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2.
G. Günay 《Environmental Geology》2006,51(2):229-240
The Sakarya River is one of the largest rivers in Turkey and is fed mainly from Sakaryabaşı springs. The Sakaryabaşı springs are located in the Central Anatolia and issue from confined/semi-confined karst having a thermal component and therefore, having quite different hydrogeological characteristics as compared to the Taurus Karst region, a typical example of the Mediterranean type of karst. The karstic carbonate rocks that form the groundwater reservoir are overlain by a thick semi-pervious overburden of mainly clastics of Neogene age. Tectonics is the major factor controlling the occurrence of the karst springs in the area where topography is rather flat. This study aimed at explaining the occurrence and movement of the karst groundwater within the system by use of hydrogeological, chemical, and isotopic tools. Isotopic composition of the waters revealed that all waters in the region are of meteoric origin and the thermal component is due to deep circulation. The catchment area of the hydrogeological system extends to the south and groundwater movement is towards the outlets, which are in a depression along a major fault. The movement of the groundwater, based on analysis of remotely sensed images, is controlled mainly by structural elements. 相似文献
3.
The Nebrodi Park, located in the north-eastern sector of Sicily, is of particular environmental and scientific interest.
This is due to the morphological heterogeneity of the protected region that presents a wide variety of landscapes and ecosystems.
In spite of the recent efforts of the Regional Government and Municipalities, environmental resources, especially groundwater,
risk progressive depauperation and pollution. In this paper, the authors consider the hydrogeological karst unit of Monte
Traura-Rocche del Crasto, the most productive in the Nebrodi belt (zone B of the regional park). This unit is underexploited
and needs a careful hydrogeological study in order to supply coastal aquifers. Geochemical and geophysical prospecting has
been carried out in this area. Analyses of water springs, sampled in different seasons, have suggested patterns of groundwater
circulation. Apparent resistivity measurements have yielded complementary information about the recharge processes of deep
aquifers. Goals of the project to which this research belongs are the rational exploitation and protection of reservoirs such
as Monte Traura and the recovery of the degraded aquifers, proposing new strategies of regional management for the water resources
in this comer of Sicily.
Received: 27 November 1996 · Accepted: 5 January 1998 相似文献
4.
Mobile sediment in an urbanizing karst aquifer: implications for contaminant transport 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Here we investigate geochemical characteristics of sediment in different compartments of a karst aquifer and demonstrate
that mobile sediments in a karst aquifer can exhibit a wide range of properties affecting their contaminant transport potential.
Sediment samples were collected from surface streams, sinkholes, caves, wells, and springs of a karst aquifer (the Barton
Springs portion of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer, Central Texas) and their mineralogy, grain-size distribution,
organic carbon content, and specific surface area analyzed. Statistical analysis of the sediments separated the sampling sites
into three distinct groups: (1) streambeds, sinkholes, and small springs; (2) wells; and (3) caves. Sediments from the primary
discharge spring were a mix of these three groups. High organic carbon content and high specific surface area gives some sediments
an increased potential to transport contaminants; the volume of these sediments is likely to increase with continued urbanization
of the watershed.
Received: 13 April 1998 · Accepted: 6 October 1998 相似文献
5.
This paper presents karst water protection measures being introduced in the Dinarides of Croatia. The spring sites for the
water supply of the town of Rijeka, for its 200 000 inhabitants and the largest harbor of the northeastern side of the Adriatic
Sea, have been used as a pilot research area. The European research project was used, and protection of water was generally
divided into three phases. A categorization of springs has been made, and five basic protection zones have been distinguished.
The rules of behavior in protected zones have been outlined. For the first time, the term water-supply "reserve" has been introduced, referring to the parts of the mountainous region where karst groundwater is recharged.
Received: 26 March 1997 · Accepted: 22 July 1997 相似文献
6.
Water vulnerability assessment in karst environments: a new method of defining protection areas using a multi-attribute approach and GIS tools (EPIK method) 总被引：42，自引：12，他引：30
Groundwater resources from karst aquifers play a major role in the water supply in karst areas in the world, such as in Switzerland.
Defining groundwater protection zones in karst environment is frequently not founded on a solid hydrogeological basis. Protection
zones are often inadequate and as a result they may be ineffective. In order to improve this situation, the Federal Office
for Environment, Forests and Landscape with the Swiss National Hydrological and Geological Survey contracted the Centre of
Hydrogeology of the Neuchatel University to develop a new groundwater protection-zones strategy in karst environment. This
approach is based on the vulnerability mapping of the catchment areas of water supplies provided by springs or boreholes.
Vulnerability is here defined as the intrinsic geological and hydrogeological characteristics which determine the sensitivity
of groundwater to contamination by human activities. The EPIK method is a multi-attribute method for vulnerability mapping
which takes into consideration the specific hydrogeological behaviour of karst aquifers. EPIK is based on a conceptual model
of karst hydrological systems, which suggests considering four karst aquifer attributes: (1) Epikarst, (2) Protective cover,
(3) Infiltration conditions and (4) Karst network development. Each of these four attributes is subdivided into classes which
are mapped over the whole water catchment. The attributes and their classes are then weighted. Attribute maps are overlain
in order to obtain a final vulnerability map. From the vulnerability map, the groundwater protection zones are defined precisely.
This method was applied at several sites in Switzerland where agriculture contamination problems have frequently occurred.
These applications resulted in recommend new boundaries for the karst water supplies protection-zones.
Received: 27 October 1997 · Accepted: 4 July 1998 相似文献
7.
Urban karst systems are typically considered more vulnerable to contamination and excess storm discharge because of potential
source areas, increased sediment loading, and focusing of water from impervious surfaces. However, urban hydrology can lead
to unexpected patterns, such as pirating of recharge into man-made storm systems. Valley Creek Basin in southeastern Pennsylvania,
presents such an urban karst system. Four springs were monitored for suspended sediment, water chemistry, and storm response
for an 18-month period. The baseflow suspended sediment concentrations were low, less than 4.0 mg/l. Furthermore, trace metal
analysis of baseflow water samples and spring mouth sediment showed only low concentrations. The response to storms within
the system was rapid, on the order of 1–3 h. The maximum water stage increases at the urban springs were typically less than
15 cm, with springs from more commercialized areas showing <2 cm increase. A nearby retention basin, in contrast, had water
level rises of 100 cm, suggesting that pirating of recharge into stormwater systems occurs. Thus, the concept of an urban
karst system as a contaminant conduit is not the only one that applies. In Valley Creek Basin, reduced infiltration due to
paving led to smaller storm response and less contaminant input, and the smaller capture area due to diversion of stormwater
led to short flow paths and rapid storm response. Although contaminant levels have not increased due to urbanization, the
springs may be at risk for future contamination. Short flow paths may reduce flushing, which means that the system will not
cleanse itself if contamination occurs. 相似文献
8.
Radon in Himalayan springs: a geohydrological control 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
This paper presents the results of radon measurements in springs of the Himalayan region by using radon emanometry technique.
The radon was measured in different springs, draining from different geohydrological setups, and from stream water in order
to find the geohydrological control over radon concentration in groundwater emanating in the form of spring. The radon values
were found to vary from 0.4 Bq/l to 887 Bq/l, being observed lowest for a turbulent stream and highest for the spring. The
radon values were recorded highest in the springs draining through gneiss, granite, mylonite, etc. Radon concentrations have
been related with four spring types viz. fracture-joint related spring, fault-lineament related spring, fluvial related spring
and colluvial related spring, showing geohydrological characteristics of the rocks through which they are emanating. The high
radon concentration in fracture-joint and fault-lineament spring is related to increased ratio of rock surface area to water
volume and uranium mineralisation in the shear zones present in the close vicinity of fault and thrust. The low concentration
of radon in fluvial and colluvial springs is possibly because of high transmissivity and turbulent flow within such deposits
leading to natural de-emanation of gases.
Received: 6 January 1998 · Accepted 11 May 1999 相似文献
9.
Sokrat Amataj Todor Anovski Ralf Benischke Romeo Eftimi Laurence L. Gourcy Liliana Kola Ioannis Leontiadis Eftim Micevski Alqiviadis Stamos Jovan Zoto 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(5):749-753
Prespa Lake and Ohrid Lake constitute a hydraulic system shared between Albania, FYR of Macedonia and Greece. Karst rocks
separate both lakes. The elevation of Prespa Lake is about 150 m higher than that of Ohrid Lake. Considering these facts,
Cvijić formulated in 1906 the hypothesis that Prespa Lake recharges the St. Naum and Tushemisht springs at Ohrid lakeside.
Environmental isotopes demonstrated that Prespa Lake recharges about 37–42 and 52–54% of water emerging in St. Naum, and Tushemisht
springs, respectively. An artificial tracer experiment carried out in 2002 physically demonstrated the underground connection
between both lakes. This experiment confirmed the supposed underground connection and brought important information about
the groundwater velocity, transit time, and karst water conduits development. 相似文献
10.
Mehmet Ekmekci 《Environmental Geology》2005,49(1):19-29
The Kirkgoz karst springs are in the well-developed Taurus karst zone in southern Turkey. Discharge is at an average rate of 15 m3/s. The large Kestel polje is 40 km from the springs and within the recharge area of the system. Utilization of the Kestel polje for agriculture as well as sewage disposal at sinkholes are sources of pollution. Water samples were analyzed for nutrients and some of the pesticides among the persistent organic pollutants. Although nutrient contamination is not critical yet, pesticide concentrations that range between 81 and 9,009 μg/l are above the international guidelines. This is the first record of pesticide contamination in karst systems in Turkey. Pesticides may be useful as tracers. 相似文献
11.
Influence of contaminated Vistula River water on the groundwater entering the Zakrzówek limestone quarry, Cracow region, Poland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Chemical composition of water inflows in the Zakrzówek quarry, developed in fractured and karstified Upper Jurassic limestones,
is controlled by infiltration of polluted water from the Vistula River and by infiltrating meteoric water. The river water
TDS value is 2.5 g/dm3. The quarry waters have 0.6–2.0 g/dm3 TDS. Highly mineralised waters belong to Cl-Na type. With decreasing TDS the percentage of sulphates, calcium, magnesium
and hydrocarbonates increases. This seems to result from various processes including dilution of polluted river water, leaching
of aquifer rocks, and ion exchange. The transfer time of river water to the quarry is about 100–120 days. Concentration of
contaminants contained in the river water declines during the migration through limestones to the quarry.
Received: 7 March 1997 · Accepted: 7 December 1998 相似文献
12.
H. Elhatip 《Environmental Geology》1997,31(1-2):27-33
The carbonate rocks of Turkey, which underlie about one third of the country, possess major water resources with great potential
for electricity generation and water supplies. The ongoing development of karst features, especially in the southern part
of Turkey, demonstrates specific environmental problems that occur in many karst water supply projects. Karst aquifers, springs,
sinkholes, dolines, poljes and other karst features are of great importance from the standpoint of karst water resources and
environmental research studies. In karst regions, conservation and protection of groundwater resources for both qualitative
and quantitative evaluations is possible only when the catchment area is determined accurately. Since the catchment area in
karst terrains is not limited by the surface drainage boundaries and the groundwater flows through well-developed coduits
or fissures, the equations used in non-karstic areas cannot be applied to such karstic regions. Studies on the development
of karst features and its environmental impacts in Turkey are of recent origin. Therefore, many unreliable methods are being
applied in karstic areas. For example, the use of "shallow holes or sinkholes and fault zones" for septic water waste disposal
or as sewage by those who are not familiar with karst, sometimes causes very serious problems of extensive groundwater pollution.
This paper discusses the development of different karstic features in Turkey and case studies on its environmental impacts.
Received: 27 December 1995 · Accepted: 10 July 1996 相似文献
13.
湘西洛塔表层岩溶泉的生态环境类型及水文特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
岩溶石山区表层岩溶带的调蓄功能可有效控制石漠化的加剧并为严重缺水地区提供饮用水。文章以湖南洛塔为例,在大量的野外调查基础上,通过对洛塔岩溶区表层岩溶系统生态环境与表层岩溶泉水文特征的对比研究,按生态环境属性将表层岩溶泉分为三种主要类型:森林环境表层岩溶泉、石漠化环境表层岩溶泉及石漠化-森林过渡环境表层岩溶泉。详细论述上述三种表层岩溶泉的发育条件与水文特征:森林环境表层岩溶泉具有持续稳定的水文动态与流量;石漠化环境表层岩溶泉流量与降雨量相对应,动态极不稳定;石漠化与森林过渡环境表层岩溶泉流量排泄峰值具有随泉域植被覆盖率增加而缓和的趋势。按照环境类型对表层岩溶泉进行分类,可直观地显示其特殊的水文特征,有助于岩溶泉的合理开发和综合利用。 相似文献
14.
Influence of arsenic-bearing gold deposits on water quality in Zloty Stok mining area (SW Poland) 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
The Sudety Mountains contain polymetallic deposits which have been exploited since the Middle Ages. Distinct concentrations
of As, Hg, F, Cr in surface water near Zloty Stok suggested that groundwater in the area could also contain elevated metal
concentrations. Water samples from 15 locations including Zloty Stream, mine adit discharges, and selected springs generally
show low levels of dissolved components and near-neutral pH. However, arsenic concentrations range from 0.99 mg/l to 26.16 mg/l
at all 15 sample locations. Mercury concentrations were locally as high as 0.011 mg/l. These high arsenic and mercury concentrations
significantly exceed water quality standards and raise concerns for using Zloty Stream for potable water.
Recieved: 21 December 1998 · Accepted: 8 June 1999 相似文献
15.
A. Herch 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(5):437-447
The Aachen hot springs flow out from Upper Devonian limestones at the Variscan thrust front of the Rhenish Massif. Hydrogeochemical
analyses were used to determine the origin of the water and show that sodium, chloride, and sulfate originate from dissolving
evaporites that are influenced by meteoric groundwater. The circulation depths of the Aachen thermal water is estimated to
be >3500 m using SiO2–geothermometry and the regional geothermal gradient of about 30 °C/km. The deep circulation in Paleozoic sandstones, siltstones
and shales and a considerable residence time allow rock water reactions which explain the concentrations of Ba, Sr, F and
Si. While the thermal water rises into Upper Devonian limestones carbonates are dissolved. Cooler fresh water from the vicinity
contributes to the thermal aquifer depending on the pressure head of the springs. Sulfate reduction coupled with methane oxidation
can be observed as soon as the water temperature is below 65 °C.
Received: 21 September 1998 · Accepted: 19 May 1999 相似文献
16.
In this study, karstification developed in the Miocene gypsum which covers a large area around Sivas, Turkey, the relation between regional tectonics and karstification, and hydrogeological features have been investigated. The karstic features in the gypsum have developed conforming to the fault zones and the general strikes of gypsum beds. In the study area, numerous dolines (sinkholes) and ponors (swallow holes) of different sizes are observed. Most of these karstic features are in the different-sized longitudinal depressions (troughs) which conform to the tectonic structures. These karstic features occur NE-SW along bedding planes and about NW-SE and NE-SW along fault zones. At the intersections, high-capacity (yield) karst springs (Göydün and Seyfe springs) are observed. The Göydün and Seyfe springs issue from the karstified gypsum aquifer, with an average discharge of 1.10 m3/s and 0.25 m3/s, respectively. In addition, there are some low-yield (a few l/s) springs in the same drainage area. The surface drainage area of the springs is 64 km2, and the precipitation in this area cannot provide the total groundwater discharging from Göydün and Seyfe springs. Water budget calculations indicate that more than 70% of the water discharged by these two springs is provided from the adjacent basins. The Göydün and Seyfe springs are rich in dissolved solids and average electrical conductivities (EC) are about 13?000 μS/cm. The major cations in the waters are Ca and Na; major anions are SO4 and Cl, and the waters are brackish. Because of these properties, especially in summer and autumn, the springs cause extreme salinization in K?z?l?rmak river. 相似文献
17.
Karst groundwater management by defining protection zones based on regional geological structures and groundwater flow fields 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Yonghong Hao Tian-Chyi J. Yeh Caihong Hu Yanrong Wang Xia Li 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(3):415-422
In a semiarid region, the karst aquifer generally forms a large groundwater reservoir that can play an important role in regional water supply. But because of the specific physical properties of karst aquifers, they are vulnerable to pollution and anthropogenic impacts. Karst groundwater management strategies are vital. As representative of karst springs in a semiarid area, Niangziguan Springs is located in the east of Shanxi Province, China with an annual average rate of discharge of 10.34 m3/s (1956–2003) (Y. Liang, unpublished data). The Niangziguan Spring Basin covers an area of 7,394 km2 with an annual average precipitation of 535 mm (1958–2003) (Hao et al. in Carsologica Sinica 23(1):43–47, 2004). Over the past three decades, accelerated groundwater exploitation has caused water-table decline in the aquifer, reduction of the spring discharge, and deterioration of water quality. In this study, three protection zones were defined to ensure the quality and capacity of this resource. The confluence of the 11 spring systems and the discharge areas were defined as I protection zone, the recharge basin was II protection zone, and the slack water area where there is little surface recharge was the III protection zone. Management strategies for each zone were suggested and evaluated to provide a scientific foundation for sustainable utilization. 相似文献
18.
Hydrogeological characteristics of some deep siphonal springs in Serbia and Montenegro karst 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Saša Milanovic 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(5):755-759
In terms of hydrogeological, engineering-geological, and hydrotechnical tapping in karst in relation to ground waters, karst
channels, springs and ponors, speleodiving is the only research method which enables direct observation, studying and exact
geological mapping of karst channels and caverns. Data collected during speleodiving research contribute considerably to the
analysis of karst evolution process in the given region, which is very important in evaluating the depth of karstification
and determining the main direction of the groundwater flow. In the past 30 years in Serbia and Montenegro, speleodivers have
investigated over 40 siphonal springs, active cave channels and ponors, of which more than 20 are proof of deep siphonal circulation
in karstic aquifers. The karstic springs are the most interesting phenomenon from a hydrogeological view point, and their
investigations need particular attention. Most of significant karstic springs are on the rims of erosion basins—perimeters
of karst poljes, river valleys, sea coasts and contact areas between karst aquifers and hydrogeological barriers. General
characteristics of the spring regime are the direct correlation between precipitation and spring discharge. Moreover, the
hydrogeological regime of these springs also depends on the size of the catchment area, karstic aquifer retardation capacity,
total porosity, as well as lithological and structural characteristics. 相似文献
19.
南梁-古堆泉域岩溶水开发利用程度较高,由于不合理的开采,泉域内多处泉水已相继出现干枯断流现象,本文通过计算分析,确定了泉域岩溶地下水的天然资源量和可开采资源量,为区域水资源的优化配置提供了科学依据. 相似文献
20.
G. M. Mudd 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(5):463-476
The mound springs of South Australia are a unique groundwater discharge feature of the Great Artesian Basin (GAB), a deep
regional groundwater system that covers 22% of the Australian continent. They are the principal sources of surface water in
the arid to semi-arid inland heart of Australia, and have great ecological, scientific, anthropological and economic significance.
Excessive development of the Great Artesian Basin over the past century by European activity has seen an overall decline in
the flows from the springs. Recent development of the water supply borefields for the Olympic Dam copper-uranium mine in the
midst of one the most important spring groups has exacerbated this problem. A review of the history of the Olympic Dam borefields,
an analysis of the impacts on the Mound Springs, and future recommendations for the return of environmental flows and protection
of the springs is presented.
Received: 9 November 1998 · Accepted: 23 February 1999 相似文献