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地壳表面的许多构造轮廓均与基底断裂(即深大断裂)的破裂程度和其所切成块体的形状有直接联系。对导致构造体系形成的动力,早在1926年,李四光教授就开始了这方面的研究,并取得了创造性的成就。在这以后,张文佑同志对于基底断裂形成的力学机制及其对于盖层构造的控制也先后作了一些工作。 相似文献
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谢新生 《地壳构造与地壳应力文集》2002,(1)
一、引言共轭破裂构造由相互交叉的两组断裂组成,在地壳岩石中十分常见。李四光称其为“棋盘格式构造”;张文佑称其为“X”型构造系,并做出共轭破裂构造形成的实验;丁国瑜认为,我国广大区域普遍存在现今正在活动的北东和北西方向共轭的地壳破裂网络图像:张四昌对我国11次强震共轭破裂构造特征进行了总结,认为主震前后出现与主 相似文献
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本文结合笔者对大兴安岭和燕山中生代陆内造山作用的研究,对张文佑先生提出的“断块构造”的力源机制作进一步的探讨。大兴安岭中生代不同深度的两种作用同时控制着岩浆活动和构造变形,即软流圈底辟体上涌与陆缘剪切走滑的共同作用--可称之为构造-岩浆活动的二元机制,其中前者起主导作用。燕山地区中生代的断陷和隆起,是在岩石圈断裂继承性活动的基础上,在地幔物质上升和参与的背景下发生的,其中深部作用也是主导性的。 相似文献
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帕米尔东北缘地区构造变形特征与盆山结构 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
帕米尔东北缘乌泊尔地区是正确认识帕米尔北缘盆山结构和构造变形特征非常关键的地区,本文利用连续电磁剖面(CEMP)资料和地震资料,并结合野外地质调查资料和钻井资料,对帕米尔东北缘乌泊尔地区的盆山结构和构造变形特征进行了研究。认为帕米尔东北缘及其以北地区的盆山结构表现为帕米尔造山带向北冲断和南天山向南冲断所形成的对冲结构;帕米尔山前为基底卷入式构造,古生界—中生界沿高角度的逆冲断层推覆到新近系和第四系之上,形成山前的古生界—中生界逆冲推覆带;北侧由受乌泊尔断裂控制的深部隐伏冲断体系和浅部的第四纪背驮盆地所构成。研究区的新生代构造变形时间开始于上新世晚期,并持续变形至今,形成了下更新统西域组(Q_1x)与下伏上新统、Q_2与Q_1和Q_(3-4)与Q_2之间的不整合。研究区最小构造缩短量为48.6 km,缩短率为48.1%。 相似文献
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赫兹破裂在工程和材料领域一直备受关注,但其在地质学领域的应用还很少,远未像里德尔破裂那样熟知。从微观尺度到露头尺度,从板块尺度到行星尺度,赫兹破裂在自然界都广泛存在。赫兹破裂作为一种点接触破裂区别于常见的里德尔剪切破裂。它们均是自然界中特殊而又普遍发育的破裂形式,代表了不同的边界和应力条件。典型的赫兹破裂属于弹性变形范畴,由于点接触而在三维空间中形成特征的锥形破裂,在平面上则表现为放射状及环状破裂。在剖面上锥形破裂一般会出现一定角度的拐折,下段破裂与接触面的角度变大,是锥形破裂的典型特征之一。在地质学领域,赫兹破裂有着重要的指示意义,可以表征物质的韧性(toughness)、解释环状和放射状构造、解释锥状以及弧形破裂成因与样式、判断冰川以及断层的运动学特征、区分不同破裂机制形成的新月形构造等,也可以应用于恢复沉积环境以及判断成岩过程中或者构造变形过程中的古应力及其方向。板块碰撞过程中,在特定环境下也可形成赫兹破裂,因此该类型破裂将会有助于我们理解一些断层的成因、发展以及大陆的变形,同时为类地行星(卫星)表层的构造提供解释方案。 相似文献
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张文佑院士是我国最杰出的构造地质学家和大地构造学家,他提出和倡导的地质构造力学分析和历史分析相结合及断块构造理论符合当代构造地质和构造运动研究的新方向。断块构造是地球构造运动最基本的型式,板块构造是全球范围内的岩石圈构造,是最高一级的岩石圈断块构造。活动断块是现今构造运动最基本的型式,它既控制主要活动构造带和地震活动带的分布,也控制不同地区地震活动特征的差异。断块边界构造带是在构造变形和运动场中的不连续变形带,应力在此释放,应变在此局部化,位移在此发生,其差异活动最为强烈,因此,断块边界构造带是强震发生带,其活动性质会控制震源断层的特性。大地震孕育和发生在边界活动构造带的某些特殊部位,对其成核的构造和物理过程尚需深入进行研究。要特别注意断块整体性活动对地震活动的控制作用,断块的这种整体性活动与一定时期内地震活动主体地区分布有密切关系,所以,在活动构造研究中,要把断块的整体性活动与活动构造带的个体活动结合起来。 相似文献
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地质体是在地壳演化中形成的,它是建造和构造形变的综合体。断裂化的地质体在较晚期构造力或工程载荷作用下沿已存在的断裂发生形变和位移的现象被称为迭加断裂,其形成过程即是迭加断裂作用。 本文以莫尔-库仑理论为基楚,探讨断裂发育与迭加断裂作用、构造应力场的关系,并对地质构造研究中的“断裂继承”,“断裂复活”进行定量的探讨。研究过程中承谷德振老师指导和鼓励,于此表示衷心的感谢。 相似文献
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借助一个简单的大陆与大陆碰撞模型,即把两个大陆的碰撞简化为两个粘弹性块体的碰撞,两个块体之间的不连续变形面对应两个大陆之间的碰撞断裂带,运用三维粘弹性拉格朗日非连续变形有限元(LDDA)方法,通过分析模型中不连续变形面的存在对两个粘弹性块体碰撞变形的影响,探讨了大陆碰撞断裂带的倾角和摩擦系数对两个大陆碰撞变形影响的一般规律,给出了大陆碰撞变形的一些显著的特点。尽管运算模型的几何尺寸、边界条件等参考了印度和欧亚大陆碰撞的实际特征,但所得结果适用于更一般的情况。研究结果表明,碰撞断裂带倾角和摩擦系数对陆-陆碰撞变形有着重要的影响。当断裂带倾角在15~30°时,两个大陆板块碰撞导致的仰冲板块一侧隆升高度相对更大,利于形成高大的山脉,其中以15°倾角对应的仰冲板块一侧隆升最高;当断裂带倾角在30~45°时,两个大陆板块碰撞导致的俯冲板块的俯冲深度相对更深,利于形成深陷的盆地,其中以45°倾角对应的俯冲陆块一侧俯冲最深;当断裂带倾角≥75°时,两个大陆板块之间的相对俯冲和仰冲作用变得不明显。碰撞断裂带摩擦系数越小,碰撞过程中两个大陆板块之间相对俯冲和仰冲作用越强,形成高大的山脉和深陷的盆地要求碰撞断裂带摩擦系数≤0.2。从大陆与大陆碰撞变形构造特征看,除发育前陆盆地-山脉系统外,在仰冲陆块一侧靠近造山带后缘还发育呈不对称结构的挤压性凹陷,当两个大陆板块碰撞断裂带倾角在15~30°时,该类型凹陷更容易形成,其中以30°倾角对应的凹陷最深,反映其形成可能是大陆碰撞过程中陆块之间相对俯冲和仰冲运动的综合结果。 相似文献
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准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-冲断带变形特征及成因机制模拟 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-冲断带发育于北天山和博格达山北侧的准噶尔盆地南部的山前地区,构造变形具有明显的横向分带、纵向分段、垂向分层特征,其主控因素在于挤压应力的作用方式和滑脱层的空间分布规律。西段受北天山斜向挤压应力作用影响,发育北西西向四排雁列式褶皱-冲断带,构造变形样式为基底卷入式厚皮构造和盖层滑脱式薄皮构造,变形过程受侏罗系煤层和白垩系、古近系高塑性泥岩层等多滑脱层控制。滑脱层及其上覆岩层厚度决定变形的强度和应力向前传递的远近程度,厚度越大,褶皱变形强度越大。东段受博格达山正向楔冲挤压应力作用影响,发育近东西向向北凸出的弧形基底卷入式褶皱-冲断带,滑脱构造不发育。根据构造变形特征和相似理论,利用沙箱模拟实验分别对正向挤压和15°、30°、45°等斜向挤压平面变形进行了模拟,结果表明正向挤压和15°斜向挤压是形成东段和西段变形特征的主控应力条件,并设计了斜向和正向挤压组合边界平面模拟实验进行了验证,合理地解释了东、西段构造变形的差异。利用双滑脱层剖面模型实验对西段四排褶皱-冲断带的演化过程进行了模拟再现。 相似文献
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在对沁水盆地北端发育的中生代褶皱、断层和节理等构造研究的基础上,分析并总结了区内的构造变形及构造应力场特征,。结果表明:研究区西部构造线以NE-SW向为主;东部构造线以近SN或NW-SE向为主;两者之间的构造线方向主要表现为近EW向。研究区内的褶皱、断裂、节理以及水系的发育特征均表明:本区在晚古生代—中生代经历过一期近SN向的挤压作用,其最大主应力方位为161°~174°,倾角在10°以内,这期挤压作用可能是对印支期构造活动的响应;此外,在距今165±5 Ma至136 Ma期间,本区可能还经历过一期NW–SE向的挤压作用,其最大主应力方位为152°,倾角1°。 相似文献
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An Experimental Study of the Fracture Coalescence Behaviour of Brittle Sandstone Specimens Containing Three Fissures 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
S. Q. Yang D. S. Yang H. W. Jing Y. H. Li S. Y. Wang 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(4):563-582
To analyse the fracture coalescence behaviour of rock, rectangular prismatic sandstone specimens (80?×?160?×?30?mm in size) containing three fissures were tested under uniaxial compression. The strength and deformation behaviours of the specimens are first analysed by investigating the effects of the ligament angle β2 on the peak strength, peak strain and crack initiation stress of the specimens. To confirm the sequence of crack coalescence, a photographic monitoring technique is used throughout the entire period of deformation. Based on the results, the relationship between the real-time crack coalescence process and the axial stress–strain curve of brittle sandstone specimens is also developed, and this relationship can be used to evaluate the macroscopic deformation characteristics of pre-cracked rock. The equivalent strain evolution fields of the specimen, with α?=?β1?=?45° and β2?=?90°, are obtained using the digital image correlation technique and show good agreement with the experimental results of pre-cracked brittle sandstone. These experimental results are expected to improve the understanding of fracture mechanisms and be used in rock engineering with intermittent structures, such as deep underground excavated tunnels. 相似文献
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Tae-Gew Ham Yukio Nakata Rolando Orense Masayuki Hyodo 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2012,30(1):119-127
In order to investigate the strength and deformation anisotropy of compacted decomposed granite soils, a series of drained
triaxial compression tests was performed on unsaturated and saturated decomposed granite soils. The specimens were subjected
to compression tests such that the angle δ of the direction of the major principal stress, σ
1, during triaxial compression relative to the compaction plane (bedding plane) varies, with δ = 0°, 45° and 90°. Test results indicated that the compressive strain of the specimens subjected to isotropic consolidation
was influenced strongly by the angle δ. In addition, the effect of the angle δ on the triaxial compressive strength and deformation was more evident in unsaturated specimens than in saturated specimens.
Based on the test results, a procedure which can be used to estimate the shear strength of unsaturated soils taking into account
various angles δ was proposed. 相似文献
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This paper deals with two shortcomings of the smooth-joint contact model (SJCM) used in the particle flow code (PFC). The first shortcoming is the increase of the shear strength of the joint when the shear displacement of the joint exceeds a specific value that is related to the particle size. This problem is named as the interlocking problem, which is caused by the interlocking particles. It occurs due to a shortcoming of the updating procedure in the PFC software related to the contact conditions of the particles that lie around the intended joint plane during high shear displacements. This problem also increases the dilation angle and creates unwanted fractures around the intended joint plane. To solve this problem two new approaches are proposed in this paper: (1) joint plane checking (JPC) approach and (2) joint sides checking (JSC) approach. These approaches and the regular approach are used to model: (a) the direct shear test using the PFC2D and PFC3D, (b) the biaxial test on a sample having a persistent joint with a dip angle varying from 0° to 90° at an interval of 15° using the PFC2D and (c) the polyaxial test on two samples, one of them having a joint with a dip direction of 0° and the dip angle varying from 0° to 90° at an interval of 15°, and the other sample having a joint with a dip angle of 60° and the dip direction varying from 0° to 90° at an interval of 15° using the PFC3D. All numerical results show that the JPC and JSC approaches can solve the interlocking problem. Also, they proved to be more consistent with the theory compared to the regular approach. However, the JPC approach leads to a slightly softer joint. Therefore, the JSC approach is suggested for jointed rock modeling using the PFC. The other shortcoming of the SJCM dealt within this paper is its inability to capture the non-linear behavior of the joint closure varying with the joint normal stress. This problem is solved in this paper by proposing a new modified smooth-joint contact model (MSJCM). MSJCM uses a linear relation between the joint normal stiffness and the normal contact stress to model the non-linear relation between the joint normal deformation and the joint normal stress observed in the compression joint normal stiffness test. A good agreement obtained between the results from the experimental test and the numerical modeling of the compression joint normal test shows the accuracy of this new model. 相似文献
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通渭—武都隐伏深大断裂为一近南北走向、隐伏的深部构造带 ,断面西倾 ,倾角约 6 0°～ 80° ,为高角度压性断裂。该断裂带发生于华力西期前 ,活跃于印支—燕山期 ,现仍处在活动期。断裂带两侧莫霍面深度、重磁场特征明显不同 ,带内岩浆活动强烈 ,是一重要的近南北向成矿带 ,也是一个现代活动带。 相似文献
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Weakening and strain localization produced by syn-deformational reaction of plagioclase 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
There are many observations in naturally deformed rocks on the effects of mineral reactions on deformation, but few experimental data. In order to study the effects of chemical disequilibrium on deformation we have investigated the hydration reaction plagioclase + H2OM more albitic plagioclase + zoisite + kyanite + quartz. We utilized fine-grained (2-6 µm) plagioclase aggregates of two compositions (An54 and An60), both dried and with 0.1-0.4 wt% H2O present, in shear deformation experiments at two sets of conditions: 900 °C, 1.0 GPa (in the plagioclase stability field) and 750 °C, 1.5 GPa (in the zoisite stability field). Dry samples and those deformed in the plagioclase stability field underwent homogeneous shearing by dislocation creep, but samples with 0.1 to 0.4 wt% water deformed in the zoisite stability field showed extreme strain localization into very narrow (~1-3 µm) shear bands after low shear strain. In these samples the microstructures of reaction products in the matrix differ from those in the shear bands. In the matrix, large (up to 400 µm) zoisite crystals grew in the direction of finite extension, and relict plagioclase grains are surrounded by rims of recrystallized grains that are more albitic. In the shear bands, the reaction products albitic plagioclase, zoisite, white mica, and traces of kyanite form polyphase aggregates of very fine-grained (<0.1 µm) dislocation-free grains. Most of the sample strain after % ~2 has occurred within the shear bands, within which the dominant deformation mechanism is inferred to be diffusion-accommodated grain boundary sliding (DAGBS). The switch from dislocation creep in dry samples deformed without reaction to DAGBS in reacted samples is associated with a decrease in flow stress from ~800 to <200 MPa. These experiments demonstrate that heterogeneous nucleation driven in part by chemical disequilibrium can produce an extremely fine-grained polyphase assemblage, leading to a switch in deformation mechanism and significant weakening. Thus, localization of deformation in polyphase rocks may occur on any pressure (P),temperature (T)-path where the equilibrium composition of the constituent minerals changes. 相似文献
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Discrete element method modeling of inherently anisotropic rocks under uniaxial compression loading 
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下载免费PDF全文 A new numerical approach is proposed in this study to model the mechanical behaviors of inherently anisotropic rocks in which the rock matrix is represented as bonded particle model, and the intrinsic anisotropy is imposed by replacing any parallel bonds dipping within a certain angle range with smooth‐joint contacts. A series of numerical models with β = 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° are constructed and tested (β is defined as the angle between the normal of weak layers and the maximum principal stress direction). The effect of smooth‐joint parameters on the uniaxial compression strength and Young's modulus is investigated systematically. The simulation results reveal that the normal strength of smooth‐joint mainly affects the behaviors at high anisotropy angles (β > 45°), while the shear strength plays an important role at medium anisotropy angles (30°–75°). The normal stiffness controls the mechanical behaviors at low anisotropy angles. The angle range of parallel bonds being replaced plays an important role on defining the degree of anisotropy. Step‐by‐step procedures for the calibration of micro parameters are recommended. The numerical model is calibrated to reproduce the behaviors of different anisotropic rocks. Detailed analyses are conducted to investigate the brittle failure process by looking at stress‐strain behaviors, increment of micro cracks, initiation and propagation of fractures. Most of these responses agree well with previous experimental findings and can provide new insights into the micro mechanisms related to the anisotropic deformation and failure behaviors. The numerical approach is then applied to simulate the stress‐induced borehole breakouts in anisotropic rock formations at reduced scale. The effect of rock anisotropy and stress anisotropy can be captured. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献