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1.
K-Ar dating of synkinematic illite is increasingly recognized as a central method to constrain the timing of shallow crustal faulting. Methods of efficient sample preparation and quantitative identification of illite polytypes are critical to acquiring K-Ar isotope data for authigenic clays. In this respect, we compared the commonly used clay size separation method through centrifugation with vacuum filtration technology, showing that the former is prone to extract fractions with finer particle ...  相似文献   

2.
Arsenic pollution of groundwater has become a serious health problem in several regions of the world. Wuyuan County located in the central part of the Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia, is one of the most severely arsenic polluted areas. Peoples of the county have used groundwater of shallow （12-25 m） tube-well as drinking water. The groundwater is Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl type on the piper plots and aligns with steady Ca ： Mg ratio on cation diagram. The arsenic content in the water is more than 0.2 mg/L and the highest value reaches up to 0.52 mg/L. Drilling data show that Holocene sediments are divided into three zones on the basis of their color appearances; brown, grey and dark gray zones. The strata from 2m to 9-14m under the surface are mainly composed of clay and silt which are impermeable layers. The grey and dark grey zones composed of sand underlie the impermeable bed and the condition of their zones is reductive. At the depth of 30 m near the bottom of drilling, ORP of the groundwater is -300- -400 mV. The dark grey sand changes to yellow in color under the atmosphere. Under reducing environment, the color returns to its original dark grey. The characteristic color is due to amorphous or low-crystalline Fe sulfide coating sand grains. The sediments are of fluvial origin by the Yellow River. The arsenic content in the sediments is rich in fine-grained part and its values are more than 20 mg/kg in clay layer. The highest is 38 mg/kg. X-ray diffraction and macroscopic observation show that the clay layer is made of minerals such as chlorite and illite and contains high quantities of organic matter.  相似文献   

3.
Classic physical and chemical treatments applied to separating clay minerals from the host sediments are often difficult or aggressive for clay minerals. A technique using cation exchange resins (amberlite IRC-50H and amberlite IR-120) is used to separate clay minerals from the host sediments. The technique is based on the exchange of cations in the minerals that may be associated clay minerals in sediments, such as Ca and Mg from dolomite; Ca from calcite, gypsum and francolite with cations carried by resin radicals. The associated minerals such as gypsum, calcite, dolomite and francolite are removed in descending order. Separation of clay minerals using cation exchange resins is less aggressive than that by other classic treatments. The efficiency of amberlite IRC-50H in the removal of associated minerals is greater than that of amberlite IR-120.  相似文献   

4.
Fault clay is the combined results of 10 ig-term dynamic-, thermal-metamorphism and tectonic geochemical process. Approximately similar fault clay can be produced from different rocks as long as the abovemeutioned actions develope to a certain extent.Fault clay is characterized by a great variety of clay minerals as a result of the depletion in silica and the relative enrichment in Ah Different types of clayization can be recognized depending on the environmen and the extent to which alkalis are leached. The process that results in the formation Of fault clay, i.e., the disintegration of rocks, dissolution, transportation, deposition mstasormatism, re-crystallization and the alteration of clay minerals already formed goes Under the heading of tectonic geochemistry. It is induced by the pressure and temperature that prevail under dynamic-, the rmal-metamorphism and is controlled entirely by tectonic movement. Therefore, it differs from weathering and leaching in terms of either the mechanism or the characteristies of material exchange or the texture and structure of the resulted clays. Clayization is an indieator that the fault activity has reached to a stage of matoration. On the other hand, clayization is also a process of mineralization which gives rise under favorite conditions elay deposit of economic slginficance.  相似文献   

5.
Sample preparation for isotopic determination of boron in clay sediments   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
The procedures of sample preparation for isotopic determination of boron in clay sediments is very cumbersome, by far, there haven’t been relevant reports on that. In order to establish an effective method for sample preparation, a series of experiments were carried out. In this paper, boron in clay sediments was extracted with HCl solution and purified by two-step ion exchange method. Extracted HCl solution should be adjusted to alkalescency before passing through the Amberlite IRA 743 resin column due to the fact that Amberlite IRA 743 resin absorbs boron only from alkalescent solution. However, a mass of hydroxides of Al and Fe will be precipitated when the extracted HCl solution becomes alkalescent. Hydroxides of Al and Fe have a strong adsorption capacity for boron, which can cause boron isotope fractionation. To treat precipitated hydroxides of Al and Fe, four procedures, namely direct ion exchange (DRIE), decationizing ion exchange (DCIE), once sedimentation ion exchange (OSIE) and repeated sedimentation ion exchange (RSIE) were used and assessed. The influences of the four procedures on separation and extraction and isotopic composition of boron in experimental solutions and clay sediments were also discussed. According to the results, the DRIE, DCIE and OSIE are improper. The result of sample determination indicates that when extracting boron via RSIE, with the increase of precipitation times, there’s an obvious decrease in boron content in the precipitated hydroxides while a sharp increase in recovery of boron and it is favorable for weakening the influence of boron isotope fractionation. But the process of RSIE is time consuming and it may introduce boron. It needs further research to establish a more effective sample preparation method for isotopic deter- mination of boron in clay sediments.  相似文献   

6.
In order to study the characters of chemical kinetics for organophosphorus migration in clay with different pH, waste of organophosphorus was put under pressure to leakage permeating the cohesive soil, and simulate the process of organophosphorus leakage permeating the Aquitard, searching the characters of chemical kinetics for organophosphorus migration in clay with different pH. It is shown that the ability of migration of organophosphorus leakage permeating the cohesive soil fall with increase of pH; the penetration rate of organophosphorus is about 1.25% when pH is 7.5, organophosphorus has not penetrated the cohesive soil when pH is equal or greater than 8.5. The effect of retardarce is obvious. Concentration of PO43? that comes from the mineralization of organophosphorus is lowered slightly with increases of pH of clay, and rise with extension of time. The Chemical Kinetics equation is log c=-0.1pH+0.2172k1t+S.  相似文献   

7.
The dental and skeletal fluorosis is highly prevalent in Zhijin, Guizhou, especially at Hualuo Village, Hehua Village and Majiazhuang Village. The contents of fluorine in coal, clay used for coal combustion, mixed fuel of coal and clay, corn, and chili from households of the three villages were determined by the pyrohydrolysis-fluorine ion-selective electrode method. The average contents of fluorine in the above samples respectively are 237 mg/g, 2262 mg/g, 828 mg/g, 1419 mg/g, and 110 mg/g. The clay used for coal combustions is the main fluorine source of endemic fluorosis and the inferior coal and weathered coal are the secondary source of fluorine. During the combustion of mixed fuel of coal and clay, about eighty percent of fluorine was volatilized, approximately two thirds of which was from the clay and the other one third from the coal. The occurrence of fluorine in clay used for coal combustion is closely related to apatite and hornblende. The contents of fluorine in corn and chili, dried by coal-clay mixed fuel are about 1400 and 73 times higher than the permitted level of fluorine in foods according to the Chinese Standard. It is worth paying attention to the high-fluorine indoor surroundings, such as coal, clay, corn, and chili, particularly ash from boiler bottom with the fluorine content of 15738 μg/g. Besides the technologies of fluorine fixation during the combustion,  相似文献   

8.
Red clay is highly silty clay with red and yellowcolors, formed by the weathering and laterization ocarbonate rocks in hot and wet climate condition(Wiesner, 1999; The Committee of the Handbook oGeological Engineering, 1993). Guigang in Guangxis in a low latitude, sub tropical climate, so its sum mer is long and its winter is short, and heat and pre cipitation are profuse. Carbonate rocks are wideldistributed. Given such a geological environment anweathering conditions, …  相似文献   

9.
There are two aspects in the study of irregular mixed-layer clay minerals: one is the kinds and ratios of their basic structural unit layers and the other is the junction probabilities of the unit layers. Irregular mixed-layer illite/smectite clay minerals (I/S) are widespread in nature. While studying the clay minerals from the Permian-Triassic (P/T) boundary bed, the authors found that I/S clay minerals are developed in all P/T boundary clay layers in areas from the northwest to southeast of China. Systematic mineralogical studies of the I/S clay minerals from Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Zhejiang were made by means of X-ray, infrared spectroscopic, electron microscopic and chemical analyses and a deepened study of the stacking sequences of their structural unit layers was conducted by the MacEwan one—dimentional direct Fourier transform. It was found that the stacking of the illite and smectite crystal layers along the c axis can be derived from Fibonacci sequences. Hence, the authors propose that such I/S clay minerals are possessed of two—dimentional crystal lattice and one—dimentional quasicrystal lattice.  相似文献   

10.
Horizontal soil column method was used to determine the horizontal diffusion rate of sandy loam, loam and clay loam under the same bulk density. The results showed that the migration rates of different lithological wet fronts were different. The sandy loam had the fastest migration rate, the loam followed, and the clay loam was the slowest, but the law of change is the same among the three lithologies. The volumetric water content affects the change of Boltzmann parameter λ. When the volumetric water content is between 0.35-0.45 cm~3/cm~3, λ approaches stability. When the volumetric water content is less than 0.35 cm~3/cm~3, the λ value decreases rapidly with the decrease of water content. The water diffusion rate is related to the volumetric water content and particle size. The greater the moisture content is, the greater the diffusion rate will be. The larger the particle size, the larger the diffusion rate. The diffusivity of sandy loam is 10-30 times larger than that of loam and clay loam. The relationship between water content and diffusion rate is in accordance with the exponential function.  相似文献   

11.
In the geochemical study of sedimentation, hydrogen and oxygen isotope data are useful for a discussionon formation conditions and material sources of sediments. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses were madeon clays separated from the sea-floor surface sediments at 9 stations in the western sea region of the AntarcticPeninsula. On the basis of these isotopic data and the clay mineral components and by use of statistical dia-grams, it may be concluded that the clay fraction in this sea region is composed mainly of terrigenous detritus:i.e. it was formed by surface weathering or supergene alteration of the rocks from the terrigenous region in thepeninsular in the presence of meteoric water. However, at least a part of montmorillonite is a marine authigenicmineral formed by alteration of submarine eruptive materials or terrigenous pyroclasts in the presence of seawater. The above result is consistent with the idea derived from the study of clay mineralogy.  相似文献   

12.
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is an important industrial raw material that is widely used in manufacture of polyurethane coating and insulating materials. TDI is universally considered to be an industrial allergen, which can be introduced into human bodies b…  相似文献   

13.
Clay minerals can hinder the transport of various contaminants in soil and aquifer, but how clay minerals affect the transport of nanoparticles in aquifers has not been investigated in depth. In this paper, the transport of surfactants dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in well-defined quartz sand and mixtures of quartz sand and clay minerals (kaolinite and montmorillonite) with varying ionic strengths was studied. Sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) and octyl-phenol-ethoxylate (TX100) MWCNT suspensions can migrate through quartz sand easily, but the presence of less than 2% w/w clay minerals in quartz sand can significantly hinder the transport of MWCNT suspensions, especially at high ion strength (0.6 mM CaCl2). The inhibition mechanism of clay minerals for surfactant-dispersed MWCNTs in porous media is the interception of MWCNTs. Kaolinite has stronger inhibition effect for MWCNTs transport than montmorillonite because more kaolinite can be retained in the quartz sand. Adsorption of surfactants by clay minerals does not affect the transport of MWCNTs significantly. This finding is important for the environmental assessment of MWCNT transport risks in soils and aquifers.  相似文献   

14.
正The exposed surface of the dry salt lake basin contains a large number of extremely fine lightweight saline-alkali(mixed)dust and clay dust.It is extremely easy to dust and since saline-alkali lake is low-lying and its temperature  相似文献   

15.
Burial Metamorphism of the Ordos Basin in Northern Shaanxi   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Burial metamorphism has been found in the Ordos basin of northern Shaanxi. On the basis of a rather intensive study of burial metamorphism of sandstone, it has been shown that the evolution from diagenesis to metamorphism involves four stages: cementation of clay minerals, regrowth of pressolved quartz and feldspar, cementation of carbonates and formation of laumontite. On that basis it has been put forward that the laumontite is formed by burial metamorphism of clay and carbonate minerals. According to the thermodynamic data of minerals, the conditions under which laumontite is formed are T<250℃ and X_(CO_2)<0.17. High-resolution SEM and TEM studies of clay minerals in mudstone show that there occur a mixed layer assemblage of bertherine and illite/chlorite and transformation from bertherine to chlorite. On that basis coupled by the X-ray diffraction analysis the author suggests the following transformation of clay minerals during burial metamorphism: the earliest smectite-kaolinite assemblage changes into the bertherine-illite mixture with increasing depth, then into the illite/chlorite mixed layer assemblage and finally into dispersed individual illite and chlorite. The reaction of the transformation is:smectite+kaolinite+K~+=illite+chlorite+quartz According to the study of the oxygen isotope thermometry of the coexisting illitequartz pair, the temperature of the above transformation is lower than 180℃.  相似文献   

16.
Fluorine is in the dynamic balance of two geochemical processes, enrichment and leaching, reflecting the adsorption and desorption of fluoride by clay minerals, respectively. The two geochemical processes of fluorine in soil are influenced by factors including geochemical characteristics of soil and clay minerals, pH and sanity of soil solutions, climate, grazing and agriculture activities. Main factors controlling enrichment and leaching process of fluorine in soil can be found with interaction consideration.  相似文献   

17.
周正 《地球化学》1973,(4):295-301
Procedures of mineral separation for rock.forming minerals from granites (biotite,phlogopite, muscovite, serisite, amphibole, quartz, K-feldspars and plagioclase) are presented. By taking advantage of differences in the physical and chemical properties of these minerals, end product containing 98 percent or more of a singular mineral.species can be obtained for mineralogical studies.  相似文献   

18.
The geochemical components of the leachate from loess-paleosol deposits can provide information about climate-related post-depositional processes. For example, leachate lithium ([Li]leachate) is a potential paleoclimate proxy because lithium is a typical lithophile element that is readily adsorbed by clay minerals during weathering and pedogenesis, and thus stratigraphic variations in [Li]leachate can reflect these processes. We investigated the [Li]leachate values of two loess-paleosols profiles (the Luochuan and Weinan sections), on a north–south climatic gradient on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Independent paleoclimate information was provided by measurements of magnetic susceptibility, grain size, Rb/Sr ratios, and clay mineral content. During the last glacial-interglacial period, [Li]leachate increased from 0.39 to 1.97 μg/g at Luochuan and from 0.67 to 2.45 μg/g at Weinan, mainly due to increasing pedogenesis. Based on these results we developed a conceptual model to explain the variations in [Li]leachate. Li+ within loess layers is mainly derived from dust input and the decomposition of primary minerals, influenced by the East Asian winter monsoon, while in paleosol layers Li+ is mainly derived from clay mineral adsorption during pedogenic processes, influenced by the East Asian summer monsoon.  相似文献   

19.
Grain size and clay mineral distribution up to 45 cm depth in the silty clay sediments from 26 box cores from 10°to 16°S along four longitudes(73.5°-76.5°E)were studied for understanding spatial variability in the Central Indian Basin(CIB).It was observed that the average sand content in the basin is 3.8%,which decreases systematically and longitudinally to 0.3%towards south.The average illite and chlorite major clay mineral abundance also decrease southwards along the four longitudes from 10°S,and show ...  相似文献   

20.
This article presents a computer simulation of stress distribution around tunnels and interaction between tunnels using an elasto-plastic model. A finite element method using ANSYS software has been used for the analyses of one and two tunnels at different overburden depths with different separating distances between the tunnels. The results of numerical analyses indicate that stress distribution and stress concentration around the tunnels vary with the overburden depths. It is found that the coefficients of stress concentration for elasto-plastic medium are smaller than those for elastic one by 1.9%. Furthermore, the interaction between the two tunnels rapidly decreases with the increase of separation distance between them. In addition, for quantitatively describing the interaction between the two tunnels, a critical separation distance is introduced. The critical separation distances between the two tunnels at different overburden depths are 8 m, 12 m, and 14 m respectively. This fact is very important and essential for the design of mining tunnels and to ensure safety in tunnel engineering.  相似文献   

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