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1.
Electrical conductivity measurements on dry polycrystalline K-feldspar were performed at 1.0 to 3.0 GPa and 873 to 1,173 K with a multi-anvil high-pressure apparatus and the Solartron-1260 Impedance/Gain Phase Analyzer in the frequency range of 10?1 to 106 Hz. At each temperature the complex impedance displays a perfect semi-circular arc that represents the grain-interior conduction. Under the experimental conditions, electrical conductivity exponentially increases with increasing temperature and slightly decreases with increasing pressure; however, the effect of pressure on the conductivity is less pronounced than that of temperature. The activation enthalpy decreases slightly from 0.99 to 1.02 eV with increasing pressure, and the activation energy and activation volume for K-feldspar are 0.98 eV and 1.46?±?0.17 cm3/mol, respectively. According to these Arrhenius parameters, ionic conduction is proposed to be the dominant conduction mechanism in K-feldspar at high temperatures and pressures, and potassium ions are the charge carriers transporting by an interstitial mechanism. The diffusion coefficient of potassium at high temperatures was calculated from our conductivity data on K-feldspar using Nernst–Einstein equation, and the results were compared with the previous experimental results.  相似文献   

2.
在压力为1.0～4.0 GPa、温度为873～1 223 K下采用Sarltron-1260阻抗/增益-相位阻抗谱分析仪测定了叶蜡石的电导率.实验结果表明,电导率与温度间的关系符合Arrenhius关系式;叶蜡石的脱水引起电导率的突然变化,使电导率急剧上升;脱水前,电导率随着压力增大而减小,其导电机制为电子导电;脱水后,电导率随着压力增大而增大,其导电机制为离子导电.  相似文献   

3.
The impedance spectra of single and polycrystalline olivine display two and three impedance arcs, respectively. Impedance spectra of single crystal olivine, polycrystalline olivine compacts, and natural dunite are compared to deduce the causes of the different impedance arcs. Variation of sample dimensions and use of three- and four-electrode configurations aid in the interpretation. The resistance of the two highest frequency mechanisms varies directly with the length to area ratio (l/A) of the sample. Experiments using the four-electrode configuration confirm that the lowest frequency impedance arc is caused by processes at the sample-electrode interface. In both single and polycrystalline samples the highest frequency mechanism is interpreted as bulk (grain interior) conduction, and the lowest frequency mechanism is attributed to sample-electrode interface effects. In the polycrystalline samples, the intermediate frequency mechanism is interpreted as the grain boundary conduction mechanism. The resistances of the grain interior and grain boundary mechanisms add in a series manner.  相似文献   

4.
The electrical conductivities of alkali feldspar solid solutions ranging in chemical composition from albite (NaAlSi3O8) to K-feldspar (KAlSi3O8) were measured at 1.0 GPa and temperatures of 873–1,173 K in a multi-anvil apparatus. The complex impedance was determined by the AC impedance spectroscopy technique in the frequency range of 0.1–106 Hz. Our experimental results revealed that the electrical conductivities of alkali feldspar solid solutions increase with increasing temperature, and the linear relationship between electrical conductivity and temperature fits the Arrhenius formula. The electrical conductivities of solid solutions increase with the increasing Na content at constant temperature. At 1.0 GPa, the activation enthalpy of solid solution series shows strong dependency on the composition, and there is an abrupt increase from the composition of Or40Ab60 to Or60Ab40, where it reaches a value of 0.96 eV. According to these results in this study, it is proposed that the dominant conduction mechanism in alkali feldspar solid solutions under high temperature and high pressure is ionic conduction. Furthermore, since the activation enthalpy is less than 1.0 eV for the alkali feldspar solid solutions, it is suggested to be a model where Na+ and K+ transport involves an interstitial mechanism for electrical conduction. The change of main charge carriers can be responsible for the abrupt increase in the activation energy for Or60Ab40. All electrical conductivity data were fitted by a general formula in order to show the dependence of activation enthalpy and pre-exponential factor on chemical composition. Combining our experimental results with the effective medium theory, we theoretically calculated the electrical conductivity of alkali feldspar granite, alkali feldspar quartz syenite, and alkali feldspar syenite with different mineral content and variable chemical composition of alkali feldspar at high temperatures at 1.0 GPa, and the calculated results are almost in agreement with previous experimental studies on silicate rocks.  相似文献   

5.
Electrical impedance of partially molten gabbro was measured as a function of the frequency of the applied electric field. The impedance of the partially molten gabbro was mainly controlled by the volume and geometry of partial melt, which were observed with an optical microscope study of the quenched sample. The experimental results are interpreted by a theory that formulates the electrical property of rocks containing partial melt, taking ionic diffusion in the melt into account. The theory evaluates the contributions from two types of melt-geometry distributed in the rock matrix, namely:
1. (a) nearly isolated melt pockets, and
2. (b) connected melt along grain boundaries.
According to the theory, connected melt mainly contributes to the increase of net conductivity, while melt pockets increase displacement current and cause the frequency dependence of impedance. The characteristic ionic diffusivity in melt pockets was determined from the peak frequency of the imaginary part of impedance. The magnitude of diffusion coefficient is estimated to be of the order of 10−7 to 10−6 cm2/sec. This suggests that sodium, iron, magnesium and/or calcium ions mainly carry the electric charge in partial melt. The observed frequency dependence of impedance is considered to reflect ionic polarization in melt pockets due to the migration of these alkali ions toward solid-melt interfaces.The present experimental and theoretical work suggests that electrical properties of the earth's upper mantle may involve an intrinsic frequency dependence associated with ionic diffusion in the frequency range of geomagnetic observation, if a partial melt zone exists. The analysis of the earth's conductivity structure may be inadequate if such intrinsic frequency dependence of mantle media is neglected.  相似文献   

6.
Electrical conductivity and partial melting of mafic rocks under pressure   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
We demonstrate the importance of electric conductivity measurements of partially molten mafic rocks by examining of Oman gabbro, Karelia olivinite, Ronda and Spitzbergen peridotites. The electrical conductivities of these rocks were estimated using the impedance spectroscopy at temperatures between 800°C and 1450°C and at pressures between 0.3 and 2 GPa in experiments performed in a piston cylinder apparatus. At temperatures below and above melting, samples were equilibrated during durations on the order of 200 h. Our results show that a jump in electrical conductivity can be correlated with the temperature range slightly above the solidus, due to the delayed formation of an interconnected melt phase. Thin sections of quenched samples were used to estimate volume fractions and chemical compositions of the partial melts. The increase of the electrical conductivity compares well with the connectivity of melt in partially molten samples. Above the solidus, the electrical conductivity increases by ∼1 to 2 orders of magnitude in comparison with the conductivity of non-melted rock below solidus. When a complete melt connectivity is established, the charge transport follows the network of the formed melt films at grain boundaries. Durations of up to ?200 h are required in order to reach a steady state electrical resistance in a partially molten rock sample. The experimental results were compared with the conductivity data obtained from magnetotelluric (MT) and electromagnetic (EM) measurements in the Northern part of the mid-Atlantic ridge where a series of axial magma chambers (AMC) are presumably located. There is good agreement between the measured electric conductivity of gabbroic samples with a melt fraction of 10 to 13 vol.% and the conductivity estimated at AMC, beneath the central part of Reykjanes ridge, as well as between the conductivity of partially molten peridotites and the source zone beneath the mid-Atlantic ridge at ?60 km.  相似文献   

7.
The electrical conductivity of the major upper mantle minerals, namely, olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite, is reviewed in this paper. There are mainly three electrical conduction mechanisms for three upper mantle minerals: hopping, ionic and proton conductions. The charge carriers for these conduction mechanisms are an electron hole in Fe ion, a vacancy in Mg site, and a proton, respectively. Hopping conduction is the most essential conduction mechanism for the major upper mantle minerals. Because ionic conduction has high activation energy, it becomes a dominant conduction mechanism only at high temperatures. Proton conduction contributes at relatively low temperatures. If the mantle minerals contain large amount of water (more than 0.1 wt.%), proton conduction can be a dominant conduction mechanism, even at high temperatures.  相似文献   

8.
Electrical conductivity of talc was measured at 0.5 GPa and ~473 to ~1,300 K by using impedance spectroscopy both before and after dehydration. Before dehydration, the electrical conductivity of talc increased with temperature and is ~10?4 S/m at 1,078 K. After dehydration, most of the talc changed to a mixture of enstatite and quartz and the total water content is reduced by a factor 6 or more. Despite this large reduction in the total water content, the electrical conductivity increased. The activation enthalpy of electrical conductivity (~125 kJ/mol) is too large for the conduction by free water but is consistent with conduction by small polaron. Our results show that a majority of hydrogen atoms in talc do not enhance electrical conductivity, implying the low mobility of the hydrogen atoms in talc. The observed small increase in conductivity after dehydration may be attributed to the increase in oxygen fugacity that enhances conductivity due to small polaron.  相似文献   

9.
Many of ilmenites ABO3 compounds bearing transition elements have semiconductive, ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic properties. The high-pressure diffraction studies of FeTiO3 have been conducted up to 8.2 GPa using synchrotron radiation in KEK at Tsukuba with diamond anvil cell. The compression mechanism of FeTiO3 ilmenite has been investigated by the structure refinements converged to the reliable factors R = 0.05. The deformations of the FeO6 and TiO6 octahedra were reduced with increasing pressure. In order to elucidate the electric conductivity change with pressure, electron density distribution of ilmenite have been executed by maximum entropy method (MEM) using single-crystal diffraction intensity data. MEM based on F obs(hkl) of FeTiO3 clearly shows electron density in comparison with the difference Fourier synthesis based on F obs(hkl) − F calc(hkl). The radial distribution of the electron density indicates electron localization around the cation positions. The bonding electron density found in bond Fe–O and Ti–O is lowered with pressure. The isotropic temperature factors B iso become smaller with increasing pressure. Nevertheless the thermal vibration is considerably restrained by the compression, the electric conductivity is enhanced with pressure. Neither charge transfer nor electron hopping between Fe and Ti along the c axis in FeTiO3 is plausible under high pressure. But the electric conductivity due to electron super-exchange in Fe–Fe and Ti–Ti has been clarified by the MEM electron density distribution. The anisotropy in the electric conductivity has been clarified.  相似文献   

10.
高温高压下水和氯化钠溶液的物理化学性质研究徐有生（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词高温高压水和ＮａＣｌ溶液物理化学性质水和ＮａＣｌ溶液是地质上最常见的溶液，了解其物理化学性质有助于研究水溶液在地球内部各种地质作用和地质过程中所起的作...  相似文献   

11.
Using impedance spectroscopy, we have measured the electrical properties of two dunites and a single crystal olivine sample from 1000 to 1200° C as a function of oxygen fugacity (f o 2). Two conduction mechanisms with resistances that add in series are observed for the dunites corresponding to grain interior and grain boundary conduction mechanisms. The conductivities for each mechanism were determined by analyzing the data using a complex nonlinear least squares fitting routine and the equivalent circuit approach. The grain interiors display a conductivity dependent on f o 2 to the 1/5.5–1/7 power, consistent with other determinations, and interpreted as indicating small polaron transport (Fe Mg · ). The grain boundaries demonstrate a weaker f o 2 dependence that is dependent on temperature and material. Under certain conditions the f o 2 dependence of the grain boundary conductivity is negative. This result indicates that oxygen ion transport is probably not the dominant grain boundary charge transport mechanism; however, an unequivocal determination of the grain boundary mechanism has not been achieved. In some dunites the grain boundaries are more conductive than the grain interiors; in other dunites they are more resistive than grain interiors. The grain boundaries do not enhance the total conductivity of any of the materials of this study but are the controlling mechanism in some instances. Measurement of the complex electrical response at frequencies as low as 10-4 Hz is required to determine the role of grain boundaries on the overall electrical properties of polycrystalline dunite.  相似文献   

12.
东天山百灵山西辉长岩、似斑状花岗岩近年来才被发现,为了解其成因及相关大地构造背景,对其进行地质学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及Sr-Nd同位素分析.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,百灵山西辉长岩、似斑状花岗岩分别形成于236 Ma和228 Ma.辉长岩具有较低的SiO2（43.50%~46.03%）含量,较高的CaO（11.40%~13.24%）、Fe2O3T（9.62%~11.84%）和MgO（6.02%~10.58%;Mg#=53~69）含量以及Ce/Pb、Ti/Zr、Ti/Y及Ba/Th比值,且富集LREE、LILE,表明其形成于受板片脱水流体交代地幔楔的部分熔融.似斑状花岗岩表现出I型花岗岩的特征,且具有较高的SiO2（71.14%~72.71%）,强富集LREE[（La/Yb）N=12.61~28.45]和LILE（例如Rb,K和Pb）,表明其形成于下地壳的部分熔融.而较高的Mg#（39~41）值、Ti/Y（154.40~306.18）比值,显示其源区有地幔物质的加入.结合前人研究成果,可知东天山地区在240 Ma以后已经进入陆内演化阶段,百灵山西辉长岩及似斑状花岗岩均形成于陆内环境.   相似文献   

13.
成矿流体电导特性研究及其在金矿床的应用   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
流体包裹体研究发现,成矿溶液高浓度聚集区,常是矿床的主(富)矿体赋存处。用热爆法打开包裹体提取成矿溶液,以电导度度量其相对浓度,以地质类比法通过从已知到未知的分析,将其结果用于成矿找矿试验。实践证明,该方法在以下几个方面具有应用前景:(1)查找成矿断裂,优选最佳成矿区段;(2)区分有无工业价值的含金石英脉;(3)反映矿段或矿体的贫富程度;(4)评定矿体的稳定性或矿化不均匀性;(5)评估矿脉的剥蚀程度;(6)矿脉深部成矿预测.  相似文献   

14.
1 Introduction recognized and accepted by more and more experts engaged in experimental research at high temperature and In-situ laboratory measurement of the electricity of high pressure. This method has been regardedgeological materials at high temperature and high pressure internationally as the most advanced one for the in-situis an important approach to revealing the composition, laboratory measurement of the electric properties ofstructure and properties of materials in the deep interior…  相似文献   

15.
Electrical conductivity of orthopyroxene and plagioclase in the lower crust   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
The electrical conductivities of lower crustal orthopyroxene and plagioclase, as well as their dependence on water content, were measured at 6–12 kbar and 300–1,000°C on both natural and pre-annealed samples prepared from fresh mafic xenolith granulites. The complex impedance was determined in an end-loaded piston cylinder apparatus by a Solarton-1260 Impedance/Gain Phase analyzer in the frequency range of 0.1–106 Hz. The spectra usually show an arc over the whole frequency range at low temperature and an arc plus a tail in the high and low frequency range, respectively, at high temperature. The arc is due to conduction in the sample interior, while the tails are probably due to electrode effects. Different conduction mechanisms have been identified under dry and hydrous conditions. For the dry orthopyroxene, the activation enthalpy is ~105 kJ/mol, and the conduction is likely due to small polarons, e.g., electrons hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+. For the dry plagioclase, the activation enthalpy is ~161 kJ/mol, and the conduction may be related to the mobility of Na+. For the hydrous samples, the activation enthalpy is ~81 kJ/mol for orthopyroxene and ~77 kJ/mol for plagioclase, and the electrical conductivity is markedly enhanced, probably due to proton conduction. For each mineral, the conductivity increases with increasing water content, with an exponent of ~1, and the activation enthalpies are nearly independent of water content. Combining these data with our previous work on the conductivity of lower crustal clinopyroxene, the bulk conductivity of lower crustal granulites is modeled, which is usually >~10−4 S/m in the range of 600–1,000°C. We suggest that the high electrical conductivity in most regions of the lower crust, especially where it consists mostly of granulites, can be explained by the main constitutive minerals, particularly if they contain some water. Contributions from other highly conducting materials such as hydrous fluids, melts, or graphite films are not strictly necessary to explain the observed conductivities.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT

A Paleogene accretionary complex, the Mineoka–Setogawa belt is distributed adjacent to the northern portion of the collision zone between Honshu and Izu–Bonin–Mariana (IBM) arcs in central Japan, comprising a mélange of ophiolitic fragments of various sizes. The Eocene-Oligocene plutonic rocks in this belt (gabbro, diorite, and tonalite) have been interpreted as fragments brought from the deep crust beneath the IBM arc through tectonic collisions. The geochemical characteristics of the gabbro and associated basaltic dike are similar to those of the Eocene IBM tholeiitic basalt; thus, the gabbro was likely formed via the crystallization of the Eocene tholeiitic basaltic magmas, which was produced by the partial meltings of a depleted mantle wedge. A comparison with experimental results and geochemical modeling indicates that the tonalite was generated by 10–30% dehydration melting of the gabbro. Actually, Eocene–Oligocene felsic veins, which are coeval with the plutonic rocks, occur in the Mineoka–Setogawa gabbro. Plagioclase crystals in the diorite comprise Ca-rich and -poor parts in a single crystal. Their compositional characteristics are consistent with those of plagioclase in the gabbro and tonalite, respectively. The textures and chemical composition of plagioclase indicate that the diorite was formed by the mixing between mafic and silicic magmas. The whole-rock composition of the diorite also indicates the evidence for the mixing between basaltic magmas which were fractionated to variable degrees and homogeneous silicic magma. The mixing model proposed from the first direct observations of the IBM middle crust exposed on the Mineoka–Setogawa belt is applied to the genesis of the Eocene to present intermediate rocks in the IBM arc. If the continental crust were created at intra-oceanic arc settings such as the IBM arc, the magma mixing model would be one of the most likely mechanisms for the genesis of the continental crust.  相似文献   

17.
本次研究对象为江南造山带西段桂北四堡地区新元古代辉长岩,主要由斜长石和单斜辉石组成,含有少量的橄榄石和钛铁氧化物,表明在岩浆演化过程中发生了斜长石和单斜辉石以及少量橄榄石的分离结晶作用。辉长岩锆石SIMS U-Pb谐和年龄为(830±7)Ma,指示其侵位年龄约为830 Ma。全岩具有低SiO2含量(48.46%~53.99%)、高MgO含量(9.27%~25.22%)、Mg#值较高(62~79)的特征。辉长岩为钙碱性系列岩石,其稀土元素球粒陨石标准化和微量元素原始地幔标准化与典型的弧岩浆相似,具有相对富集轻稀土元素((La/Yb)N=2.2~3.7,(La/Sm)N=2.5~2.9)和大离子亲石元素,明显的高场强元素(Nb、Ta和Ti)亏损的特征,还具有较高的Th/Nb比值(0.7~0.8)和低Nb/La比值(0.4~0.6)。辉长岩具有负的εNd(t)值(-6.3~-3.0)和正的εHf(t)值(8.0~12.1),指示其源区为亏损地幔,但有富集组分加入。结合区域地质特征,推测辉长岩形成于活动大陆边缘俯冲构造背景,起源于受沉积物流体交代了的楔地幔。  相似文献   

18.
青海玉树地区出露一套晚古生代—早中生代的蛇绿混杂岩。其中,让娘贡巴辉长岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为258.4±2.9 Ma,表明该岩石形成于晚二叠世。地球化学特征表明,岩石具有富碱,高TiO2、Fe2O3的主量元素特征,稀土元素总量相对较高,富集轻稀土元素,(La/Yb)N=5.09~5.52,与原始地幔相比,富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、K)及高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf)。综合研究表明,让娘贡巴辉长岩的形成环境为洋岛,这足以表明,至少在晚二叠世时,玉树地区已经存在洋壳。  相似文献   

19.
那丹哈达地体是中国境内唯一保存的古太平洋板块俯冲-增生的直接记录,包括跃进山杂岩和饶河增生杂岩。跃进山杂岩出露于那丹哈达地体的西缘,属于地体早期阶段的增生产物,对揭示古太平洋板块的俯冲-增生历史以及古亚洲洋构造域、泛大洋和古太平洋构造域之间的转换过程具有重要意义。本文通过野外地质调查明确了跃进山杂岩是一套构造混杂岩,主要由硅质岩、石英片岩、大理岩、二云母片岩、石英-云母片岩、变玄武岩、辉长岩、纯橄榄岩、异剥橄榄岩和单斜辉石岩组成。LA-MC-ICPMS锆石年代学测试结果表明变玄武岩原岩和辉长岩的形成时代分别为303±2Ma和278±2Ma,此外前人报道了跃进山杂岩中最年轻的玄武岩形成于232±5Ma,这些年代学研究成果限定了镁铁质-超镁铁质岩形成于303~232Ma。大量地球化学研究数据证实了跃进山杂岩中的玄武岩为洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)和洋岛玄武岩(OIB)。糜棱岩化绿泥石-绢云母板岩的绢云母^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar测试结果为193±1Ma,根据跃进山杂岩中最年轻的原岩时代为~220Ma,本文限定了跃进山杂岩的最终就位时代为220~193Ma。结合中国东北地区中生代增生杂岩及佳木斯地块和松辽地块东缘晚古生代至中生代的岩浆弧,本文揭示了中国东北地区古亚洲洋和泛大洋构造域向古太平洋构造域的转换发生在晚三叠世至早侏罗世。  相似文献   

20.
A geometrical model, including different geometrical shapes influencing thermal conductivity of snow is proposed. The geometrical model has been assumed to comprise of unit cells having solid (ice) inclusion as an aggregation of spherical, cylindrical or cubical shapes with vertical connection, arranged in a cubic packing. From the geometrical model and one-dimensional heat transfer theory, the effective thermal conductivity has been computed. For this purpose, coupled one-dimensional heat transfer equations have been solved for steady-state condition to account for conduction in ice, conduction in air and latent heat transfer due to water vapour sublimation through air. The model demonstrates the dependency of thermal conductivity on density, grain-spacing, grain contact ratio and temperature. Spherical inclusions give highest conductivity while cubical inclusion estimates lowest value for the same density. Thermal conductivity has been found increasing sharply near to the packing density for all three shapes. Empirical model results and results obtained from existing microstructure based models have also been compared with the present model.  相似文献   

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