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1.
大型金属矿山不同环境介质中重金属元素化学形态分布特征——以甘肃金昌市和白银市为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
重金属元素在环境介质中的存在形态及各形态比例是决定其迁移性和生物可利用性的重要因素.采用BCR法连续提取过程对大型金属矿山周围土壤和水体沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn化学形态的分析结果表明,土壤和水体沉积物中不同重金属元素化学形态分布有很大差异.总体而言,Cd以弱酸提取态为主(约占60%),Cr以残渣态为主,占90%以上,Cu以可氧化态为主(约占60%),Ni和Pb以可还原态为主,分别约占50%和60%,Zn以残渣态为主,约占45%.不同区域土壤中重金属元素各形态质量分数之和依次为厂区外围>尾矿坝旁>农田,各形态分布也与总量具有相似的变化趋势.金昌市矿山环境介质中重金属以Cu和Ni为主,白银市以Cd、Cu和Pb为主,重金属元素的生物可利用态和潜在可利用态质量分数高,平均约占各金属,总量的60%～90%,对周围环境具有很大的潜在生态危害性. 相似文献
2.
皖江经济区南陵县是我国商品粮生产基地之一,该区农田表层土壤中重金属元素潜在生态风险效应研究对于提高粮食安全具有重要意义。文章以南陵县基本农田区作为主要研究区,按土地质量地球化学调查评价要求,布设和采集了0~20 cm深度的表层土壤样品500组,分别监测了土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn等重金属含量现状,并采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法量化解析了这些重金属在土壤中的潜在生态风险效应。结果表明:（1）土壤中除了Cr元素,其余重金属元素都不同程度存在异常;（2）局部土壤中Cd、Hg和Fe等元素含量存在异常,平均含量分别是所在区域背景值的1.92,1.95,7.13倍,存在潜在生态风险的影响;（3）土壤中重金属元素的潜在生态风险值（平均RI值）为164.5,Cd和Hg元素为主要影响元素。 相似文献
3.
攀枝花矿区表层土壤中钒的环境地球化学研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在系统采集攀枝花采矿区周边地带的表层土壤样品及土壤剖面样品的基础上,通过地球化学调查和实验,研究了表层土壤中钒的分布规律、地球化学活动性及潜在的生态风险。结果表明：(1)攀枝花矿区大部分地带的表层土壤受到了钒的污染,表层土壤钒的平均含量是中国土壤背景值的279倍;(2)土壤剖面中钒的含量随深度增加而降低,表明土壤中钒的来源受母质影响较小;(3)采用富集因子得到的表层土壤钒的人为污染以轻微污染和中度污染为主;(4)采矿过程中产生的粉尘通过干沉降是引起表层土壤钒污染的主要原因;(5)表层土壤中钒以残渣态为主,其次为可氧化态和可还原态,而酸溶态所占的比例最小,但生物可利用的钒含量较高,存在轻微的生态风险。因此,应加强矿区钒污染的监测,制定有效控制对策,降低钒污染的生态风险。 相似文献
4.
青海民和—海石湾一带土壤重金属异常生态效应评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗污染综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,定量评价了青海民和—海石湾一带土壤重金属异常元素的污染现状和异常区的潜在生态风险危害性,同时对研究区土壤重金属异常的生态效应进行了初步评价。结果表明:土壤重金属污染因子的高低顺序为Hg>Cd>Pb=Cr;主要异常元素的生物有效性排序为Cd>Hg>Pb;异常元素的潜在生态危害性排列为Hg>Cd>Pb>Cr;在小麦、玉米等农作物样品中,尽管异常元素的含量远低于国家规定的粮食安全限制,但Hg的较高潜在生态危害性和Cd的高生物有效性,导致异常区内Hg、Cd的污染防治形势最为严峻。 相似文献
5.
典型铜镍矿区周围环境介质中重金属及其化学形态分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
重金属污染是金属矿山开采和冶炼所引起的主要环境问题。对甘肃省典型矿业城市金昌市周围农田土壤、废渣堆表面风化物及降尘、尾矿坝尾矿砂和尾矿坝旁排污沟沉积物中Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn含量及其化学形态进行分析。结果表明:不同区域环境中重金属呈现不同程度累积,其中以Cu、Ni最为显著,含量由高到低依次为尾矿坝排污沟>尾矿坝>废渣堆>农田土壤;尾矿砂和沉积物中重金属分布以Ni含量显著高于Cu含量为特征;而农田土壤和风化物及降尘中重金属分布以Cu含量高于Ni含量为特征,前者Cu、Ni主要来源于尾矿,后者与冶炼烟尘排放有很大关系;样品中除Cr、Zn以残渣态为主外,Cu、Ni、Pb化学形态分布有较大差异,Cu以可氧化态和残渣态为主,Ni以可还原态为主,其次为弱酸提取态,Pb以可还原态为主,其次为残渣态。土壤理化性质是影响重金属化学形态分布的重要因素。 相似文献
6.
受人类活动和自然作用双重影响,土壤中重金属元素异常普遍存在,其中尤以城镇周边的Hg异常和大江河沿岸区域Cd异常最为典型。近年来,通常采用化学分步提取的方式,探讨土壤水溶态、离子交换态、有机态、铁锰氧化物态等形态中Hg、Cd等重金属元素含量的状况,进而分析其生态效应,但对土壤中Hg、Cd等重金属元素的自然存在形式缺乏深入探讨。本文以Hg、Cd两元素为重点,选择我国代表性城市和地区,采集城镇周边Hg异常区和江河沿岸Cd异常区的土壤样品,采用王水溶样原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定Hg含量,采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸溶样电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定Cd含量,同时配合其他相关实验手段,对Hg、Cd的自然存在形式进行解析;并以水稻中Hg、Cd含量为依据对Hg、Cd的生态效应进行了评价。结果表明:长春、南京、漳州和广州等城镇周边土壤Hg异常区Hg主体以硫化物形式存在,而且至少有一部分是以辰砂矿物形式存在,由此决定了土壤中Hg有效态在Hg全量中所占比例较小,土壤中Hg平均含量达到500μg/kg时,水稻籽实中Hg含量超过无公害食品标准的比例为3.4%,生态效应不甚敏感;长江、珠江等江河沿岸区域Cd异常区内Cd主要呈黏土吸附形式存在,由此导致50%左右的Cd以有效态形式存在,在土壤Cd全量中所占比例较大,当土壤中Cd平均含量达到1000μg/kg时,水稻籽实中Cd含量超过无公害食品标准的比例为43%,生态效应敏感。由此揭示出土壤中Hg、Cd等重金属元素生态效应敏感程度更直接地受到自然存在形式的影响。以辰砂矿物形式存在的Hg呈现"惰性",不容易被农作物吸收,故生态效应不敏感;以黏土矿物吸附形式存在的Cd活动性更强,容易被农作物吸收,故生态效应敏感。Hg、Cd等重金属元素被农作物乃至人体吸收后,其存在形式及其转化特性是评估该元素是否存在生态风险的关键。 相似文献
7.
利用1∶25万土地质量地球化学调查数据分析和研究了安徽省宣城市南部地区土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn 8种重金属元素的地球化学特征以及重金属异常来源。调查发现地质背景是土壤元素含量的主控因素,调查区表、深层土壤重金属元素含量空间分布特征与地质背景、沉积环境表现出显著的空间一致性,重金属高含量成土母岩(荷塘组、皮园村组、蓝田组等地层)是土壤重金属元素高异常的主要影响因素,此外矿山开采、大气干湿沉降也是土壤重金属高异常的影响因素之一,土壤中Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr元素具有大气干湿沉降的输入来源。调查区土壤重金属污染风险主要影响指标为Cd,土壤Cd超过农用地土壤污染风险管制值的样品比例为2.56%,形态分析结果显示土壤Cd以离子交换态为主,结合农作物调查发现在土壤Cd高异常区存在一定的生态风险。 相似文献
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9.
本文以河北省中南部平原农田表层土壤为研究对象,对表层土壤中7种重金属元素的形态含量进行了统计和分析,对重金属元素的生物有效性进行了评价,并运用相关分析法,对影响重金属元素生物有效性的因素进行了研究。结果表明,研究区表层土壤7种重金属元素的有效态含量以Cd最高,达36.83%,潜在生态危害性较大;其次为Pb,达13.37%,其中碳酸盐结合态达到12.38%,由于土壤呈中性或偏碱性,Pb元素的迁移能力较弱,其潜在危害性较小;Cu、Hg、Cr、As、Zn重金属元素含量均以稳定态的含量存在,之和均在90%以上,表明其潜在危害性较小;研究区土壤重金属元素的活性系数和迁移系数大小顺序为:CdPbHgCuZnAsCr和CdHgAsCuPbZnCr,其中Cd的活性系数和迁移系数平均值分别达到0.330和0.160,展现出较强的生物活性、不稳定性和迁移能力,其他重金属元素在土壤中活性系数(Pb除外)和迁移系数均较小,生物活性较弱,在土壤中稳定存在,由土壤中向植物中的迁移能力弱;研究区不同的重金属的生物有效性与其影响因素的关系不尽相同,其主要因素是土壤重金属元素全量,其次为p H、TOC、CEC、粘粒含量等,二者关系复杂。 相似文献
10.
青海民和-海石湾一带土壤重金属异常成因研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
青海省多目标区域地球化学调查发现,民和-海石湾一带的狭长谷地沿109国道两侧分布的土壤中存在以Cd、Pb、Hg、Cr等重金属元素为主组成的综合异常。空间上各异常元素套合较好,而且综合异常面积较大,异常元素衬度较高。经相关分析,Cr元素与土壤常量组分显著相关,与SiO2含量呈负相关关系,同时,Cr元素水平剖面上城区含量明显高于其他地方,垂向剖面上呈现元素表层略微富集的现象;Cd与有机碳之间存在显著性相关关系,与TFe2O3不存在显著性相关关系;Pb元素在80 cm以上的土壤中,异常区土壤中的含量明显高于非异常区,Pb异常基本存在于表层土壤中;Hg元素含量表层富集明显,城区土壤中的Hg含量远高于其他地方。研究结果表明,人为源输入是导致该地区Cd、Pb、Hg异常的主要因素,而Cr元素异常的形成具有双成因性质,在较高自然背景上产生了人为源叠加。因此,加强异常区工业"三废"的控制和管理,是防止异常面积扩大的有效措施。 相似文献
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Chromium and nickel distribution in soils, active river, overbank sediments and dust around the Burrel chromium smelter (Albania) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Chromium ore was treated to produce ferrochromium from 1979 until 2000 in a smelter in Burrel, 35 km NE of Tirana (Albania). As a consequence, large amounts of solid waste, i.e. slags (about 9.106 m3) have been disposed next to the smelter, disfiguring the landscape. In an attempt to define contaminated sites, heavy metal content of the different sampling media have been compared with respective background samples.In the study area, the determination of background values in soil samples is complicated due to the different geological substrates. Cr and Ni background concentrations in serpentinite-derived soils, west of the smelting plant, are markedly higher than in the Pliocene gravel/sandy soils, where the smelter is situated (Cr 2147 and 193 mg/kg, respectively; Ni 2356 and 264 mg/kg). These values are clearly lower than those encountered around the smelter. Average total Cr and Ni concentrations in soils around the smelter are 3117 and 1243 mg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations of Cr (up to 2.3 wt.%), were recorded in samples taken near the smelting compartment within the industrial plant and next to the slags clearly indicating that the smelter forms a point source of Cr contamination. The Cr / Fe ratio is the best indicator to differentiate non-polluted (Cr / Fe Serpentinite soil: 130–390; Pliocene soils: < 130) from polluted areas (> 390 smelting nearby of the slags).Cr and Ni values for local backgrounds in stream and overbank sediments were taken in the Mat river 6 km upstream and to the east of the smelter (268 and 430 mg/kg for Cr, and 306 and 604 mg/kg for Ni, respectively). Equivalent sediments taken from the Zalli i Germanit river, which drains the smelter area are respectively 816 and 1126 mg/kg for Cr and 1115 and 1185 mg/kg for Ni.Dust samples, taken from the lofts of houses up to 2 km from the smelter, display high concentrations of Cr, Ni and Zn (average contents of 2899, 436 and 902 mg/kg, respectively). The later concentrations in the dust samples have been confirmed by mineralogical analysis where Cr-bearing mineral phases such as ferrochromium and chromium oxides, clearly relate to the activity of the smelter. Consequently, atmospheric deposition of dust particles forms a serious problem and can also be responsible for the elevated contents encountered in soil samples around the smelter.All these data show that the degree of contamination caused by industrial activity of the Burrel Cr-smelter is severe, although no Cr(VI) was detected in soil water extractions nor in the surface or groundwater where concentrations were < 0.01 mg/kg. 相似文献
13.
Ahmad Jonidi Jafari Majid Kermani Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary Hossein Arfaeinia 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(2):38
Due to the explosive industrialization and rapid expansion of the population in many parts of the world, heavy metals are released into the environment continuously and pose a great risk on human health. Street dust and surface soil samples from very heavy, heavy, medium and low traffic areas and a natural site in Tehran, Iran, were analyzed for some physicochemical features, total and chemical fractionating of selected metals (Zn, Al, Sr, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Co, Ni and V) to investigate the influence of traffic on their mobility and accumulation in the environment. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbonates and organic carbon contents were similar in soil and dust samples from the areas with same traffic. The traffic increases EC contents in dust/soil matrixes, but has no effect on concentrations of metals in soil samples. Rises in metal levels with traffic were found in dust samples. Moreover, the traffic increases the percentage of both acid-soluble and reducible fractions, which are related to Pb and Zn. The mobilization of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr in dust samples was easier than in soil. The speciation of metals except Cd is mainly affected by physicochemical features in soil, though total metals affected the speciation in dust samples (except chromium and nickel). 相似文献
14.
The development of industrial activity in recent years has promoted the pollution in this environment causing health problems to workers and the neighbourhood nearby. In order to determine the influence of different industrial activities in metals concentration and behaviour in soil and road dust, samples from three different industrial areas (service industry; refinery, fertilizer and power industry; and tannery industry) and a natural area were collected. Physical–chemical properties, metal content (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni) and the chemical distribution of metals were carried out. Results show largest accumulation of metals in road dusts samples for all industrial areas, being Zn, Pb, Cr and Cu the metals with highest concentrations. Each industrial activity contributes differently to the concentration of metals in soil and dust, and the highest concentrations of Cr were found from tannery industries, while Pb and Zn showed the highest concentration from refinery and fertilizer industry. It has been showed that industrial activity has influence on the physicochemical properties of soil and road dust and on the bioavailability of all metals. Chemical partitioning indicates that Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr distribution in the different solid phases is affected by industrial activity, while Co and Ni distribution is not affected by the industrial activity. 相似文献
15.
S. Sankaran R. Rangarajan K. Krishna Kumar S. Saheb Rao Smita Vishwasrao Humbarde 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(4):757-764
A chemical factory near Ranipet town in Vellore district, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India produced chromium-based inorganic
chemicals. The factory area in granite gnessic terrain receives an average annual rainfall of 1,000 mm. About 1.5 lakh tons
of solid wastes rich in hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), spreading over an area of 14,000 m2 (about 3.5 acres), having about 4 m thickness, is accumulated in an open yard within the factory premises. The soil and groundwater
in and around the factory area are contaminated with Cr6+ leached from dump site. Cr6+ is carcinogenic in nature and when leached in water can lead to respiratory disorders. Resistivity surveys comprising vertical
electrical sounding, multielectrode resistivity imaging, drilling of bore wells, chemical analysis of soil, formation and
groundwater samples and bore hole tracer studies were carried out within the factory and adjoining areas to decipher subsurface
geology, hydraulic behavior of dyke as natural barrier and lateral and vertical extent of pollution zone in and around the
chromium dump site. The data obtained were integrated and interpreted for understanding the pollution migration and its impact
on environment. Remedial measures are suggested for containing the contamination. 相似文献
16.
在济南市城区对大气降尘及不同污染端元样品进行采集,系统分析了大气降尘和污染端元元素含量特征,并对大气降尘空间分布及污染来源进行研究。结果表明:不同污染端元中元素含量差别明显,燃煤尘中As、Cd、F、Pb是汽车尾气尘的3倍以上,是交通尘、冶炼尘、建筑尘等其他端元尘的1.26~2.35倍,对环境影响较大;汽车尾气尘中Cr、Ni、S、Zn含量最高,冶炼尘中Co、Ni、Pb、F含量偏高,而建筑尘中多数元素含量为所有端元尘中最低。与土壤背景值相比,济南市大气降尘中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、F、S富集程度较高,受到不同程度人为污染;相关分析和因子分析结果表明,Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、As主要来源于企业燃煤,大气降尘中这些元素高含量区与热电厂、冶炼厂、化工厂等燃煤污染源空间分布相一致;F、S可能与汽车尾气排放有关,而As、Cr主源于交通污染,这3种污染源是济南市大气降尘污染的主要来源,对降尘的贡献约占60.42%。研究表明,工业燃煤排放已逐渐代替汽车尾气成为大气降尘中Pb元素的主要来源。 相似文献
17.
Suping Feng Hanchao Liu Nannan Zhang Hai Lin Xiaolin Du Yongli Liu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(7):1881-1886
To assess the pollution of heavy metal in dust fall, nine dust fall samples were collected during the heating period and non-heating period from Jinan, a city in northeastern China. The samples were analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr and the contamination level of heavy metals was assessed on the basis of the geo-accumulation index (I geo). The results indicated that all of the four investigated metals accumulated significantly in the dust fall of Jinan, and the metal concentrations were much higher than background values. During the heating period, the mean values for Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr in the dust fall were 354.9, 688.5, 2,585.5 and 478.6 mg kg−1. During the non-heating period, the mean values for Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr in the dust fall were 228.2, 518.2, 1,933.9 and 96.3 mg kg−1, respectively. The I geo values calculated based on background values revealed that the contamination level of heavy metal in the dust fall ranges from moderately contaminated to heavily contaminated, and it mainly originates from traffic and industry. In this work, the dust fall residue compared to the standard reference was also chosen as the background value to calculate the I geo value. This method is useful for situations in which the background value is difficult to obtain. 相似文献
18.
基于多元回归分析的铬污染地下水风险评价方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土-水分配系数（Kd）是表征重金属污染物在土壤包气带中迁移能力的重要参数,受污染物质量浓度、pH值、有机质质量分数、铁铝氧化物质量分数等多种因素影响。本文通过实验研究了分配系数与各种影响因素之间的关系,基于多元回归分析方法得到了分配系数与影响因素的关系方程;并以分配系数、泄漏量、土壤孔隙度、初始含水率为风险因子建立了地下水污染风险评价方法。以某工厂铬废液的泄露为案例,采用构建的方法进行地下水污染风险评价。结果表明：该处地下水被污染的风险等级为中等。地下水污染风险评价方法的建立为重金属污染地下水的监测管理提供了一种有效方法。 相似文献
19.
通过对甘肃省张掖一永昌地区土壤重金属元素富集与分布规律的研究表明,研究区土壤以Cd、As、Cr、Ni污染为主,工业废水、厂矿企业、人类活动及大气降尘是研究区土壤的主要污染源。从土壤污染程度综合评价图来看,全区土壤一级质量区占总面积的1．87％,二级质量区占总面积的87．13％,三级质量区占9．92％,四级质量区占1．09％。从土壤污染现状来看,重金属土壤以一、二级为主,说明研究区土壤总体质量较好。从土壤Cd、As、Cr、Ni相态分析结果看,各元素多以残渣态为主,但cd的离子结合态和水溶态占总量的5％左右,是极其危险的,需要引起重视。 相似文献
20.
以攀枝花市为研究区域,分别采用富集因子法、潜在生态危害系数法和单因子指数-内梅罗综合污染指数法有针对性地对土壤和近地表大气尘中As,Cd,Cr,Cu,V,Zn和Ni七种重金属污染状况进行了综合性评价。结果表明,攀枝花宝鼎煤矿区和攀钢片区土壤及近地表大气尘中的重金属含量较高,均超过四川省土壤背景值。富集因子指数分析表明,研究区重金属污染受到人为活动的影响较大,污染也较为严重,其中Zn和Cd的富集情况较为显著,Cd,V,Zn,Cu为主要污染因子。潜在生态危害系数结果表明,在各元素中,绝大多数元素处于轻微生态危害,Cd 8个点位处于强生态危害,7个点位处于很强生态危害,处于中等生态危害的占5%,处于强生态危害的占47%,处于很强生态危害的占41%,土壤中Cd元素的潜在生态危险最高,其余元素处于轻微生态危险状态。单因子指数-内梅罗综合污染指数分析结果表明,Cd,Cr和Ni元素在宝鼎煤矿区和攀钢片区都存在重度污染,Cd(7.70),Cr(3.38),Cu(4.49),V(3.62),Zn(3.68)和Ni(5.80)存在重度污染,As(2.07)存在中度污染。 相似文献