fluid trapped in secondary two-phase and mono-phase inclusions. The trapping conditions were estimated at temperature between 90°C and 160°C and pressure <?900 bar. The origin of the early fluid generation is magmatic fluid while the second and third fluids are of hydrothermal and meteoric origin, respectively. 相似文献
13.
14.
为探究注采参数对松辽盆地干热岩物理力学及波动特征的影响,对不同注采参数下高温遇水冷却后花岗岩进行纵、横波波速测试试验和抗压强度试验。分别考虑注采参数（岩样温度、水温、高温遇水循环次数） 与岩样物理力学特征（外观形态、峰值强度、弹性模量、泊松比）、波动特征（纵、横波波速） 的关联性,建立不同注采参数下力学特征与波动特征拟合曲线,并研究搁置过程中不同岩样温度、不同水温条件下岩体物理力学及波动特征变化规律。研究发现：（1） 搁置初期,岩样温度越高,质量、纵、横波波速、弹性模量降幅越大;水温升高,质量、纵、横波波速、弹性模量降幅先增大后减小。（2） 对采热过程中岩体物理力学及波动特征影响由大到小的注采参数依次为靶区温度、注水循环次数、注水温度。提升岩样温度、增加注水循环次数,岩样力学与波动特征均逐渐下降,提高注水温度变化规律与其相反;经历600℃高温,岩样纵波波速、横波波速、峰值强度、弹性模量降幅分别达到53.44%、58.02%、66.56%、79.84%,高温遇水循环5 次
后降幅依次达到33.61%、33.63%、34.22%、56%。（3） 影响岩样力学与波动特征关联性的注采参数由大到小依次为岩样温度、高温遇水循环次数、水温。此研究能够为松辽盆地热采注采参数的选取提供一定参考。 相似文献
15.
Alireza Hassanzadegan Guido Blöcher Harald Milsch Luca Urpi Günter Zimmermann 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(2):421-434
A porosity change influences the transport properties and the elastic moduli of rock while circulating water in a geothermal reservoir. The static and dynamic elastic moduli can be derived from the slope of stress–strain curves and velocity measurements, respectively. Consequently, the acoustic velocities were measured while performing hydrostatic drained tests. The effect of temperature on static and dynamic elastic moduli and porosity variations of Flechtinger sandstone was investigated in a wide range of confining pressure from 2 to 55 MPa. The experiments were carried out in a conventional triaxial system whereas the pore pressure remained constant, confining pressure was cycled, and temperature was increased step wise (25, 60, 90, 120, and 140 °C). The porosity variation was calculated by employing two different theories: poroelasticity and crack closure. The porosity variation and crack porosity were determined by the first derivative of stress–strain curves and the integral of the second derivative of stress–strain curves, respectively. The crack porosity analysis confirms the creation of new cracks at high temperatures. The porosity variation was increasing with an increase in temperature at low effective pressures and was decreasing with a rise in temperature at high effective pressures. Both compressional and shear wave velocities were increasing with increasing pressure due to progressive crack closure. Furthermore, the thermomechanical behavior of Flechtinger sandstone was characterized by an inversion effect where the sign of the temperature derivative of the drained bulk modulus changes. 相似文献
16.
Bowing of dimensional granitic stones 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Bowing is a well-known phenomenon seen in marbles used as building veneers. This form of rock weathering occurs as a result of external factors such as temperature, humidity, the system for anchoring the marble slabs or the panel dimensions. Under the same external conditions, many factors will determine the degree of deformation including petrography, thermal properties and residual locked stresses. The usual way to solve the problem of bowed marble slabs is to replace them with other materials, such as granites, in which the deformation still exists but is less common. In this study, eight ornamental granites with different mineralogy, grain size, grain shape, porosity and fabric were tested in a laboratory to assess their susceptibility to bowing. Three slabs of granite, each cut with a different orientation, were studied under different conditions of temperature (90 and 120°C) and water saturation (dry and wet) to investigate the influence of these factors together with that of anisotropy. At 90°C, only the granite with the coarsest grain size and low porosity exhibited deformation under wet conditions. At 120°C and wet conditions, three of the granites showed evident signs of bowing. Again, the granite with the coarsest grain size was the most deformed. It was concluded that the wide grain size distribution influences microcracking more than other expected factors, such as the quartz content of the rock. Also, mineral shape-preferred orientation and porosity play an important role in the bowing of the studied granites. 相似文献
17.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(3):227-234
An extensive experimental investigation of microstructural changes in granites under freeze–thaw cycles using permeability and P-wave velocity measurements is described. Two types of natural granite rocks are considered and tested under dry and saturated conditions. The specimens were subjected to 200 heating–cooling cycles (??20°C/?+?20°C); each cycle had a duration of 24 h. The results indicate that the ageing process decreases the permeability and the P-wave velocity. The reduction in P-wave velocity is likely to be due to microcrack development (material damage). In dry samples, the microcracks result from the repeated differential contraction–dilatation of the mineral components. In water-saturated samples, there is an additional effect of freezing and thawing of water in the porous network. The decrease in permeability in the dry samples is due to partial closure of existing microcracks. In water-saturated samples, there was no increase in the permeability. A physically acceptable explanation is that new microcracks are not necessarily connected with those that already exist. Therefore the physicochemical process resulting from water–rock interactions also affects the permeability. This phenomenon reduces fluid flow in the material. 相似文献
18.
石灰岩热膨胀特性试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以石灰岩为研究对象,对其在高温作用下的热膨胀特性进行了试验研究。为弄清产生热膨胀的原因,对高温后石灰岩试件的孔隙率、超声波速和元素组成进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,高温作用下石灰岩将发生热膨胀,热膨胀量与试验时间的关系曲线可分为4个阶段,热膨胀量的大小与试验温度有关且为非线性关联;高温后石灰岩的孔隙率变化总体呈随温度升高而增加趋势,且以500℃为分界温度,分为缓慢增加和急剧增加2个阶段。而超声波速检测表明,高温后试件内超声波传播速度变化规律复杂,呈波浪形;高温后试件组成元素检测表明,试件内主要元素含量发生了较大变化;试件内孔隙、裂隙变化和组成、矿物成分分解是导致试件发生热膨胀的主要原因。 相似文献
19.
高温后花岗岩力学性质及微孔隙结构特征研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
采用MTS815液压伺服试验系统及9310型微孔结构分析仪对花岗岩在温度作用下（常温～1 300 ℃）的宏观力学性质及微孔隙结构特征进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明：①在800 ℃之前,岩样力学性质变化规律不明显;超过800 ℃,岩样强度迅速劣化;达到1 200 ℃,岩样基本失去了承载能力。②岩样孔隙率随温度升高而增大,孔隙率的阀值温度在800 ℃左右,与岩样在该温度点强度突然降低相一致。③岩样孔隙率较小,但连通性好,在阶段进汞曲线上显示为不同宽度微裂隙并存的特征,累计进汞曲线呈台阶状,温度超过800 ℃,超微孔逐渐向微孔隙转化,岩样连通性增强。④岩样孔隙分布分形维数随温度的升高反而降低。在高温作用下,岩样中的热损伤由初始非规则的裂隙结构逐渐向均匀化的孔穴结构转化,非均匀性弱化是导致岩样孔隙分布分形维数降低的根本原因。 相似文献
20.
H. Kern 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1979,4(2):161-171
The compressional and shear wave velocities in quarzite, granite, and granulite are determined at a fixed confining pressure of 2 kb as a function of temperature up to 720° C. The high-low quartz transition of the constituent quartz minerals is associated with a pronounced decrease in velocity of the compressional waves when approaching the transition and with a significant velocity increase after the transition. In contrast, the effect of the α-β transition on shear wave velocities is small. The drop of V P is explained by the elastic softening of structure of the constituent quartz minerals near the α-β transition and the opening of grain-boundary cracks, caused by the very high volumetric thermal expansion of the quartz relative to the other component minerals. The velocity increase in the β-field may be attributed to an elastic hardening of the quartz structure. Poisson ratios computed from the velocity data are anomalous for a solid: they become negative within the transition regime. The transition temperature, as indicated by the minimum velocities, is higher in the polycristalline rocks than is expected on grounds of single crystal behavior, and the discrepancy is more marked in granite than in quartzite. The shift of the transition temperature to higher values is explained by internal stresses that arise from the anisotropy of the thermal expansion and compressibility of individual grains and the differences in thermal expansion and compressibility between different component minerals. The role of the α-β quartz transition as a possible cause of low-velocity layers is discussed. 相似文献