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1.
基于粘结和摩擦特性的岩石变形与破坏的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
就微观结构而言,矿物颗粒之间或相互粘结或相互分离,Coulomb准则的粘结力和内摩擦力在局部不能同时存在.粘结力是在变形作用下丧失的,材料丧失粘结力之后通过摩擦承载.若承载能力降低,屈服破坏仅在局部断面发生,具有脆性特征;反之将发生分布的屈服破坏,具有延性特征.围压增加可以使裂隙能够承载的摩擦力超过岩石材料的粘结力,那么当轴向应力增加到粘结力时,材料发生剪切屈服产生塑性变形,而摩擦力不会增加到其最大值,裂隙也不发生滑移.利用摩擦的概念可以理解不同岩石的变形、承载和破坏随围压变化的特征. 相似文献
2.
岩石试样的强度准则及内摩擦系数 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
岩石是一种非均质材料并含有各种缺陷,利用岩样的应力应交全程曲线可以确定理想强度,在排除岩样缺陷后讨论峰值强度与围压的关系,即强度准则。通过岩样剪切破坏后保持轴向变形恒定降低围压试验,可以确定岩样由摩擦力维持的承载能力随围压的变化关系。比较峰值强度和残余强度随围压变化关系的异同,可以研究岩样屈服过程中内摩擦系数的变化情况,以及内摩擦力对岩样变形特性的影响。粉砂岩试样在峰值应方时内摩擦系数已经达到最大值,峰后只是粘结力或者说是材料强度的降低过程,围压对变形没有明显影响。大理岩试样屈服过程中内摩擦系数不断增加,而内摩擦力的增加量与围压有关,高围压时只有材料强度完全丧失之后,由内摩擦力达到岩样的承载极限。内摩擦力系数随屈服过程增大,是岩石由脆性转交为廷性的根本原因。 相似文献
3.
以锦屏二级水电站大理岩室内三轴压缩试验结果为基础,推导了考虑体积应力效应的塑性内变量公式,并研究了大理岩强度参数及剪胀特性随内变量的变化规律,结果表明,大理岩在峰前阶段凝聚力稍有降低,在峰后阶段迅速减小;内摩擦角随内变量增加而增大,并在内变量为0.8～0.9时达到最大值;不同围压下大理岩剪胀角均随内变量增大,且表现为先增大后减小的变化趋势,但低围压和高围压条件下剪胀角变化趋势不同。在此基础上建立了大理岩考虑体积应力效应的力学模型,并通过FLAC3D模拟了大理岩室内常规三轴压缩试验,模拟结果与室内试验结果吻合很好,表明该模型可较好地反映大理岩的主要力学特性。研究方法和成果可为其他深部脆性岩体的变形破坏分析提供重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。 相似文献
4.
压力作用下颗粒发生破碎是引起砂土力学特性变化的重要因素之一, 对于钙质砂这种易破碎的材料更是如此。为进一步弄清颗粒破碎对钙质砂的应力-应变强度影响, 本文对钙质砂进行三轴固结排水剪切试验得到应力-应变曲线, 并筛分得到三轴试验前后钙质砂颗分曲线。通过引入Hardin定义的颗粒相对破碎率Br, 分析了相对密度、围压与颗粒破碎的关系及颗粒破碎对钙质砂应力-应变和抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:随围压的增大颗粒破碎增量逐渐减小, 直到破碎达到一个上限值, 此时围压和相对密度对颗粒破碎影响很小; 颗粒间的滑动标志着应力达到极限状态, 而颗粒破碎会阻碍应力达到极限状态, 在本实验中, 低围压时颗粒破碎少, 颗粒相对运动形式为滑移, 使应力-应变曲线为软化型, 高围压下颗粒破碎严重, 颗粒破碎在剪切过程中始终发生, 使应力-应变曲线呈应变硬化型; 颗粒破碎使体变从剪胀逐渐发展到剪缩, 且破碎越严重剪缩越严重; 在低围压下钙质砂强度主要由剪胀和咬合提供, 高围压下颗粒破碎严重, 剪胀消失, 咬合减小, 使峰值摩擦角减小, 抗剪强度降低。 相似文献
5.
基于大三轴试验的粗粒土剪胀性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用大三轴剪切仪对3种不同相对密度的双江口心墙坝覆盖层料进行固结排水剪切试验,重点研究粗粒土的剪胀特性,分析粗粒土的剪胀性与围压、相对密度之间的关系,并检验修正剑桥模型的剪胀方程、Rowe剪胀方程对粗粒土的适用性。结果表明,粗粒土在低围压下表现出明显的剪胀趋势,随着围压的增加,逐渐由剪胀向剪缩过渡;随着密度的增大,粗粒土的剪胀性明显增强;相变应力比是粗粒土剪胀强弱的一个重要影响因素,其随密度的增加而增加,随围压的增大则呈线性减小趋势;粗粒土的剪胀性与相对密度、围压关系密切,根据试验数据得出最大剪胀率 与相对密度 、围压 之间的关系式;修正剑桥模型的剪胀方程不能反映粗粒土的剪胀性;Rowe剪胀方程在一定程度上能反映粗粒土的剪胀性,但高围压下在压缩阶段低估了其压缩性,而在剪胀阶段则高估了其剪胀性。 相似文献
6.
脆性岩石卸围压强度特性试验研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
岩样的承载能力由材料强度和围压共同确定,轴向压缩和卸围压二者都能导致岩样破坏,但由于应力路径不同,两种条件导致岩样的破坏过程并不相同。对取自位于雅砻江上的锦屏二级水电站辅助洞内的白山组大理岩进行了常规三轴试验和峰前、峰后卸围压试验,通过对试验曲线和岩样破坏特征的分析表明：无论是峰前还是峰后卸围压,岩样都表现出脆性破坏的特征,而岩样破坏表现出的脆性峰前卸围压比峰后卸围压更为强烈;岩样在加、卸载条件下的变形均随主应力差的增大而增大,但在相同的主应力差下,卸载产生的扩容量比加载的扩容量更大;峰前卸围压试验当围压卸到初始围压值的60 %左右时,岩样发生破坏;峰后卸围压试验当围压卸到初始围压值的80 %左右时,岩样发生破坏。结论对相关工程稳定性分析、设计和施工具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。 相似文献
7.
Stress–dilatancy based modelling of granular materials and extensions to soils with crushable grains
Stress–dilatancy relations have played a crucial role in the understanding of the mechanical behaviour of soils and in the development of realistic constitutive models for their response. Recent investigations on the mechanical behaviour of materials with crushable grains have called into question the validity of classical relations such as those used in critical state soil mechanics. In this paper, a method to construct thermodynamically consistent (isotropic, three‐invariant) elasto‐plastic models based on a given stress–dilatancy relation is discussed. Extensions to cover the case of granular materials with crushable grains are also presented, based on the interpretation of some classical model parameters (e.g. the stress ratio at critical state) as internal variables that evolve according to suitable hardening laws. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
充填体的变形破坏、能量耗散与围压的变化密切相关,通过开展不同灰砂配比、浓度的充填体单轴、三轴压缩试验,基于系列试验结果,研究了不同围压加载阶段充填体的变形特征、破坏模式及能量耗散与围压的内在关系。结果表明,随着围压的增加,充填体的峰值应变随之增大,且两者呈线性相关;低围压时充填体呈现脆性破坏,表现为应变软化特征,随着围压增大,充填体由脆性向应变硬化转化,灰砂比越大、浓度越高,充填体发生脆-延性的临界围压值越大。充填体的破坏裂纹发展形式各异,大致可分为单一、平行、交叉和复合4种类型;宏观破坏表现主要呈“X”状、“Y”状剪切模式,破坏面的类型主要分为：直线式光滑摩擦面、圆弧式破碎摩擦面、直线式破碎摩擦面以及台阶式破碎摩擦面。充填体的峰值强度与围压也呈正线性相关,内摩擦角对灰砂比的敏感性要高于浓度。围压的增大能够相当程度上提高充填体各阶段的应变能,峰前、峰后能耗量、单位体积变形能以及总能耗与围压皆呈正相关性。 相似文献
9.
粗粒料强度和变形的大型三轴试验研究 总被引：19，自引：5，他引：14
通过大型三轴试验,对高低围压下粗粒料的应力应变特性、抗剪强度、内摩擦角和颗粒破碎特性进行了对比分析,并探讨了不同泥岩含量对堆石坝料强度的影响。结果表明：中高围压下粗粒料表现出应变硬化特性和剪缩,强度包线和不同围压下的最大主应力比与剪胀率的关系近似为线性,而低围压下主要表现为应变软化和剪胀,抗剪强度包线等表现为非线性。随着围压的增加,主应力比降低、颗粒破碎率增大、内摩擦角减小。泥岩含量的增加使颗粒表面的摩擦阻力与粒间的咬合力减弱,导致抗剪强度降低。 相似文献
10.
Effects of Material Composition and Water Content on the Mechanical Properties of Landslide Deposits Triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Abundant landslide deposits were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake, providing a rich source of material for subsequent debris flows or slope failures under rainfall conditions. A good understanding of the physical and mechanical properties of the landslide deposits is very important to the research on slope failure mechanisms and the initiation of debris flow. Laboratory biaxial compression tests are used to study the material compositions and water content impacts on the mechanical properties of landslide deposits, and a discrete element method (a bond-contact model) is used to study the particle stiffness, bond force, friction coefficient and confining stress impact on the mechanical behaviors and the relationships between the numerical and experimental parameters. The experimental results show that the failure stress of landslide deposits is decreased with increasing content of fine particles and also with increased water content, especially at the initial increasing stage. Cohesion of the saturated landslide deposits is increased, but the friction angle is decreased with the increase in the fine particle content. Shear strength parameters (the cohesion and friction angle) are decreased with the increasing water content at the initial increasing stage, and then, they slowly decrease. There is a critical value of the water content at 5%–7% (in weight) for the failure stress and shear strength parameters of the landslide deposits. Quadratic equations are presented to describe the relation between the bond force and cohesion, and the numerical friction coefficient and the experimental friction angle. 相似文献
11.
The Mechanical Behaviour of a Pyroclastic Rock: Yield Strength and “Destructuration” Effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary
A research programme on the mechanical behaviour of a homogenous volcanic tuff found in the centre of the city of Naples (Italy)
was carried out at the University of Naples a few years ago. Isotropic and drained triaxial tests were performed in a very
wide range of confining pressures (up to 60 MPa). After presenting the stress-strain curve pattern and the mean stress influence
on the shear behaviour, the paper focuses on the definition of a strength criterion and of the yield surface for this material.
Some tuff samples were subjected to isotropic compression tests up to a confining pressure approximately twice as high as
the isotropic yield stress; they were subsequently unloaded and subjected to drained triaxial tests. Partial loosening of
the interparticle bonds (“destructuration”) was observed. The paper also compares the mechanical behaviour of intact and “destructured”
samples, emphasising the effects of the structure on strength and yield. 相似文献
12.
13.
A constitutive model for bonded geomaterials subject to mechanical and/or chemical degradation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The mechanical behaviour of bonded geomaterials is described by means of an elastoplastic strain‐hardening model. The internal variables, taking into account the ‘history’ of the material, depend on the plastic strains experienced and on a conveniently defined scalar measure of damage induced by weathering and/or chemical degradation. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that only internal variables are affected by mechanical and chemical history of the material. Despite this simplifying assumption, it can be shown that many interesting phenomena exhibited by weathered bonded geomaterials can be successfully described. For instance, (i) the transition from brittle to ductile behaviour with increasing pressure of a calcarenite with collapsing internal structure, (ii) the complex behaviour of chalk and other calcareous materials in oedometric tests, (iii) the chemically induced variation of the stress and strain state of such kind of materials, are all phenomena that can be qualitatively reproduced. Several comparisons with experimental data show that the model can capture the observed behaviour also quantitatively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Cui Ming-Juan Zheng Jun-Jie Dahal Bhim Kumar Lai Han-Jiang Huang Zhan-Fang Wu Chao-Chuan 《Acta Geotechnica》2021,16(5):1429-1439
Calcareous sand, a special type of sand commonly used for the construction of coastal engineering in tropical coasts, is usually required to be strengthened due to its poor engineering mechanical properties. Microbially induced carbonate precipitation has been proved to be a promising method for this purpose. A higher cementation level generally leads to a greater strength enhancement, but tends to cause brittle failure of bio-cemented calcareous sand, which in turn brings great potential risks for the coastal engineering. Therefore, the shear behaviour, especially the brittle behaviour, of bio-cemented calcareous sand needs to be understood properly, and taking some measures to improve its brittle behaviour is also necessary. In this regard, a series of triaxial compression tests were conducted to study the shear behaviour of bio-cemented calcareous sand with various cementation levels, and the waste rubber particles are used to improve the brittle behaviour of bio-cemented calcareous sand. The test results show that the shear strength of bio-cemented calcareous sand increases with the increase in cementation level, and the brittle behaviour is significant gradually. The waste rubber particles contribute to improve the brittle behaviour of bio-cemented calcareous sand, reducing the dilation of bio-cemented calcareous sand and slowing the changes in dilatancy with the increment of stress.
相似文献15.
常温下砂岩的变形特征及其影响因素 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文研究了常温下砂岩的变形特征，发现低围压条件下。砂岩表现为脆性剪切破裂，并产生扩容现象，而在高围压条件下，则表现为塑性流动，在塑性流动过程中，孔隙破裂，砂粒被压碎。并发生旋转和滑动，砂岩体积收缩，并表现为应变硬化，在砂岩由脆性剪切破裂向塑性流动的转化过程中，砂岩的孔隙率和围压起了关键的作用，本文还研究了砂岩孔隙破裂的机制，随着围压的增加，孔隙破裂分为两个阶段；第一阶段是孔隙边缘的剪切破裂，第二阶 相似文献
16.
The brittle failure behavior of an over-consolidated clay shale (Opalinus Clay) in undrained rapid triaxial compression was
studied. The confining stress levels were chosen to simulate the range of confining stresses relevant for underground excavations
at the Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory, and to investigate the transition from axial splitting failure to macroscopic
shear failure. Micro-crack initiation was observed throughout the confining stress range utilized in this study at a differential
stress of 2.1 MPa on average, which indicates that friction was not mobilized at this stage of brittle failure. The rupture
stress was dependent on confinement indicating friction mobilization during the brittle failure process. With increasing confinement
net volumetric strain decreased suggesting that dilation was suppressed, which is possibly related to a change in the failure
mode. At confining stress levels ≤0.5 MPa specimen rupture was associated with axial splitting. With increasing confinement,
transition to a macroscopic shearing mode was observed. Multi-stage triaxial tests consistently showed lower strengths than
single-stage tests, demonstrating cumulative damage in the specimens. Both the Mohr–Coulomb and Hoek–Brown failure criteria
could not satisfactorily fit the data over the entire confining stress range. A bi-linear or S-shaped failure criterion was
found to satisfactorily fit the test data over the entire confinement range studied. 相似文献
17.
J. A. M. Teunissen 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2007,31(1):23-51
This paper evaluates the mechanical behaviour of yielding frictional geomaterials. The general Double Shearing model describes this behaviour. Non‐coaxiality of stress and plastic strain increments for plane strain conditions forms an important part of this model. The model is based on a micro‐mechanical and macro‐mechanical formulation. The stress–dilatancy theory in the model combines the mechanical behaviour on both scales. It is shown that the general Double Shearing formulation comprises other Double Shearing models. These models differ in the relation between the mobilized friction and dilatancy and in non‐coaxiality. In order to describe reversible and irreversible deformations the general Double Shearing model is extended with elasticity. The failure of soil masses is controlled by shear mechanisms. These shear mechanisms are determined by the conditions along the shear band. The shear stress ratio of a shear band depends on the orientation of the stress in the shear band. There is a difference between the peak strength and the residual strength in the shear band. While peak stress depends on strength properties only, the residual strength depends upon the yield conditions and the plastic deformation mechanisms and is generally considerably lower than the maximum strength. It is shown that non‐coaxial models give non‐unique solutions for the shear stress ratio on the shear band. The Double Shearing model is applied to various failure problems of soils such as the direct simple shear test, the biaxial test, infinite slopes, interfaces and for the calculation of the undrained shear strength. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
19.
Rock mechanical behaviors and deformation characteristics are associated with stress history and loading path. Unloading conditions occur during the formation of a salt cavity as a result of washing techniques. Such conditions require an improved understanding of the mechanical and deformation behaviors of rock salt. In our study, rock salt dilatancy behaviors under triaxial unloading confining pressure tests were analyzed and compared with those from conventional uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The volume deformation of rock salt under unloading was more than under triaxial loading, but less than under uniaxial loading (with the same deviatoric stress). Generally, under the same axial compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate decreased as the confining compression increased, and under the same confining compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate increased as the axial compression increased. The dilatancy boundary of the unloading confining pressure test began with unloading. This is different from the dilatancy of the uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The accelerated dilatancy point boundary stress value was affected by confining and axial compressions. The specimens entered into a creep state after unloading. The associated creep rate depends on the deviatoric stress and confining compression values at the end of the unloading process. Based on unloading theory and the experimental data, we propose a constitutive model of rock salt damage. Our model reflects the dilatancy progression at constant axial stress and reduced lateral confinement. 相似文献
20.
石灰改良膨胀土的应力-应变-强度特征与本构描述 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探讨石灰改良膨胀土的变形特征与破坏机制,以压实度为95 %的荆门石灰改良膨胀土为研究对象,开展了单轴、侧限、三轴压缩应力状态下的力学性质试验。试验结果表明：即使湿化饱和后石灰土也具有较高的刚度与强度;单轴压缩状态下,无论饱和还是非饱和状态,石灰土的破坏都为典型的脆性破坏;三轴压缩状态下石灰土破坏前剪缩,同时伴随应变强化,即将破坏时开始剪胀,随后表现为应变软化;围压对石灰土的脆性破坏与破坏后的剪胀有一定的抑制作用,但即使在200 kPa围压下,试样仍发生脆性破坏。在辨明石灰土应力、变形机制的基础上,选用Duncan模型描述其脆性破坏前表现出的压硬性、剪缩性与应变强化特性,标定了相应模型参数,通过数值模拟与平行试验的对比验证了模型的适用性与参数的可靠性。 相似文献