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1.
近岸波浪的不对称特征对浅水区泥沙输运以及海岸结构物受波浪冲刷影响而引起的破坏都起着关键作用,而目前关于波浪不对称特征的研究多集中在正向传播方式上,没有考虑斜向传播的影响,因此,对斜向波浪在近岸传播过程中的波形不对称特征展开研究具有重要的意义。基于高阶Boussinesq水波方程建立了斜向入射波浪沿斜坡传播的数值模型,并利用该模型进行数值试验,模拟了入射波浪沿0°~75°不同方向的传播过程。通过对不同角度入射得到的结果进行比较,讨论了入射角度对波浪不对称特征的影响。结果表明:入射角度越大的波浪,其在变浅过程中的二阶谱以及波浪的偏度和不对称度参数也越小。说明随着波浪入射角度增大,其非线性相互作用程度会发生减弱,导致波浪的非线性特征增长趋势逐渐变缓。最后,给出了考虑斜向角度影响的波浪不对称特征参数经验公式。 相似文献
2.
波浪增水抬升了岸礁礁坪的平均水位,对岸礁后方陆域安全有重要影响。通过水槽试验,研究了不规则波况下岸礁礁坪的增水。试验组次为3种礁坪水深、4种有效波高和4种谱峰周期的组合。试验结果表明:①岸礁地形上的波浪要素需至少统计200个波才能达到稳定;②不规则波列在岸礁上破碎过程比规则波列复杂,同一波列中波高较大的波以卷破形式在礁前斜坡上破碎,波高较小的波以崩破形式在礁坪上破碎或者不破碎;③礁坪上最大增水值随入射波周期的增大而增大、随礁坪水深的增大而减小,并与入射波波高呈正比。结合试验数据,发现基于规则波试验得出的Gourlay礁坪增水公式,在使用有效波高和谱峰周期作为代表波要素时,公式能良好地预测不规则波在岸礁礁坪上的最大增水值。 相似文献
3.
为揭示潮汐流影响下珊瑚岛礁附近波浪的运动特征,通过波流水槽试验对潮汐流存在下规则波的传播变形和增水规律进行了研究,测试了一系列的潮汐流流量并对比正向流、反向流以及无流的情况。研究结果表明:反向流使波浪破碎点向远海侧移动,正向流则使其向海岸侧移动,反向流存在时破碎带内的湍流较正向流时更为剧烈;反向流时破碎点附近入射波能量由主频波向高次谐波发生转移更为显著;潮汐流的存在对波浪反射、透射和能量耗散并无明显影响;正向流造成礁坪上波浪增水减少,反向流则促进增水的增长,增水最大值与潮汐流流量间存在显著的线性关系。研究成果可望为岛礁工程的建设和维护提供一定的理论参考。 相似文献
4.
针对带礁缘的复坡珊瑚礁地形,开展4组礁坪水位条件下、不同入射波高和波周期相组合的系列组次规则波试验,分析波高和增水的沿礁变化过程,研究深水波高、波周期和环境水位对破碎波高、破碎位置、礁坪增水和传递波高的影响规律,拟合给出试验地形下的参数化公式。研究表明:破碎波高和破碎位置随深水波高和波周期的增大而增大,受礁坪水位的影响相对较小;礁坪增水和传递波高受礁坪水位的影响较大,增水随水位的抬升而减小,传递波高随水位的抬升而增大;破碎波高和深水波高的比值与深水波陡相关;传递波高和深水波高的比值与礁坪水深深水波高比相关;量纲一破碎位置（破碎点至礁边的水平距离与礁边处浅水波长的比值）及量纲一礁坪增水（礁坪增水和深水波高的比值）均可通过礁边水深与深水波高比建立参数化公式。 相似文献
5.
梳理了国内珊瑚岛礁岩土工程物探调查的现状,结合钻孔原位测试,采用成熟的物探方法对珊瑚岛礁进行综合地球物理勘探,说明了各种物探方法的场地适应性和效果。主动源面波探测效果好,面波视速度剖面很好地反映了珊瑚碎屑层与礁灰岩的地层层序;水域地震反射波对外礁坪、向海坡、外海的沉积层界面反映清晰,发现某岛礁的西南、东北端的水底形态不对称,沉积层差异大,可能与珊瑚礁成长的海洋水动力环境有关。孔内电阻率原位测试数据表明,松散珊瑚碎屑层与礁灰岩的电阻率差异很小,在同一数量级,总体上无法采用电法类勘探方法进行地质分层。 相似文献
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对西沙群岛西科1井第四纪地层中的钙藻进行了初步研究, 共鉴定钙藻3科7属, 包括红藻门珊瑚藻科让氏藻属、蟹手藻属、珊瑚藻属、石枝藻属和石孔藻属, 以及绿藻门松藻科仙掌藻属和粗枝藻科伞轴藻属.通过对地层中钙藻形态功能的分析, 西科1井第四纪早期海水较深, 沉积环境为礁前相, 中期外礁坪和内礁坪交替沉积, 至晚期出现短时间的泻湖相之后沉积环境演变为礁后滩相.西科1井第四纪钙藻在造礁功能上主要体现在2个方面: (1)通过自身的钙化作用, 为生物礁的生长供应微小碳酸盐颗粒沉积物; (2)利用自身形成的节片结构和生物捆扎-粘结结构参与造礁. 相似文献
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桂林地区中、晚泥盆世从吉微特期到法门期都有不同的礁、滩发育，而且在不同时期造礁生物的面貌有所不同。晚泥盆世藻类的崛起取代了层孔虫和珊瑚的位置，成为造礁的主要角色。但在桂林以西５公里处的侯山，其沉积相位置为桂林台地的西北台缘，除发育藻－层孔虫礁外，还发育了层状的珊瑚礁体，这在晚泥盆世地层中还极为少见。这种礁体由原地生长的丛状珊瑚体构成，以Ｓｍｉｔｈｉｐｈｙｌｌｕｍｇｕｉｌｉ－ｎｅｎｓｅ为主，其生长高度可达一米多，分异度低，其它的造礁生物主要是一些藻类和少量层孔虫，附礁生物以腕足类为主。纵向上礁序列由以下几种微相组成:（１）隐藻泥晶灰岩；（２）藻砂屑灰岩；（３）斑马构造隐藻泥晶灰岩；（４）珊瑚灰岩。横向上礁组合可识别出:（１）礁后亚相；（２）礁坪和礁缘亚相；（３）礁坡亚相。从礁体的生物组成，微相内容特征，成岩变化及横向上与周边环境的关系可以推测，其并非真正的台缘礁体，而是礁后外带靠近台缘的层状补丁礁。 相似文献
8.
通过对华南泥盆纪生物礁现有资料和作者获得的实际材料的分析研究,编制了华南早、中、晚泥
盆世生物礁分布图。华南泥盆纪生物礁最早出现在埃姆斯晚期,分布层位由西南向北东逐渐上升。华南泥盆纪
生物礁分布和演化具有 3方面的特征：(1)不同类型生物礁演化差异很大：浅水礁变化最大,台缘礁变化次之,
深水礁几乎没有变化;(2)主要造礁生物随时间演替明显：床板珊瑚 （ 埃姆斯期）→床板珊瑚、四射珊瑚和层
孔虫 （ 艾菲尔期）→层孔虫和四射珊瑚 （ 吉维特期）→层孔虫 （ 弗拉期）→菌藻类 （ 法门期） ;(3)生物礁数
量和规模在吉维特期出现峰值。研究表明：华南泥盆纪生物礁的发育受区域和全球性因素的共同制约,其中温
度、大气中 CO2 分压 （ PCO2）和植被-森林生态系等全球性因素对华南泥盆纪生物礁有重要影响。 相似文献
9.
更新世以来,剧烈的构造运动已将巴布亚新几内亚合恩半岛东北海岸的晚第四纪珊瑚礁阶地抬升上千米.阶地中造礁珊瑚的成岩变化和成岩产物的组构特征反映了该礁的成岩历史,充分体现该区快速构造上升的影响.海水潜流带和淡水渗流带为上升礁的主要成岩环境.生物钻孔、生物碎屑填隙、珊瑚文石针粗化、珊瑚骨骼的溶解和新生变形转化,以及其不同矿物成分和组构的种种胶结物的胶结作用是造礁珊瑚经历的主要成岩作用.地球化学资料表明其成岩变化发生于开放的化学体系之中. 相似文献
10.
波浪会促进海水中溶质向海底沉积物运移,但已有研究大多未考虑海床（海底沉积物）变形效应的影响。为揭示波浪作用下海床土变形对溶质运移过程的影响机制,构建了考虑海床土变形影响的溶质运移计算模型,对波浪作用下溶质向砂质海底沉积物中的运移过程进行模拟。结果表明:海床土变形会增大孔隙水流速,进而增大溶质纵向水动力弥散系数,增强溶质运移的机械弥散作用,促进溶质向沉积物中运移;考虑海床变形时的溶质最大纵向水动力弥散系数可达不考虑海床变形时的8.5倍,约为分子扩散系数的545倍;海床土剪切模量越小,土体变形效应越明显,对溶质运移过程的影响越大;海床土饱和度的降低,会进一步加速波浪作用下溶质向海底沉积物的运移过程。 相似文献
11.
The Darwinian progressive subsidence model for the evolution of fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls has been generally
accepted following the indisputable proof of subsidence provided by drilling results in the Pacific. Nonetheless, there are
data that do not fit the expectations of the model, such as the similar lagoon depths of barrier reefs and atolls as opposed
to the subsidence theory’s implicit prediction that atolls should have significantly greater depths. In contrast, a great
deal of evidence supports the influence of meteoric solution on barrier reef morphology. For example, the maximum lagoon depth
of 56 modern barrier reefs is statistically correlated with the lagoon catchment area for modern annual rainfall. These modern
rainfall patterns would seem to be a reasonable proxy for relative geographic differences in glacial lowstand rainfall, even
though the absolute amounts of such rainfall are unknown. The correlation therefore suggests the importance of Pleistocene
subaerial solution in contributing to barrier reef morphology. Further support for antecedent influence occurs in the form
of barrier reef passes in which the depth of the reef pass is correlated with onshore drainage volumes. On a larger scale,
the Cook Island of Mangaia provides evidence that solution can produce barrier reef morphology independent of reef development.
In contrast, there are no examples of the subsidence-predicted lagoon transition of fringing reefs to barrier reefs to atolls.
Moreover, the common occurrence of fringing reefs within barrier reefs negates subsidence as a causal factor in their ‘presumed
progressive evolutionary development. Consequently, the evidence to date suggests that a solution morphology template has
been accentuated by reef construction to produce the diagnostic barrier reef morphology we see today. The importance of subsidence
would seem to be in accounting for the overall thickness of the resulting carbonate caps of oceanic examples and in contributing
to lagoon depth variation among the larger continental entities.
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贵州紫云二叠纪生物礁的基本特征及其发育规律 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
贵州紫云二叠纪生物礁是我国二叠纪发育最好的生物礁之一。该地区生物礁包括茅口阶堤礁、吴家坪阶珊瑚层、长兴阶堤礁和点礁。本文通过大比例尺地质填图和剖面测量，系统地研究了该地区生物樵的沉积学特征和古生物学特征，建立了成因模式。研究结果表明，紫云二叠纪生物礁类型较多。礁组合相带齐全，礁骨架结构极为典型，古岩溶十分发育。生物礁发育程度具有明显的旋回性，海平面的相对变化和古气候是控制生物礁发育的主要因素。 相似文献
14.
Late Quaternary barrier and fringing reef development of Bora Bora (Society Islands,south Pacific): First subsurface data from the Darwin‐type barrier‐reef system 
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下载免费PDF全文 Eberhard Gischler J. Harold Hudson Marc Humblet Juan C. Braga Anton Eisenhauer Anja Isaack Flavio S. Anselmetti Gilbert F. Camoin 《Sedimentology》2016,63(6):1522-1549
The universally known subsidence theory of Darwin, based on Bora Bora as a model, was developed without information from the subsurface. To evaluate the influence of environmental factors on reef development, two traverses with three cores, each on the barrier and the fringing reefs of Bora Bora, were drilled and 34 uranium‐series dates obtained and subsequently analysed. Sea‐level rise and, to a lesser degree, subsidence were crucial for Holocene reef development in that they have created accommodation space and controlled reef architecture. Antecedent topography played a role as well, because the Holocene barrier reef is located on a Pleistocene barrier reef forming a topographic high. The pedestal of the fringing reef was Pleistocene soil and basalt. Barrier and fringing reefs developed contemporaneously during the Holocene. The occurrence of five coralgal assemblages indicates an upcore increase in wave energy. Age–depth plots suggest that barrier and fringing reefs have prograded during the Holocene. The Holocene fringing reef is up to 20 m thick and comprises coralgal and microbial reef sections and abundant unconsolidated sediment. Fringing reef growth started 8780 ± 50 yr bp ; accretion rates average 5·65 m kyr?1. The barrier reef consists of >30 m thick Holocene coralgal and microbial successions. Holocene barrier‐reef growth began 10 030 ± 50 yr bp and accretion rates average 6·15 m kyr?1. The underlying Pleistocene reef formed 116 900 ± 1100 yr bp , i.e. during marine isotope stage 5e. Based on Pleistocene age, depth and coralgal palaeobathymetry, the subsidence rate of Bora Bora was estimated to be 0·05 to 0·14 m kyr?1. In addition to subsidence, reef development on shorter timescales like in the late Pleistocene and Holocene has been driven by glacioeustatic sea‐level changes causing alternations of periods of flooding and subaerial exposure. Comparisons with other oceanic barrier‐reef systems in Tahiti and Mayotte exhibit more differences than similarities. 相似文献
15.
在斜坡上桩柱引起的局部冲刷与平底条件下产生的冲刷存在差异。布置中值粒径为0.320 mm、坡度为1:16的斜坡沙床,开展规则波作用下桩柱周围的局部冲刷试验研究。试验主要考虑小Keulegan-Carpenter数（KC数）条件,探讨了波高、波周期和桩柱位置对局部冲刷的影响,并从最大冲刷深度和冲刷形态两个方面对比分析了斜坡与平底条件局部冲刷的异同。结果表明:斜坡上桩柱位置对局部冲刷有较大影响;在相同的KC数条件下,斜坡沙床上的最大冲深大于平底沙床;斜坡沙床的清水冲刷形态与平底沙床差异较大,而浑水冲刷形态相似。 相似文献
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The evolution and architecture of a set of retreating Lower Frasnian patch reef outcrops in the Canning Basin of Western Australia were evaluated, and their depositional and stratigraphic contacts spatially recorded using digital surveying tools. The geological data, together with high‐resolution digital elevation models, were assembled in three‐dimensional visualization and modelling software and subsequently used for building two‐dimensional surface models and three‐dimensional volumetric models. Numerical data on geometry and shape were extracted from these models and used to quantitatively assess the retrogradation motif of patch reef development. The development of the patch reefs comprises three stages. During stages 1 and 2, the patch reefs exhibited an overall retrogradational escarpment‐type configuration displayed by, on average, 60° steep reef‐margin walls that lacked the support of coeval slope deposits. The subdivision between stages 1 and 2 is based on minor backstepping reducing less than 10% of the platform‐top area. The onset of stage 3 is recognized by stromatolite development fringing reef‐margin walls. During stage 3 an aggrading accretionary reef‐margin developed, comprising allochthonous and autochthonous slope deposits. Both types of slope deposit onlap the previous stages and are distributed unevenly with allochthonous slope deposits being noticeably absent around the smaller and more elongate patch reefs. The variation in distribution of slope sediment type can be explained by the amount, linked to platform size, of platform‐top shedding. Small patch reefs were unable to fill the available accommodation adjacent to escarpments with allochthonous slope sediments and were thus encroached by autochthonous slope sediments. The variation, which cannot be explained by the size difference in the platform‐top factory, has been related to the difference in perimeter length. For patch reefs with similar platform‐top production areas, a more elongate patch reef inherits a longer perimeter and a proportionally smaller volume of allochthonous slope sediment per margin length will be transported to the flanks. Thus, the more elongate patch reef intrinsically contained more sites within which autochthonous slope sediments developed. Digital outcrop modelling and numerical evaluation of the evolution of the patch reefs revealed the major differences in retrogradation motif. The quantified variations in progressive decline of platform‐top area with height were confirmed by hypothetical decline curves for ellipse‐shaped carbonate systems for which aspect ratio (ratio between length and width) varied. This mathematical model demonstrates that the progressive decline of the production area is highly sensitive to shape and can be used to numerically assess and predict the relative timing of drowning, i.e. when the platform‐top production area becomes nil, of retrogradational isolated carbonate platforms that are controlled by high accommodation. Wider implications can be surmised for highstand systems tracts and prograding carbonate systems. For example, for equally sized platforms with hypothetically similar carbonate factories and identical external forces, the potential to prograde by platform‐top shedding is higher with a smaller aspect ratio because the shorter perimeter implies less accommodation space needing to be filled up to commence slope progradation. Clearly, there are intrinsic effects of shape on the development of carbonate platform systems. 相似文献
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Down‐faulting at the north‐west margins of the Gulf of Aqaba is inferred to have triggered a catastrophic sedimentary event at 2.3 ka that killed the Elat fringing coral reef. Whereas segments of the Holocene reef were perfectly fossilized and preserved beneath a veneer of siliciclastic sediments, other segments were abraded, settled by nomads, and later re‐submerged under 4 m of water. Repeated damage triggered by down‐throwing earthquakes degenerate the fringing reefs of the north‐west end of the gulf. Conversely, on the north‐eastern and southern parts of the gulf, where earthquakes uplift the margins, modern reefs are thriving, attached to uplifted fossil reef terraces. Therefore, coastal subsidence moderates the development of fringing coral reefs during the late Holocene sea‐level stand still. 相似文献
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The importance of intertidal estuarine habitats, like salt marsh and oyster reef, has been well established, as has their ubiquitous loss along our coasts with resultant forfeiture of the ecosystem services they provide. Furthering our understanding of how these habitats are evolving in the face of anthropogenic and climate driven changes will help improve management strategies. Previous work has shown that the growth and productivity of both oyster reefs and salt marshes are strongly linked to elevation in the intertidal zone (duration of aerial exposure). We build on that research by examining the growth of marsh-fringing oyster reefs at yearly to decadal time scales and examine movement of the boundary between oyster reef and salt marsh at decadal to centennial time scales. We show that the growth of marsh-fringing reefs is strongly associated to the duration of aerial exposure, with little growth occurring below mean low water and above mean sea level. Marsh-shoreline movement, in the presence or absence of fringing oyster reefs, was reconstructed using transects of sediment cores. Carbonaceous marsh sediments sampled below the modern fringing oyster reefs indicate that marsh shorelines within Back Sound, North Carolina are predominantly in a state of transgression (landward retreat), and modern oyster-reef locations were previously occupied by salt marsh within the past two centuries. Cores fronting transgressive marsh shorelines absent fringing reefs sampled thinner and less extensive carbonaceous marsh sediment than at sites with fringing reefs. This indicates that fringing reefs are preserving carbonaceous marsh sediment from total erosion as they transgress and colonize the exposed marsh shoreline making marsh sediments more resistant to erosion. The amount of marsh sediment preservation underneath the reef scales with the reef’s relief, as reefs with the greatest relief were level with the marsh platform, preserving a maximum amount of carbonaceous sediments during transgression by buffering the marsh from erosional processes. Thus, fringing oyster reefs not only have the capacity to shelter shorelines but, if located at the ideal tidal elevation, they also keep up with accelerating sea-level rise and cap carbonaceous sediments, protecting them from erosion, as reefs develop along the marsh. 相似文献