共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
Land-use change and its environmental impact in the Heihe River Basin, arid northwestern China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Rapid land-use change has taken place in many arid and semi-arid regions of China over the last decade as the result of demand for food for its growing population. The Heihe River Basin, a typical inland river basin of temperate arid zone in northwestern China, was investigated to assess land-use change dynamics by the combined use of satellite remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS), and to explore the interaction between these changes and the environment. Images were classified into six land-use types: cropland, forestland, grassland, water, urban or built-up land, and barren land. The objectives were to assess and analyze landscape change of land use/cover in Heihe River Basin over 15 years from 1987 to 2002. The results show that (1) grassland and barren land increase greatly by 22.3, and 268.2 km2, respectively, but water area decreased rapidly by 247.2 km2 in the upper reaches of Heihe River Basin; (2) cropland and urban or built-up land increased greatly by 174.9, and 64.6 km2, respectively, but grassland decreased rapidly by 210.3 km2 in the middle reaches of Heihe River Basin; and (3) barren land increased largely by 397.4 km2, but grassland degraded seriously and water area decreased obviously by 313.3, and 21.7 km2, respectively in the lower reaches of Heihe River Basin. These results show that significant changes in land-use occur within the whole basin over the study period and cause severe environmental degradation, such as water environmental changes (including surface water runoff change, decline of groundwater table and degeneration of surface water and groundwater quality), land desertification and salinization, and vegetation degeneracy. 相似文献
2.
黑河中游金塔地区生态环境变化遥感监测 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
利用1990年和2000年的TM遥感资料,在经过定标、几何校正和图像增强等图像处理的基础上对土地覆盖类型进行解译,从而实现黑河中游金塔地区的生态环境遥感动态监测.从监测结果计算出黑河中游金塔地区2000年的生态环境相对于1990年的生态环境变化如下:人工用地增加34.17%,农业用地增加19.47%,水体增加8%,湿地增加6.3%,未利用土地增加了1.73%,自然/半自然植被减少42.78%.并对这些生态环境变化的原因进行了初步探讨。 相似文献
3.
黑河流域土地利用与覆被变化特征 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12
在土地类型划分的基础上, 利用黑河流域1987年和2000年两期TM遥感数据, 从土地利用与覆被变化幅度、变化速率及动态度等角度, 定量分析了流域上、中、下游及全流域总体土地利用与覆被变化的特征并进行了对比.结果表明: 在变化幅度上, 全流域各类土地利用与覆被变化均十分强烈, 中游地区最为显著, 综合土地利用与覆被变化指数达到7.6%, 耕地、城镇建设用地、水域和草地等是全流域变化最为剧烈的利用类型; 在变化速度方面, 流域上游地区的耕地、城镇居民用地和沙漠化土地年平均递增速度最高, 中游地区明显小于上游和下游地区, 但沙漠化除外, 为全流域水平的4.7倍, 下游耕地、城镇用地、水域面积和其它难利用土地变化较快, 说明上、下游生态系统极不稳定, 变化剧烈. 对中游动态度的分析表明, 耕地、城镇居民用地和较难利用土地较稳定, 其它土地类型的利用与覆被动态变化都很活跃, 说明中游地区土地利用与覆被变化复杂而强烈, 具有变化的多向性和互动性, 从而为流域合理调整土地利用方式和环境改善提供了一定的科学依据. 相似文献
4.
Environmental degradation in the Hexi Corridor region of China over the last 50 years and comprehensive mitigation and rehabilitation strategies 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The regional hydrology and ecosystems of the Hexi Corridor region of northwestern China have changed over the last half century under the driving force of intense human activity and regional climate changes. Streamflow issuing from mountains in the eastern section of the Corridor by way of the Shiyang River has decreased significantly. Annual mountain outflow from the Heihe and Shule Rivers in the central and western portions of the Corridor, respectively, have tended to increase; however, their downstream discharge has decreased sharply. These lower reaches clearly display anthropogenic hydrological features. Water salinization and pollution have worsened. Presently, up to 208 km of river courses exhibit the poorest water pollution grades of IV and V. Overall, the forested area in the south Qilian Mountain region has decreased by 16.5% in the last 50 years, but has recently begun to show a gradual increase. However, natural desert forests in the northern portion of the Hexi Corridor have continued in a trend of degradation and rapid disappearance, with 3431 km2 lost in Minqin and Ejin counties alone. Grasslands have been progressively degraded and their area decreased such that grasslands in the Hexi Corridor region only cover 46.86% of their former area. Desertification has been exacerbated and the grasslands' stock capacity reduced. In the Hexi Corridor region desertification has proceeded swiftly over the last 50 years, reaching, in the early 1980s, a maximum annual rate of 2.15% of total initial grassland area. However, from the late 1980s through the 1990s their desertification rate has dropped significantly. A unified watershed-scale plan for water use and management in different regions of the Hexi Corridor, considering water demands for economic development as well as ecosystem maintenance and remediation, must be implemented. The improved and ultimate sustainability of regional development for the Hexi Corridor is linked to following ecological criteria in exploiting land resources, and to systematically protect ecosystem function, allowing for sound ecosystem development. 相似文献
5.
Relationship between soil physiochemistry and land degradation in the lower Heihe River basin of northwestern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Monitoring of soil-water physiochemistry (pH, total salt content, ion types, and ion ratios) across the lower Heihe River
basin of northwestern China indicated that the distribution of different soil hydrochemical types typically correlated with
that of different levels of soil desertification, specifically: 1) lands with the potential for desertification showed a Cl−-SO42−-Na+-Mg2+ soil-water ion complement, 2) those under on-going desertification a SO42−-Cl−-Mg2+-Na+ ion complement, 3) those under severe desertification a HCO3−-Cl−-Ca2+-Na+ ion complement, and 4) those under very severe desertification a Cl−-SO42−-Mg2+-Na+ ion complement. The total soil N, P, and K, pH and organic matter of desertified lands tend to be relatively spatially concentrated,
whereas available N, P and K are scattered. Based on an analysis of the main nutrients, the cumulative percent contribution
of total N, total P, organic matter, and available N reached 76.24% of ecosystem needs and basically reflect the level of
soil fertility. According to a low-dimensional cluster analysis of principal components and the differentiation and alikeness
of integrated nutrient gradients, the soils in the study region were classified into four types, which coincided spatially
with the four desertification land types. With a decrease in the quantity of water exiting the upper and middle reaches of
the Heihe River basin, the salinity of surface waters and shallow water table depth (WTD) in the lower reaches have significantly
increased through evaporation. The changes in the hydrological process have caused an imbalance in water distribution across
the basin, and altered the state of oasis-supporting water resources. The deterioration of soil water and expansion of desertification
progress from non-salinized soils in the oasis, to soils slightly salinized through periodic salt accumulation, salinized
Chao soils, and salinized forest shrub meadow soils along the riverbanks and on lake shores. These can then evolve into moderately
to heavily salinized soils and eventually into alkali lands. All together, these degradative processes constitute the complex
dynamics of oasis desertification, whereby the natural oases’ surface biotic productivity system is degraded, leading to oasis
shrinkage, ecosystem deterioration, and land desertification. Consequently, there is an urgent need to extend the study of
soil and surface water chemistry in the region. 相似文献
6.
内蒙古西部额济纳盆地土地荒漠化发展态势及其成因 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了查明额济纳盆地荒漠化的发展趋势及其成因,通过野外调查、遥感解译、样品测试及资料收集对比,从环境地质学的角度对额济纳盆地荒漠化的发展态势和成因进行了分析研究。结果表明：目前额济纳盆地土地荒漠化呈发展态势,环境在进一步恶化。认为荒漠化过程主要受区域地质环境条件变化的影响,全球气候变化、青藏高原隆升所引起的西北地区的干旱化趋势,是研究区荒漠化发生发展的决定性因素,盆地内的构造沉积背景决定着荒漠化的类型,水环境的变化直接影响着额济纳荒漠化的发生和发展速度。同时,当前人为因素对地质环境的影响很大,人类对水资源和土地资源的不合理利用,加速了荒漠化的发展速度。 相似文献
7.
Driving forces responsible for aeolian desertification in the source region of the Yangtze River from 1975 to 2005 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The Yangtze River is the China’s longest river and the third-longest river in the world. The river’s source region in the
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is especially sensitive to global environmental change because of its high elevation and cold environment.
Under the influence of global warming, aeolian desertified land has expanded rapidly in this area. To assess the trends in
aeolian desertification from 1975 to 2005, remote-sensing and GIS technology were used to monitor the extent of aeolian desertification
in 1975, 1990, 2000, and 2005. The data sources included Landsat multi-spectral scanner images acquired in 1975, Enhanced
Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images acquired in 2000, and Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in 1990 and 2005. Images recorded
between June and October were selected, when vegetation grew well, because aeolian desertified land was more easily recognized
during this period. Thematic maps, including land use and geomorphologic maps, were used as supplementary data. Aeolian desertification
maps (1:100000) were produced for each year from the Landsat images through visual interpretation. The area of aeolian desertified
land increased by 2,678.43 km2 from 1975 to 2005, accounting for 8.8% of the total area of aeolian desertified land in 1975, an increase of 89.28 km2 a−1. Increasing mean annual temperature and the combination of a dry, cold, and windy climate in winter and spring were mainly
responsible for the expansion of desertified land. 相似文献
8.
甘肃省黑河流域土地沙漠化的水文学指征初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黑河流域土地沙漠化及水资源合理利用一直是该流域研究的焦点问题。文章首先从土地沙漠化分布范围、种类、面积、沙漠化程度等方面，分析了黑河流域土地沙漠化的现状：土地沙漠化主要发生在流域的中下游地区，尤以额济纳绿洲沙漠化形势严峻；其次，从地表水、地下水之水质、水量方面分析了黑河流域水环境变化的状况：人类不合理的经济活动，导致黑河流域水资源环境恶化，具体表现在地下水、地表水水位下降、水质恶化。在此基础上，从黑河流域地表水及地下水着手，初步提出了黑河流域土地沙漠化的水文学指征体系：其中，地表水主要包括蒸发与蒸腾的消耗、径流和渗漏3个部分；径流部分又分为地表水流经区域及水量变化、干流水量的系列变化以及泥沙沉积3方面；地下水则主要有水质变化及水位的连续变化2方面。 相似文献
9.
Guangyin Hu Huijun Jin Zhibao Dong Junfeng Lu Changzhen Yan 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(7):3245-3254
The source region of the Yellow River, located in the northeastern portion of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, plays a critical role in water conservation, biodiversity protection, and wetland conservation. Aeolian desertification of this area is an important concern. Remote sensing and GIS technology were employed to assess the trends in aeolian desertification from 1975 to 2005. The monitoring results showed that, aeolian desert land increased from 15,112 to 17,214 km2 during 1975–2005. In addition, it was found that the area of aeolian desertification increased rapidly from 1975 to 1990, was stable from 1990 to 2000, and slightly decreased from 2000 to 2005. Increasing temperature, overgrazing, and drainage of wetlands have been key driving factors of aeolian desertification. Thus, to control the expansion of aeolian desert lands in the source region of the Yellow River and to rehabilitate existing desert areas, the priority should be given to altering human behavior in these areas. 相似文献
10.
Environmental effects of water resource development and use in the Tarim River basin of northwestern China 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
The unbridled development and use of water resources in the Tarim River basin over the last 50 years have led to a serious degradation of soil (>12×103 km2 of land desertified between the 1960s and 1990s) and water quality (rise in maximum salinity was from 1.3 g l–1 in 1960, to 4.0 g l–1 in 1981–1984, and to 7.8 g l–1 in 1998). Approximately 300 km of the lower reaches of the river course dried up between the 1950s and 1970s, seriously altering the downstream hydrological processes (a 4–6 m drop in groundwater levels from the 1960s to the 1980s, and 0.2 m yr–1 thereafter) and ecosystems (67% and 50% decrease (1958–1978) in Populus euphratica forest acreage and biomass, respectively). Between the 1950s and 1990s, 3820 km2 of P. euphratica forest and 200 km2 of shrub- and grassland were lost in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. In this study, based on estimates of soil organic carbon in desertified lands, it has been found that in the last 30 years (1970–2000), approximately 112 Tg of organic carbon (28% originating in the 0–1.0 m soil profile) has been released into the atmosphere as a result of soil degradation in the Tarim River basin. Intensive anthropogenic disturbance has been one of the foremost factors leading to the deterioration of water resources in this region. The key to solving these problems is to enhance the scientific and technical level of monitoring, management, and restoration of water resources and associated water and soil components of local ecosystems. 相似文献
11.
Land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River, northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: classification and evaluation 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Land degradation imposes a great threat to the world. It is not merely an environmental issue, but also a social and economic problem. Land desertification is among the main aspects of environment changes in the source region of the Yellow River. Previous studies focused on water resource utilization and soil erosion, but land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River even the whole Qinghai-Xizang Plateau received little attention. Based on the data obtained by field investigation and TM satellite images of 2000, this study provides the classification and evaluation information of the land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River. There are six types of land degradation in this region: water erosion in the northern mountains around the Gonghe Basin, sandy desertification in the Gonghe Basin and Upland Plain Area, aridization in the lower reaches, salinization in the Gonghe Basin, vegetation degradation in the intramontance basin and freezing and thawing erosion in the high mountains. The total degraded area is 34,429.6 km2, making up 37.5% of the land in the study area. Finally, land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River was evaluated according to changes in the physical structure and chemical component of soils, land productivity, secondary soil salt and water conditions. 相似文献
12.
塔里木河流域水资源开发利用及其环境效应 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
近30a来,由于塔里木河流域水资源无序的开发利用,导致了严重水土环境退化.从20世纪50-70年代,下游300km河道逐渐干涸,致使下游水文过程和生态环境严重破坏.1960-1980年下游水位由2～4m下降到4～10m;1980年后,水位年降速率是20cm.1958-1978年,塔里木河流域胡杨减少了2/3,生物量下降了1/2;1950-1990年代,塔里木河下游主要树种胡杨林减少了3820km2,而灌木和草地面积减少了200km2.这种水文变化已导致水环境的明显恶化,并引起了土地沙漠化,1960-1990年代形成沙漠化土地12300km2.塔里木河的盐分含量逐渐升高,1960年的最大含盐量是1.28g·L-1,但1981-1984年达到4g·L-1,到1998年达7.8g·L-1.根据对沙漠化土地有机碳含量推算,近30a塔里木河流域土壤由于退化向大气中释放的有机碳多达112Tg,且28.3%来自表层0～1.0m土壤.人类活动的强度干扰是导致以上水环境变化的重要原因,解决问题的关键是提高对水资源与水土环境监测、观测、管理和恢复的科学与技术水平. 相似文献
13.
中国东北平原西部土地荒漠化,主要表现为土地沙漠化和土地盐碱化,它属于荒漠化的两种类型。东北 平原西部分布着科尔沁沙地和松嫩沙地,前者是全国五大沙漠之一。文章全面、系统地对该地区编制了 1∶1000000荒漠化图和量算出土地沙漠化面积。东北平原西部土地沙漠化面积为72280.6km2,占土地总面积的 22.2%。自20世纪50年代至80年代末,土地沙漠化面积迅速扩大,平均每年以1.5%～3.7%的速度递增;自9 年代以来,沙漠化呈现出逆转趋势,但就总体而言,沙漠化发展仍然大于逆转。东北平原西部土地盐碱化面积 33850.79km2,占土地总面积10.44%,主要分布在松嫩平原,面积为23329.19km2,占土地总面积15.2%,它是世 界上苏打盐碱化土壤的三大片之一,土地盐碱化每年以1.4%～2.5%速率正在发展。所以,该地区的土地荒漠化 不仅制约着当地农、牧业和农村经济的发展,影响周围和毗邻国家的生态环境安全,而且已危及当地人民的生存。 东北平原西部荒漠化的形成有自然因素和人为因素,前者有物源和气候变化等原因,后者有草原超载过牧、滥 垦、滥伐滥櫵、乱挖,河流上中游修建水库等原因,以及冻融作用的特殊原因,致使荒漠化形成和发展。文章总结了 该地区沙漠化正、逆过程的演变,并提出荒漠化的治理应根据荒漠化 相似文献
14.
黑河流域水资源及现阶段合理开发利用 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
黑河是我国西部较大的一条内陆河,近30多年来,由于中游地区水资源开发利用程度不断提高,使进入下游额济纳平原的地表水逐渐减少,导致下游生态环境发生恶化.为了拯救下游绿洲,改善生态环境,自1992年起对黑河中、下游用水实行计划调度,1999年开始实施国家定量分水方案.根据近几年的最新调查研究成果,计算评价了黑河流域的总水资源、地表水资源、地下水资源、地表水和地下水的利用现状及开采潜力.在此基础上,提出现阶段中游以加强引输水工程改造、提高地表水资源利用率和推广田间节水灌溉工程,发挥水利用效益;下游以适度开发利用地下水、加强地表水和地下水综合开发利用,改善生态环境.为中、下游科学分配地表水资源和合理开发利用地下水资源提供科学依据. 相似文献
15.
以高空间分辨率、高光谱分辨率CASI航空遥感数据作为采样带,对黑河中游绿洲灌溉区土地覆盖和农作物种植结构空间格局进行遥感监测。设计了分层分类方法,综合采用基于像素和基于对象的2种遥感图像分类方法对航空样带区域进行土地覆盖制图。根据实地土地覆盖类型调查与目视解译,对样带土地覆盖和农作物种植结构的分类结果进行精度评价,总体分类精度为84.2%,Kappa系数为0.793。与样带区域2007年Landsat TM/ETM+土地覆盖产品相比,高分辨率CASI航空数据能够对树木、草地与农作物类别进行有效监测。监测结果表明,中游绿洲灌溉区内接近59.1%的地区为裸地与建筑用地;植被覆盖区域占39.8%,其中,农田34.9%,树木5.3%,草地仅有0.1%;而在农田区域中玉米为大宗作物,分类成数占96.1%。研究结果表明高质量与高分辨率的航空遥感数据能够实现对流域下垫面异质性进行有效监测,为生态—水文过程研究提供高分辨率的下垫面类型信息。 相似文献
16.
西天山山区气候变化与灌区绿洲气候效应 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
对近40a西天山山区气候变化的特点及其变化趋势进行了分析,并以阿克苏源流区、阿克苏灌区以及叶尔羌河灌区的14个气象站的观测资料(1961—2000年)为基础,重点研究了灌区的气候变化及绿洲气候效应.20世纪90年代以来,各区域的气温增高,降水增多,其中在源流地区降水增加幅度最大,而沙尘暴、浮尘和大风日数都有明显的下降.最后,讨论了气候变化与绿洲发展的关系. 相似文献
17.
本文根据类似荒漠境况的出现是判断荒漠化发生与否的重要标志这一原则,并结合在中国南方开展的一些研究,对湿润地区的荒漠化进行了初步的探讨。研究表明,湿润地区的荒漠化并不包含所有存在侵蚀作用的退化土地,而专指人为侵蚀作用导致的出现了具类似荒漠境况的退化土地。中国南方湿润地区土地荒漠化分布最显著的特征为斑点状分布于丘陵山区或河、湖、海滨的冲积平原,面积为1．98×105km2,其中流水作用导致的荒漠化面积为1．78×105km2,风力作用的为0．11×105km2,其它0．09×105km2。自然因素,特别是气候和地貌因素对荒漠化的形成和发展起着积极的影响作用,但不是决定作用。人为不合理的经济活动,才是造成荒漠化的主要原因。文章最后还简要介绍了湿润地区荒漠化的防治问题。 相似文献
18.
Landsat images of the Pearl River delta region of SE China were interpreted manually in combination with other data sources to identify, measure and to map agricultural land use in a 25,775 km2 study area during three growing seasons of 1978. Areal measurements for different land uses were compiled. Paddy lands, which accounted for 6,340 km2, were evaluated and classified on the basis of quality, yield and production. Rice production for the study area was then estimated at 5.9 million metric tons based on average yields for the different grades of paddy land. 相似文献
19.
1975-2011年渭河上游径流演变规律及对气候驱动因子的响应 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为探讨渭河上游径流的变化特征及其对气候变化的响应,选取1975-2011年河流实测径流量进行计算和分析. 结果表明：近40 a来,渭河上游径流总体呈明显下降趋势,其中,20世纪90年代前处于丰水期,90年代后进入枯水期,进入21世纪有明显增多趋势. 径流年际丰枯变化激烈,枯水年的发生概率高、持续性强,最长的连枯年份达8 a. 径流量集中在汛期,各年代的分配峰型有所不同,在70、80年代为7、9月双峰,之后变为单峰型分布. 流域内气候增暖明显,降水减少,蒸发加剧;90年代为明显的暖干型气候,21世纪初期气候向暖湿型转变的过程对径流的增加十分有利. 径流对气候变化有较强响应,但响应程度随时间变化而变化. 通过定量分析气候因子对径流变化的贡献值,发现由于气候增暖导致潜在蒸散量的加剧对径流变化的负贡献达60%以上,绝对值高于降水量的正贡献. 相似文献
20.
2000-2010年鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化动态及其气候变化和人类活动驱动影响的辨识 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以2000-2010年近10 a来鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化过程为研究对象, 在利用MODIS数据对沙漠化动态进行监测的基础上, 综合分析沙漠化逆转和发展地区气候变化和人类活动引起的NPP变化趋势, 定量评估近10 a来鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化动态及其与气候变化和人类活动间的关系. 结果表明: 2000-2010年间, 尽管鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化面积没有明显变化, 但是沙漠化程度呈现整体逆转的态势, 其中逆转的沙漠化土地面积达47 057 km2(占鄂尔多斯地区土地总面积的54.2%), 比发展的沙漠化土地面积高出近3倍. 气候变化是近10 a来鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化逆转的主导因素, 主要归因于2006年来降雨量的增加以及近10 a来春季风速的减小, 围封禁牧、 退耕还林(草)等政策的实施及其与有利气候条件的耦合进一步加快了区域沙漠化的逆转. 人类活动是导致近10 a来鄂尔多斯地区沙漠化发展的主要因素, 主要归因于部分地区生态保护政策的落实不力以及区域资源开发引起的环境破坏, 完全由人类活动引起的沙漠化发展主要分布鄂尔多斯的北部地区. 相似文献