共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
An estimation of discharge using mean velocity derived through Chiu’s velocity equation 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
To estimate discharge through the year (dry season and flood season), a stage–discharge curve derived through monitoring discharge in about 20 rivers or channels every year has been generally used. As revealed in many studies, however, the stage–discharge curve is inevitably affected by their hydraulic characteristics. This suggests that the use of a stage–discharge curve derived without considering hydraulic characteristics unique to a river or channel may produce significant errors in estimating discharge at not only low stage (during dry seasons) but also high stage (during flood seasons). In this study, the authors proposed a method to calculate the mean velocity and to estimate the discharge considering the hydraulic characteristics of a river or channel (e.g. the bed slope, wetted perimeter, width, kinematic viscosity, etc.); the method was developed using Chiu’s velocity equation. With the proposed method, it is possible to calculate a maximum velocity that is difficult to measure in an open channel, derive an entropy function representing the equilibrium of the channel, and thereby, estimate reliable discharge even in a flood season. To comparatively verify the utility of the proposed method, relations between the results of analysis using Manning’s and Chezy’s mean velocity equations and the values of measured discharge were addressed together. The results of analysis using lab data sets and measured data sets revealed that the proposed method was significantly more accurate in estimating discharge, even in flood seasons, when compared with the conventional method. 相似文献
2.
在坡面土壤侵蚀输沙计算中,可选用的输沙能力模式较多,但这些模式多运用于恒定输沙,在非恒定输沙中运用不多。建立了坡面土壤侵蚀非恒定输沙数学模型,模型中的输沙能力运用水流切应力、水流功率、单位水流功率3种模式,对模型过程采用有限差分格式离散求解。根据实测水沙资料进行模型参数率定,运用3种输沙能力模式于不同降雨强度、不同坡度的非恒定坡面输沙过程中。结果表明:在坡面非恒定输沙计算中,不同输沙能力模式对计算结果有明显影响,在降雨强度较小时,单位水流功率模式结果较其他两个模式为好,而在雨强较大时,切应力模式计算结果较好。 相似文献
3.
This paper presents a joint constitutive model that considers separately the mechanical contribution of waviness and unevenness of a joint to shear behaviour. The critical asperities for waviness and unevenness are determined from geometric properties in a lab-scale joint. The wear process is employed to model the degradation in dilation and strength during shear. From dimensional analysis, asperity degradation constants are developed using geometric parameters including asperity angle, wavelength, and amplitude as well as rock strength and stress. The applicability of the proposed model was assessed by performing direct shear tests on three joint roughness coefficient (JRC) profiles and providing its correlation with experimental results. Additionally, experimental data taken from literature were used to validate the model’s performance. 相似文献
4.
5.
提出了一种提高单孔法剪切波速测量精度的新方法--能量变化率的自回归曲线法。首先把剪切波的时程曲线变换为能量变化率时程曲线;然后对能量变化率时程曲线进行长短平均处理,拾取各测点P波和S波的大致初至;最后提出采用一种二次方自回归模型对初至附近的能量变化率曲线进行二次方自回归处理,精确拾取出各测点P波和S波的精确到时。采用此方法、互相关函数法和人工拾取法对某场地的剪切波速进行了对比分析。分析结果表明：此方法相比互相关函数法,具有更好的噪声抑制能力,不仅能精确地自动拾取出各测点的S波的到时差,也能更准确地自动拾取出各测点的P波的到时差。以人工拾取结果为参考,此方法在实际测试中具有很高的准确率和稳定性。此方法丰富了场地剪切波速分析方法。基于此方法、互相关函数法和人工拾取法,设计了一套剪切波波速的测试系统,此系统能自动分析出各测点的剪切波速和形成完整的报告。 相似文献
6.
为探究挡墙前存在斜坡临空面条件下土体破坏与侧土压力特征,采用强度折减法研究了不同临坡距与嵌入深度下的挡墙前侧有限斜坡土体的破坏特征,并用水平层分析法与静力平衡法,推导了一种考虑斜坡坡度、临坡距及临空斜坡内土体层间剪切力的被动土压力理论计算公式。通过与室内试验、数值模型及其他计算理论对比,建议方法同模型试验、数值解及其他理论计算结果基本吻合,证明了建议方法对计算有限斜坡条件下被动土压力的有效性,最后分析了斜坡坡度、临坡距对被动土压力与临空斜坡土层中层间剪力的影响。研究表明:平动模式下的有限斜坡土体破坏面主要沿墙底与斜坡坡脚附近破坏,这与半无限空间条件的破坏特征明显不同;斜坡条件下的被动土压力随深度呈指数增加规律,且随临坡距减小与坡度增大,被动土压力均出现了一定程度的减小,其中临坡距为0时,被动土压力相比半无限空间条件时降低幅度达到30% ~50%;平动模式下的临空斜坡土体中的层间剪切系数为0.07~0.1;当墙背光滑且临坡距足够大时,建议方法可简化为理想条件的朗肯被动土压力公式。 相似文献
7.
有效应力参数的合理确定是非饱和土有效应力研究的重要内容。然而,现有的有效应力参数未能较好地考虑孔隙水的微观赋存形态对有效应力的影响。为此,分析了孔隙水的微观赋存形态,明确了孔隙水可分为收缩膜、吸附水和毛细水,建立了非饱和粉土的扩展三相孔隙介质模型,即孔隙气、毛细水和广义土骨架。基于该模型,采用分相平衡分析法,推导了非饱... 相似文献
8.
关于圆管沿程阻力系数的变化规律至今一直沿用尼古拉兹(Nikuradse)的实验结果。在参考尼古拉兹实验的基础上,采用与其相似的制作工艺,设计并制作了相对粗糙度Δ/d为1/30.89的人工粗糙圆管,开展了不同流速条件下的水流阻力实验,验证了尼古拉兹关于圆管沿程水流阻力随水流流态变化的规律,同时发现尼古拉兹当年在人工粗糙圆管制作过程中采用的"二次刷胶"粘贴砂粒的方法,使得圆管内壁砂粒的实际粗糙度减小,其实验所得的圆管沿程阻力系数偏小。本次圆管沿程阻力系数确定的实验方法能够更准确地获得人工粗糙圆管沿程阻力系数,今后可以据此开展相应的系统实验,对尼古拉兹人工粗糙圆管沿程阻力系数及其变化规律加以修正。 相似文献
9.
The use of settling velocity in defining the initiation of motion of heavy mineral grains, under unidirectional flow 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The results of critical threshold experiments on four commonly occurring heavy minerals are described. The data are presented, in conjunction with comparable quartz data, using the non-dimensional Shields’ Curve and the Movability Number (U*/ws). The results indicate that critical shear stress for material of high density is overestimated by use of Shields’ Curve, under smooth boundary conditions. Grain settling velocity is found to be a good indicator for the critical shear stress for grains of a wide density range. A physical explanation for the results is proposed. 相似文献
10.
考虑塑性应变率梯度的单轴压缩岩样轴向响应 总被引：9，自引：7，他引：2
基于剪切应变率梯度格式,采用解析方式研究了岩石材料在单轴压缩条件下的应变软化的结构响应。根据非局部连续介质模型,提出了一维二阶剪切应变率梯度格式。非局部剪切应变率与局部剪切应变率及其二阶梯度有关。将经典塑性理论中的局部剪切应变率替换为非局部剪切应变率,可以直接得到局部剪切应变率的封闭解析解,而不必通过将局部剪切应变对时间求导获得。通过对局部剪切应变率积分,得到了沿剪切带方向的相对剪切速度。试件峰值强度后的端部速度由弹性及塑性两部分构成。前一部分由虎克定律描述;后一部分与相对剪切速度有关。对弹性及塑性两部分速度求和,得到了单轴压缩岩样剪切破坏问题轴向响应的解析式。研究表明：试样高度越大、内部长度越小、剪切软化模量越大及泊松比越小,则岩样的轴向响应倾向于脆性。根据岩样与矿柱的相似性,岩样响应倾向于脆性,意味着矿柱将失去稳定性,发生矿柱岩爆。目前的基于剪切应变率梯度格式的主要优点是简洁。 相似文献
11.
Empirical correlation between standard penetration resistance (SPT-N) and shear wave velocity measured by seismic downhole techniques are prepared of the alluvial soil of quaternary age for the Kanpur city. The Kanpur city is having seismic threat from Himalaya and it falls in seismic zone III according to seismic zones of India. Standard penetration test as well seismic downhole test has been carried out up to 30 m at twelve different locations of Kanpur city. The measured SPT-N values and shear wave velocity values are used to develop empirical correlation between SPT-N and shear wave velocity. The proposed correlations have been compared with the existing regression equations by various other investigators. It is found that the proposed correlation exhibit good performance (10 % error bar). Also the measured shear wave velocity has been used to prepare spatially distributed contour map of 50, 75 and 100 m/s using ArcGIS-9 software. It is observed that the shear wave velocity values for the northern part of Kanpur city vary from 125 to 825 m/s. In southern part, it is varying from 125 to 500 m/s where as in the central part of the city the shear wave velocity varies from 125 to 375 m/s. The eastern part of the city also shows some variation in shear wave velocity which ranges from 250 to 625 m/s. The western part of the city shows the variation of shear wave velocity from ≤125 to 500 m/s. The soil type of the study area are classified as per NEHRP and new Italian O.P.M.C classification system as B, C and D type soil with having site period of 0.1–0.9 s and Poisson’s ratio varying from 0.1 to 0.4. 相似文献
12.
粘性土体具有较强的抗冲能力,其抗冲性强弱决定了河岸的侵蚀速率。为了估算河岸的侵蚀速率,确定粘性土体的起动条件、侵蚀系数及两者之间的数量关系非常重要,为此开展了荆江段河岸粘性土体起动条件与冲刷特性的水槽试验研究。根据试验结果获得了粘性土体的起动流速与土体液限/自然含水率之间关系以及起动切应力与干密度、起动切应力与液性指数之间的定量表达式,综合反映了粘性土起动条件与其物理性质指标之间的关系;结合冲刷特性试验结果,还获得了土体侵蚀系数随起动切应力的变化规律,并与已有其他试验结果进行了比较。结果表明:荆江河岸粘性土侵蚀系数均比相同条件下其他公式计算值偏大,这与该试验土体中粘粒含量相对较低、土体结构受到扰动等因素有关;根据试验结果,拟合得到了荆江河岸粘性土侵蚀系数与起动切应力之间定量关系式,其相关系数R2=0.90,故该关系式能为荆江段崩岸过程的计算提供参考依据。 相似文献
13.
为探究边壁双曲率对其水动力特性的影响，应用RNG k-ε紊流模型和部分面积体积障碍模拟技术（FAVOR），针对圆管非满流建立三维数值模型，通过物理模型试验结果验证该数值模型的可行性。针对底坡和充满度不同组合条件进行数值试验，分析断面流速、壁面切应力和雷诺切应力分布规律等。研究结果表明：圆管非满流断面上不同垂线的流速分布具有较好的相似性，据此提出了垂线流速分布的抛物线公式；针对不同充满度条件提出了壁面切应力沿湿周分布的统一表达式；雷诺切应力沿垂线服从线性分布规律，充满度越大且距中垂线越远，沿垂线的变化梯度越小；当充满度大于0.5时，由于受二次流影响断面中垂线上雷诺切应力出现负值。 相似文献
14.
为探究边壁双曲率对其水动力特性的影响，应用RNG k-ε紊流模型和部分面积体积障碍模拟技术（FAVOR），针对圆管非满流建立三维数值模型，通过物理模型试验结果验证该数值模型的可行性。针对底坡和充满度不同组合条件进行数值试验，分析断面流速、壁面切应力和雷诺切应力分布规律等。研究结果表明:圆管非满流断面上不同垂线的流速分布具有较好的相似性，据此提出了垂线流速分布的抛物线公式；针对不同充满度条件提出了壁面切应力沿湿周分布的统一表达式；雷诺切应力沿垂线服从线性分布规律，充满度越大且距中垂线越远，沿垂线的变化梯度越小；当充满度大于0.5时，由于受二次流影响断面中垂线上雷诺切应力出现负值。 相似文献
15.
Thresholds of intrabed flow and other interactions of turbidity currents with soft muddy substrates 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Jaco H. Baas Rafael Manica Eduardo Puhl Ana Luiza de Oliveira Borges 《Sedimentology》2016,63(7):2002-2036
Controlled laboratory experiments reveal that the lower part of turbidity currents has the ability to enter fluid mud substrates, if the bed shear stress is higher than the yield stress of the fluid mud and the density of the turbidity current is higher than the density of the substrate. Upon entering the substrate, the turbidity current either induces mixing between flow‐derived sediment and substrate sediment, or it forms a stable horizontal flow front inside the fluid mud. Such ‘intrabed’ flow is surrounded by plastically deformed mud; otherwise it resembles the front of a ‘bottom‐hugging’ turbidity current. The ‘suprabed’ portion of the turbidity current, i.e. the upper part of the flow that does not enter the substrate, is typically separated from the intrabed flow by a long horizontal layer of mud which originates from the mud that is swept over the top of the intrabed flow and then incorporated into the flow. The intrabed flow and the mixing mechanism are specific types of interaction between turbidity currents and muddy substrates that are part of a larger group of interactions, which also include bypass, deposition, erosion and soft sediment deformation. A classification scheme for these types of interactions is proposed, based on an excess bed shear stress parameter, which includes the difference in the bed shear stress imposed by the flow and the yield stress of the substrate and an excess density parameter, which relies on the density difference between the flow and the substrate. Based on this classification scheme, as well as on the sedimentological properties of the laboratory deposits, an existing facies model for intrabed turbidites is extended to the other types of interaction involving soft muddy substrates. The physical threshold of flow‐substrate mixing versus stable intrabed flow is defined using the gradient Richardson number, and this method is validated successfully with the laboratory data. The gradient Richardson number is also used to verify that stable intrabed flow is possible in natural turbidity currents, and to determine under which conditions intrabed flow is likely to be unstable. It appears that intrabed flow is likely only in natural turbidity currents with flow velocities well below ca 3·5 m s?1, although a wider range of flows is capable of entering fluid muds. Below this threshold velocity, intrabed flow is stable only at high‐density gradients and low‐velocity gradients across the upper boundary of the turbidity current. Finally, the gradient Richardson number is used as a scaling parameter to set the flow velocity limits of a natural turbidity current that formed an inferred intrabed turbidite in the deep‐marine Aberystwyth Grits Group, West Wales, United Kingdom. 相似文献
16.
17.
砂土液化流动变形的简化方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
已有的液化砂土流动特性试验结果表明,砂土在液化流动状态下是剪切稀化非牛顿流体,可以用幂函数表示其剪应力-剪应变率的关系,从而建立了砂土液化流动的本构方程。基于FLAC3D程序的二次开发平台,将液化流动本构方程开发到FLAC3D中,建立了液化流动变形的简化分析方法。通过倾斜场地的液化流动变形分析,发现倾斜场地的液化变形曲线可以用正弦函数曲线描述,这与Towhata的理论分析成果一致,验证了本方法的合理性。分析了液化层坡度、稠度系数、流动指数以及弹性参数等变量对液化变形的影响。计算结果表明,液化变形随液化层坡度的增大而逐渐增大,液化砂土的稠度系数和流动指数对液化流动变形有重要的影响,而弹性参数对变形基本无影响,因此,在实际工程分析中,需要对流动模型参数进行深入研究。 相似文献
18.
Accounting for elasto-plastic motion in granular media, hypoplasticity is a state-of-the-art constitutive model derived from data accumulated over many decades. In contrast, GSH, a hydrodynamic theory, is derived from general principles of physics, with comparatively few inputs from experiments, yet sporting an applicability ranging from static stress distribution via elasto-plastic motion to fast dense flow, including non-uniform ones such as a shear band. Comparing both theories, we find great similarities for uniform, slow, elasto-plastic motion. We also find that proportional paths and the Goldscheider rule used to construct barodesy, another, more recent constitutive model, are natural results of GSH’s equations. This is useful as it gives these constitutive relations a solid foundation in physics and, in reverse, GSH a robust connection to reality. The same symbiotic relation exists between GSH and KCR, or Kamrin’s non-local constitutive relation, a model that was successfully employed to account for a wide shear band in split-bottom cells. 相似文献
19.
基于国内103个水利水电工程1 174组岩基抗剪强度试验数据,采用Copula函数研究岩基抗剪强度参数联合分布模型,探讨水利水电工程中岩基抗剪强度参数联合分布模型构建方法。利用最小二乘法求出岩基抗剪强度参数试验数据的相关统计参数,基于AIC准则识别出岩基抗剪强度参数边缘分布。选择4种Copula函数构造岩基抗剪强度参数二维分布模型,探讨了基于Copula函数的岩基抗剪强度参数二维分布模型的优越性。结果表明：水利水电工程岩基抗剪强度参数存在明显的统计负相关性。Copula方法能够构造具有任意边缘分布和任意相关结构的岩基抗剪强度参数联合分布模型,它为构造抗剪强度参数联合分布模型提供了一种简便的工具。已知岩基抗剪强度参数的边缘分布函数和相关系数不能唯一确定岩基抗剪强度参数的联合概率分布模型,在抗剪强度参数边缘分布函数和相关系数完全相同的前提下,不同Copula函数建立的抗剪强度参数联合概率分布模型差异显著。与常用的抗剪强度参数二维正态分布模型相比,基于Copula函数的抗剪强度参数二维分布模型具有较强的灵活性,它能更好地拟合原始观测数据。水利水电工程中惯用小值平均法确定标准值,当摩擦系数取较小值时,不同Copula函数构造的黏聚力的条件累积分布函数差异显著,这将对抗剪强度参数标准值的选取以及相应的设计方案具有明显的影响。 相似文献
20.
微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀（MICP）是一种微生物矿化过程,能够胶结松散土体。将其应用于加固土体坡面提高抗降雨侵蚀能力具有潜在的发展前景。通过模拟降雨冲刷试验,对微生物诱导矿化加固前后粉土坡面的径流水动力与侵蚀特性开展研究,分析和讨论了水动力参数之间的相关性以及对土壤剥蚀率的影响规律。结果显示,加固后与加固前相比,粉土坡面径流的弗劳德数平均下降50%;在降雨前期的阻力系数平均下降66%,径流稳定后二者阻力系数接近;径流剪切力平均提高52%。径流系数与坡面入渗速率呈线性负相关（R2=0.857）,与加固层的贯入强度呈指数负相关（R2=0.824）;入渗速率与加固层的贯入强度呈二次负相关R2=0.930）;径流剪切力与坡度呈指数正相关（R2=0.964）。加固粉土坡面的剥蚀率与加固层的贯入强度呈指数负相关（R2=0.822）,与径流剪切力线性正相关（R2=0.912）,临界径流剪切力为0.5 Pa。对于坡度10~25°的粉土坡面,微生物加固能将其剥蚀率从58.2~118.4 g/m2s降至2.4~21.2 g/m2s,剥蚀率最大降幅可达95.0%。粉土坡面经微生物诱导矿化加固后,水动力参数值发生显著变化,径流特性与水动力参数、加固层特性及坡度相关,坡面的抗冲刷侵蚀性能得到有效提升。 相似文献