共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 640 毫秒
1.
水位流量关系法时段平均流量计算方法的商榷 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
知用水位流量关系法推流时,提出了用积分法求时段平均流量,用抛物线代替直线。计算结果表明,该方法的计算误差较小,且没有系统性。 相似文献
2.
3.
一、前言在水库水量还原计算中,通常是根据水库的出库流量及库容资料,利用水量平衡式反求人库洪水过程,且一般都是采用时段水量平衡式.时段水量平衡式是对于某一计算河段,在一定的假定条件下,将圣维南连续方程用差商代替微商简化而来的,它只能计算时段平均入流,从而使还原的入库洪水呈阶梯状,同时,如何确定差商的计算时段△t,是一个不易解决 相似文献
4.
本文提出了分析时段平均流量偶然误差的相关系数法和直接计算法。前者利用生成的随机数组推求水位流量关系曲线各点误差间的相关系数,与曲线各点标准误差结合,估算时段流量误差。后者则用随机数组分别拟合曲线并推算时段流量,据以估算误差。本文还阐述了时段平均流量的系统误差问题。 相似文献
5.
本文从非稳定流理论出发,将稳定流抽水试验概化为包含零流量抽水时段的阶梯式非稳定流抽水试验,分析出井损仅存在于非零流量抽水的时段,据此确定了求参计算拟合的主要目标和井损的计算方法,进而编制了适合于直线边界,边界性质为定水头、隔水、边界不存在或边界无影响三种常见情况的计算程序。并结合实例,反演了水文地质条件,较为准确地计算了水文地质参数、井损及井损与抽水量的关系。 相似文献
6.
现行水库洪水优化调度数学模型存在泄流闸门开度不断调整及时段间流量突变的问题。针对这些问题,将水库防洪优化调度数学模型分为时段内出库流量线性变化的瞬时出流模型和时段内出流不变的恒定出流模型。对于1个水库和1个防洪控制点所组成的基本防洪系统,应用矩形入流条件的河道洪水演进方法,以时段内恒定的出库流量为决策变量,构建水库防洪优化补偿调度数学模型。实例计算结果表明:恒定出流模型比瞬时出流模型占用的防洪库容减小0.05%~0.18%、最大下泄流量有增有减,即恒定出流模型既不劣于瞬时出流模型,也能很好地解决瞬时出流模型存在的问题。同时,实例揭示的水库二次补偿调节比等蓄量调度方式减小防洪库容10.6%,为确定水库的防洪库容提供了新的方法。 相似文献
7.
以流量和含沙量在时段内呈线性变化，而输沙率应是二次函数为出发点，用积分的方法推导出时段平均输沙率的计算公式，认为采用这套公式计算日平均输沙率和日平均小于某粒径沙重百分数是合理和实用的。可以提高成果的准确性。 相似文献
8.
预警指标对流域的山洪预警有着重要的作用。主要以荣成市崂山小流域崂山大疃为例,提出了确定雨量预警指标的方法。根据不同的土壤干湿程度,基于降雨径流曲线获得降雨径流关系,采用推理公式法计算设计洪水,绘制降雨洪峰曲线;根据崂山大疃现场调查,基于曼宁公式获取水位流量关系曲线,结合成灾水位推算临界流量,根据降雨洪峰曲线,由流量反推降雨。计算结果:在Pa=40 mm的情况下,崂山大疃的3个时段的临界雨量为62 mm,75 mm,95 mm,经过"折减"处理获得的3个时段预警指标,准备转移指标为56,68,86mm,立即转移指标为68,83,105 mm。 相似文献
9.
1956-2012年黄河源区流量演变的新特征及其成因 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用黄河源区唐乃亥水文站1956-2012年的逐月流量实测资料,通过趋势分析、小波分析以及不均匀系数和贡献的计算,分析了1956-2012年57 a来黄河源区流量的趋势、年内双峰型变化新特征及其主要成因.结果表明：近57 a来黄河源区流量演变包括2个上升时段（1956-1967年和2002-2012年）、1个下降时段（1989-2002年）和1个振荡调整时段（1967-1989年）.流量年内分配不均匀性最大的是1980年代,最小的是1990年代.流量年内分配主要表现为双峰型,峰值点主要出现在7月和9月,但出现月份存在年际、年代际变化,且峰值点的月份也随着丰、枯水年存在着变化.降水对流量的正贡献呈7、9月双峰型,温度的负贡献则使9月峰值消失.当夏季高原附近区域,尤其是高原北侧低层600 hPa位势高度场降低,高原夏季风偏强时,有利于黄河源区降水增加、流量增大,出现流量年内分配的峰值点,且夏季高原高度场的变化对流量年内分配第二个峰值点（秋季）的出现有一定的指示意义. 相似文献
10.
11.
基于非饱和土壤水分运动理论,采用数值模拟方法研究了4种降雨作用下生物滞留带结构层参数对设施积水、产流及径流调控效应的影响特性。结果表明:生物滞留带表层积水受蓄水层深度影响显著,随蓄水层深度由20 cm增加到30 cm,设施的溢流控制水量平均提高0.196 m3左右,但积水时长增加可达85 min;生物滞留带各结构层参数对穿孔管产流均有一定影响,随种植土层与砂滤层厚度比或内部储水区高度增加,穿孔管产流时刻推迟,产流峰值减小,而蓄水层深度的增加则可导致穿孔管产流时刻提前、产流峰值增大;在4种降雨作用下,5类滞留带径流量平均消减率为16.71%~37.31%,径流峰值平均消减率为41.53%~63.90%,产流平均延迟时间为97.75~166.50 min;当滞留带发生溢流时,设施的径流调控能力显著降低,且结构层参数对设施径流调控效果的影响减弱。 相似文献
12.
以分形聚集生长模型为基础,通过三维模拟泥沙颗粒在布朗运动、重力沉降和紊流作用下的碰撞、粘结和破碎过程,探讨了紊流对粘性细颗粒泥沙絮凝速度、絮团平均粒径及分形维数的时空影响。试验结果表明:紊流作用下,泥沙絮凝及絮团平均粒径的变化可分为加速段、等速段和减速段,絮凝等速段的作用时间及粒径等速增长段的速度均随紊动强度呈先增后减的规律,且中部区域的絮凝速度和絮团平均粒径较小;泥沙絮团分形维数随水流紊动强度的增加逐渐增大,最终趋于稳定,随时间呈先减后增的规律。模拟空间下部区域分形维数最大,上部次之,中部最小。 相似文献
13.
流域暴雨山洪过程时空异质性强,准确评估雨洪变化特性和洪水危险性对山洪灾害防治具有重要意义。以7个降雨特征指标和6个洪水特征指标刻画流域场次雨洪特性,采用中国山洪水文模型和洪水频率指标相结合,模拟和评估口前流域洪水过程及其危险性。结果表明：场次洪水洪峰模数、洪峰时间偏度、高脉冲历时占比、涨落洪速率与降雨总量、平均雨量、最大雨强、雨峰位置系数、基尼系数等降雨特征指标显著相关,三场致灾洪水过程的降雨均呈现量级大、强度大、历时短、暴雨中心偏中下游的特点;率定期和验证期的平均径流深相对误差均在9%以内,平均洪峰流量相对误差均在11%以内,平均峰现时间误差均在1.7 h以内,平均Nash-Sutcliffe系数为0.80和0.76;各场次洪水有0.0%～93.3%的河段流量达到一般危险及以上等级,三场致灾洪水过程的危险性等级最高,分别有80.0%、35.0%和1.7%的小流域河段流量达到高危险及以上等级。研究可为山区小流域暴雨洪水危险性评估、灾害响应和复盘等提供技术支撑。 相似文献
14.
基于统计物理学观点,给出了净雨过程和流域出口断面流量过程的概率论解释。在此基础上,应用概率论中随机变数函数分布的理论导出了卷积公式,获得了不同于Rodriguez-Iturbe等对流域瞬时单位线所作的概率解释,且前提条件更为明确。证明了流域瞬时单位线的一阶原点矩、流域滞时和平均流域汇流时间是完全等价的,从而为计算平均流域汇流时间提供了一个概念明晰、操作简便的计算方法。给出了两个应用概率论方法确定流域瞬时单位线的方法,其中之一是笔者提出的。 相似文献
15.
夏万云 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2022,33(1):99-106
黄土坡面侵蚀特性研究对于铁路边坡及路基防护具有重要的意义。通过银西高铁董志塬段某路基护坡坡面冲刷试验,获得了不同冲刷历时、冲刷流量、坡度等条件下的坡面冲刷结果,并对坡面流水动力学特性、坡面产沙规律、坡面产沙机理进行了分析,得出以下结论:（1）坡顶和坡底比坡面中部更易受侵蚀;30°～60°斜坡在较小的冲刷强度下也能产生较明显的侵蚀沟,宜采取45°左右的多级矮坡来减弱侵蚀强度。（2）坡面流水动力学特性分析表明,试验工况水流主要处于过渡流区;平均流速与冲刷流量、坡度呈幂函数关系;达西阻力系数与冲刷流量、坡度呈负相关,且与雷诺数相关性较低。（3）平均含沙量随冲刷流量与坡度的增大而增大,随历时近似线性增加,约20 min以后,含沙量基本稳定,此过程为坡面沟道发展阶段。（4）坡面侵蚀产沙量与侵蚀切应力、有效水流功率都呈正相关,与前者近似呈线性增大关系,而与后者近似呈幂函数关系。 相似文献
16.
Chen Chien-Yuan Chen Tien-Chien Yu Fan-Chieh Yu Wen-Hui Tseng Chun-Chieh 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(5):715-724
A rainfall-induced debris flow warning is implemented employing real-time rain gauge data. The pre-warning for the time of landslide triggering derives the threshold or critical rainfall from historical events involving regional rainfall patterns and geological conditions. In cases of debris flow, the time taken cumulative runoff, to yield abundant water for debris triggering, is an important index that needs monitoring. In gathered historical cases, rainfall time history data from the nearest rain gauge stations to debris-flow sites connected to debris flow are used to define relationships between the rainfall intensity and duration. The effects by which the regional rainfall patterns (antecedent rainfall, duration, intensity, cumulative rainfall) and geological settings combine together to trigger a debris-flow are analyzed for real-time monitoring. The analyses focused on 61 historical hazard events with the timing of debris flow initiation and rainfall duration to burst debris-flow characteristics recorded. A combination of averaged rainfall intensity and duration is a more practical index for debris-flow monitoring than critical or threshold rainfall intensity. Because, the outburst timing of debris flows correlates closely to the peak hourly rainfall and the forecasting of peak hourly rainfall reached in a meteorological event could be a valuable index for real-time debris-flow warning. 相似文献
17.
N. Sh. Chen Ch. L. Yang W. Zhou F. Q. Wei Z. L. Li D. Han G. Sh. Hu 《Natural Hazards》2011,56(1):37-57
Debris flow with intermittent surges is a major natural hazard. Accurate estimation of the total volume of debris flow is
a challenge for academic researchers and engineering practitioners. This paper has proposed a new model for the total volume
estimation based on 15 years of observations in Jiangjia Valley, China, from 1987 to 2004. The model uses two input variables:
debris flow moving time and average surge peak discharge. The Weibull distribution formula is adopted to describe the relationship
between the debris flow surge peak discharge and its relative frequency. By integrating the Weibull function and two-point
curve fitting, the relationship between the maximum discharge and average surge peak discharge can be established. The total
debris flow volume is linked with the debris flow moving time and the average peak discharge. With statistical regression,
the debris flow moving time is derived from the debris flow total time. The proposed model has fitted very well with the validation
data and outperformed the existing models. This study has provided a new and more accurate way for estimating the total volume
of debris flows with intermittent surges in engineering practice. 相似文献
18.
基于BP神经网络的泥石流平均流速预测 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
泥石流平均流速是泥石流防治工程中不可缺少的重要参数,准确地预测泥石流平均流速对于泥石流防治工程的设计是至关重要的。将BP神经网络应用于泥石流平均流速的预测:将泥石流平均流速的影响因素--泥沙平均粒径、泥深、沟床比降和泥石流密度作为BP神经网络的输入单元,通过对云南东川蒋家沟泥石流观测数据的训练与预测建立了泥石流平均流速的BP神经网络预测模型。将预测结果与东川公式和曼宁修正公式的计算结果进行对比:曼宁修正公式和东川公式预测结果最大误差分别为27%和7.3%,BP神经网络的预测结果最大误差仅为3.2%,BP神经网络的预测精度是最高的,可见此方法对泥石流平均流速预测具有适用性和准确性。最后应用此方法预测了乌东德水电站近坝库区内的3条泥石流的平均流速分别为12.8 m/s、11.3 m/s和13.0 m/s,为库区泥石流防治工程提供了可靠的参考数据。 相似文献
19.
J.R.L. Allen 《Sedimentary Geology》1976,16(2):99-130
An earlier model for dune time-lag in periodically varying unidirectional flows (J.R.L. Allen, 1976) is modified so as to treat more realistically the stochastic behaviour of dunes and the ability of the individual to change in height during its life-span.The improved model shows that hydrograph shape could substantially influence dune behaviour in unsteady flows. For the same flow period and extreme discharge values, a reduction in the relative duration of the high-water stages causes an increase in the phase differences between dune dimensions and flow, and an increase in the dimensions averaged over the flow cycle as compared with the similarly averaged dimensions given no lag. The relative range of dimensions over the flow cycle is little affected.The time-dependent structure of the dune populations is explored using histograms of the instantaneous values of dune wavelength, height and age. At small values of the time ratio (ratio of characteristic dune life-span to flow period), the dunes invariably are unimodally distributed in wavelength, height and age, and the relative dispersion of these properties is small. At intermediate ratios, dune properties are bimodally distributed and moderately to highly dispersed over much of each flow cycle, usually the later part and sometimes the whole of the low-water phase. Dune properties are at all times highly dispersed and, broadly, unimodally distributed when the time ratio is large. There is a close correlation between the patterns in time of dune creation rate, population structure, the average values and relative dispersions of dune dimensions, and the phase difference evaluated for each instant.An increase of the coefficient of change of dune height decreases the equivalent phase difference for height, diminishes the calculated wavelength and height averaged over the flow cycle, but increases the ranges of height and wavelength. Increasing the coefficient has no apparent effect on the equivalent phase difference for wavelength. 相似文献
20.
Assessment of ecological flow rate by flow duration and environmental management class in the Geum River, Korea 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This study attempted to analyze flow duration in a basin using a method to estimate environmental flow developed by the International Water Management Institute, and simulate the effects of runoff characteristics unique to a river and flow variability due to basin developments on aquatic ecosystems. To do so, KModSim, a simulation model for basin-wide water distribution, was used to assess flow duration in the Geum River basin, one of the four major river basins in Korea, by environmental management class (EMC). Flow duration curves by EMC at Sutong and Gongju sites were derived on the basis of natural flow in the Geum River basin. As a result, they were found to be consistent with the results of previous studies. Time series of mean monthly flow data by EMC were plotted together with those of simulated flow data by reservoir operation scenario; Sutong and Gongju points both showed flow behaviors corresponding almost to “A” in EMC. In addition, the characteristics of habitats by species of fish were identified through monitoring fish habitat at the Sutong site, so that optimal ecological flow rate was estimated. For this purpose, relations between flow discharge and weighted usable area for Coreoleuciscus splendidus and Pseudopungtungia nigra were projected using physical habitat simulation system, and EMCs consistent with flow duration curves (estimated taking in-stream flow) were assessed. The results or findings reported in this study are expected to serve as basic data for making a plan to efficiently monitor and manage aquatic ecosystems in the Geum River basin. 相似文献