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1.
A. A. Peyve 《Geotectonics》2009,43(2):87-99
The accretion of oceanic crust under conditions of oblique spreading is considered. It is shown that deviation of the normal to the strike of mid-ocean ridge from the extension direction results in the formation of echeloned basins and ranges in the rift valley, which are separated by normal and strike-slip faults oriented at an angle to the axis of the mid-ocean ridge. The orientation of spreading ranges is determined by initial breakup and divergence of plates, whereas the within-rift structural elements are local and shallow-seated; they are formed only in the tectonically mobile rift zone. As a rule, the mid-ocean ridges with oblique spreading are not displaced along transform fracture zones, and stresses are relaxed in accommodation zones without rupture of continuity of within-rift structural elements. The structural elements related to oblique spreading can be formed in both rift and megafault zones. At the initial breakup and divergence of continental or oceanic plates with increased crust thickness, the appearance of an extension component along with shear in megafault zones gives rise to the formation of embryonic accretionary structural elements. As opening and extension increase, oblique spreading zones are formed. Various destructive and accretionary structural elements (nearly parallel extension troughs; basin and range systems oriented obliquely relative to the strike of the fault zone and the extension axis; rhomb-shaped extension basins, etc.) can coexist in different segments of the fault zone and replace one another over time. The Andrew Bain Megafault Zone in the South Atlantic started to develop as a strike-slip fault zone that separated the African and Antarctic plates. Under extension in the oceanic domain, this zone was transformed into a system of strike-slip faults divided by accretionary structures. It is suggested that the De Geer Megafault Zone in the North Atlantic, which separated Greenland and Eurasia at the initial stage of extension that followed strike-slip offset, evolved in the same way. 相似文献
2.
A. A. Peive 《Geotectonics》2006,40(1):25-36
The most significant vertical movements of the oceanic crust in the Central Atlantic are characteristic of transverse ridges
confined to transform fracture zones. These movements are also recorded in some local depressions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(MAR) and in older structures of deep-sea basins. The amplitude of such movements substantially exceeds that related to the
cooling of lithospheric plates. Vertical movements can be driven by various factors: the thermal effect of a heated young
MAR segment upon a cold plate, thermal stress, thermal energy released by friction in the course of displacement of fault
walls relative to each other, serpentinization of the upper mantle rocks in the transform fault zone, and lateral compression
and extension. The alternation of compression and extension that arises because of the nonparallel boundaries of the transform
fracture zone and the unstable configuration of the rift/fracture zone junction was the main factor responsible for the formation
of the transverse ridge in the Romanche Fracture Zone. The most probable cause of the vertical rise of the southern transverse
ridge in the Vema Fracture Zone is the change in the spreading direction. In general, the fracture zones with active segments
more than 100 km long are characterized by extension and compression oriented perpendicularly to the main displacement and
related to slight changes in the spreading configuration. It is impossible to single out ambiguously the causes of vertical
movements in particular structural features. In most cases, the vertical movements are controlled by several factors, while
the main role belongs to the lateral compressive and tensile stresses that appear owing to changes in the movement of lithospheric
blocks in the course of MAR spreading. 相似文献
3.
On the north coast of Iceland, the rift zone in North Iceland is shifted about 120 km to the west where it meets with, and joins, the mid-ocean Kolbeinsey ridge. This shift occurs along the Tjörnes fracture zone, an 80-km-wide zone of high seismicity, which is an oblique (non-perpendicular) transform fault. There are two main seismic lineaments within the Tjörnes fracture zone, one of which continues on land as a 25-km-long WNW-trending strike-slip fault. This fault, referred to as the Husavik fault, meets with, and joins, north-trending normal faults of the Theistareykir fissure swarm in the axial rift zone. The most clear-cut of these junctions occurs in a basaltic pahoehoe lava flow, of Holocene age, where the Husavik fault joins a large normal fault called Gudfinnugja. At this junction, the Husavik fault strikes N55°W, whereas Gudfinnugja strikes N5°E, so that they meet at an angle of 60°. The direction of the spreading vector in North Iceland is about N73°W, which is neither parallel with the strike of the Husavik fault nor perpendicular to the strike of the Gudfinnugja fault. During rifting episodes there is thus a slight opening on the Husavik fault as well as a considerable dextral strike-slip movement along the Gudfinnugja fault. Consequently, in the Holocene lava flow, there are tension fractures, collapse structures and pressure ridges along the Husavik fault, and pressure ridges and dextral pull-apart structures subparallel with the Gudfinnugja fault. The 60° angle between the Husavik strike-slip fault and the Gudfinnugja normal fault is the same as the angle between the Tjörnes fracture zone transform fault and the adjacent axial rift zones of North Iceland and the Kolbeinsey ridge. The junction between the faults of Husavik and Gudfinnugja may thus be viewed as a smaller-scale analogy to the junction between this transform fault and the nearby ridge segments. Using the results of photoelastic and finite-element studies, a model is provided for the tectonic development of these junctions. The model is based on an analogy between two offset cuts (mode I fractures) loaded in tension and segments of the axial rift zones (or parts thereof in the case of the Husavik fault). The results indicate that the Tjörnes fracture zone in general and the Husavik fault in particular, developed along zones of maximum shear stress. Furthermore, the model suggests that, as the ridge-segments propagate towards a zero-underlapping configuration, the angle between them and the associated major strike-slip faults gradually increases. This conclusion is supported by the trends of the main seismic lineaments of the Tjörnes fracture zone. 相似文献
4.
月岭是月球表面月海中分布最广的一种线性构造。虽然月岭的形貌特点已被广泛认识,但它的演化机制与过程却一直存在争论。月球目前所处的地质历史时期哥白尼纪形成的另一种线性构造叶状陡坎已被发现,改变了之前人类普遍认为月球自31亿年以来再无构造活动的认识,但月岭发育的时代特征还未确定,因此,对月岭成因过程和形成时代的研究是认识月球表面构造形成机制和月球演化过程的关键。基于美国勘测轨道飞行器(LRO)数据,对雨海地区的月岭构造进行解译;利用小型撞击坑直径与形貌相对关系定年法结合月岭与小型撞击坑的交切关系,证明在哥白尼纪月球表面仍然有月岭发育,进一步证实月球表面仍然有构造运动发生。利用哥白尼纪叶状陡坎的成因机制,文中设计了基底收缩作用下的月岭砂箱构造物理模拟实验,并设置不同参数多次反复模拟,将模拟结果的顶面和剖面形态以及构造样式与实际月岭进行了对比分析。模拟结果与实际月岭各项特征基本吻合,得出基底收缩可以作为哥白尼纪月岭的形成机制;此外,通过实验发现在这一机制下月岭是由先形成的叶状陡坎构造发展而来,并在月岭发育后又有新的叶状陡坎形成。通过实验过程的监测以及对实验数据的测算,发现月岭的演化过程经历塑性变形期、叶状陡坎发育期、月岭形成期和月岭成形后的叶状陡坎再发育期4个时期;月岭与叶状陡坎并不是受物质与环境约束完全独立发育的两类线性构造,在哥白尼纪以收缩为动力来源的应力环境下可以互相转化。 相似文献
5.
末次冰期冰碛垄系列的形态特征及其形成探讨 ——以帕隆藏布江谷地为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰碛的形态特征是气候变化的标记.以往的野外考察发现末次冰期的冰碛具有近乎统一的发育模式.选取藏东南帕隆藏布江流域的10条冰川, 研究其前方末次冰期冰川堆积特征, 以揭示其所反映的气候变化过程. 结果表明: 末次冰期MIS2形成最高大的冰碛垄, 我们称之为主冰碛垄, 这套冰碛垄示意当时冰期气候持续稳定时间最长.为主冰碛垄所部分覆盖而由其底部延伸出来的, 尚有至少两套范围更大、 但规模较小的冰碛垄, 表明MIS2之前冰期气候可能曾更加严酷, 但持续时间相对要短, 可能反映MIS4和/或MIS3的冰期气候特点.主冰碛垄内侧一直到现代冰川相当长的河谷段, 通常呈现多道冰碛垄, 规模均较主冰碛小, 它们有的不排除作为后退冰碛(recessional moraine)的可能性, 但晚冰期(YD)、 抑或H1事件应当是值得注意的.临近现代冰川末端, 一般能够辨别新冰期和小冰期冰碛垄. 因此, 藏东南这样一系列的冰川堆积, 以其形态、 范围和规模特征, 辅之以高精度的系统测年, 几乎可恢复出气候变化曲线来, 了解与全球氧同位素曲线之间的齿合关系. 相似文献
6.
The slow spreading mid-Indian Ocean ridge system containing the Carlsberg, Central and Southwest Indian ridges is seismically
very active. In the present study, a detailed analysis has been carried out of the data of earthquake sources along different
ridge segments in order to investigate the spatial and temporal clustering patterns and to evaluate crustal processes related
to the swarm occurrences along these ridges. The spatial and temporal clustering pattern of the recent earthquakes (1980–1990)
pertaining to nine major spreading segments and eight fracture zones suggests that the events cluster in greater proportion
along the spreading segments than along the fracture zones.
We performed a systematic search of earthquake catalogue during the period 1964–1990 by examining the spatio-temporal hypocentral
clusters in order to identify the swarm occurrences along these ridges. The search included eighteen prominent sequences,
of which, thirteen were earthquake swarms. Except two, all other swarms were found to be occurring mainly on the spreading
segments. The maximum magnitude observed in these swarms is mb = 5.4 and have many events predominantly showing normal faulting mechanisms. The spatial disposition and temporal activity
of the events in swarms is much similar to the foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequences observed along the spreading rift
valley zones. These characteristics help us to support that swarms along the slow spreading mid-Indian Ocean ridges are the
result of extensional tectonic activity, leading to the development of the median valley topography, a mechanism similar to
that proposed by Bergman and Solomon (1990) for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. 相似文献
7.
青藏铁路沿线的地裂缝及工程影响 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
通过大比例尺野外地质调查和跨季节对比观测,发现青藏铁路沿线发育地震破裂、断层裂缝、冻土裂缝与冰裂缝4种不同类型的地裂缝。典型地震破裂包括西大滩古地震破裂、昆仑山南缘地震破裂、可可西里古地震破裂、崩错地震破裂、谷露盆西地震破裂、羊八井-当雄盆西地震破裂;地震破裂规模大,产状稳定,与地震鼓包、地震陡坎、地震凹陷有序组合,是地表构造变形的重要形式,属内动力成因地裂缝。断层裂缝沿断层破碎带定向分布,产状稳定,成群产出,与断层活动、地下水运移、不均匀冻胀存在密切的关系,是构造变形与融冻变形联合、内外动力耦合产生的复合成因地裂缝。冻土裂缝和冰裂缝属外营力成因地裂缝,是冻土与冰层不均匀融冻变形的重要表现形式。地震破裂、断层裂缝和冻土裂缝对青藏公路、青藏铁路及沿线工程安全具有不良影响,这些地裂缝切割错断路基,形成路面破裂和路基滑塌,产生显著的灾害效应。 相似文献
8.
A. A. Chernykh E. G. Astafurova V. Yu. Glebovsky M. S. Korneva A. V. Egorova A. G. Red’ko 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2016,470(1):900-904
The comprehensive analysis of potential field data and recent seismic data revealed two systems of fractures bounding horsts and grabens in terms of the Mendeleev Ridge. The northern part of the ridge is marked by development of pull-apart structures indicating the former existence of oblique extension settings. The area between Mendeleev and Alpha ridges is occupied by a wide NW?SE–extending sinistral strike-slip zone. It is concluded that these ridges are of continental origin representing former parts of Arctida (Hyperborea) in the pre-Cretaceous time. The ridges were separated and their crust significantly altered during Cretaceous tectono-magmatic activation in the region. 相似文献
9.
The influence of Cenozoic tectonics on the groundwater-production capacity of fractured zones: a case study in Sao Paulo, Brazil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A new procedure is developed to correlate structural lineaments recognised through air-photo interpretation with subsurface
fracture features that are associated with zones of high groundwater production in fractured-rock environments. The analysis
approach is referred to as the homogeneous tectonic domain (HTD) method and involves correlating the lineament features of
a given area with the orientation of the primary stress fields and fracture structures associated with the recent tectonic
history that affected the region of study. The main premise of the method is that the most recent tectonic events in a given
area have had the most significant influence on the nature of the existing fracture network and subsequently on the regional
groundwater flow characteristics.
A study site was selected within the state of S?o Paulo, Brazil, where a complex tectonic history dating back to Precambrian
time has generated significant fracture porosity in the bedrock environment. The bedrock is heavily used in this area as a
domestic and industrial aquifer. The most recent tectonic activity is associated with five distinct Cenozoic events that generated
fracture features through both shear and extension stress fields. Due to the mode of formation, fracture zones generated by
extension tend to have the largest effective apertures and are the most conductive to groundwater. By applying the HTD method
in a series of test areas where specific Cenozoic events were dominant, fracture trends generated by shear and extension mechanisms
could be identified. Water-well production capacity was correlated with proximity to extension-type structures in most cases.
Other factors, such as the type of rock the well was completed in, had a much weaker influence on well capacity.
Through this application, the HTD approach is shown to provide a methodology for delineating fractured areas within rock environments
that have high potential for groundwater-resource development by combining classical lineament analysis with a clear understanding
of the tectonic history of a given area.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
10.
多波束测深技术在国际上是海洋科学研究、海底资源开发和海洋工程建设中的重要技术手段。基于对国内外多波束
地形数据的广泛调研,对洋中脊附近洋底构造地貌形态进行分析研究。文中利用不同扩张速率洋中脊附近的50 m分辨率的多
波束地形数据,基于数字地形空间分析方法,利用不同滑动窗口和阈值自动识别来提取洋中脊附近地形面的最大、最小曲率
以及坡度,并以此对洋中脊进行构造解译。对中大西洋洋中脊和东太平洋洋隆两个实验结果的定量分析表明,基于地形曲面
曲率和坡度的洋中脊构造解译方法是有效且可行的,其结果为洋中脊构造样式解译提供重要参考。但是相比之下, 相似文献
11.
Beach ridges in macrotidal environments experience strong multi‐annual to multi‐decennial fluctuations of tidal inundation. The duration of tide flooding directly controls the duration of sediment reworking by waves, and thus the ridge dynamics. Flume modelling was used to investigate the impact of low‐frequency tidal cycles on beach ridge evolution and internal architecture. The experiment was performed using natural bioclastic sediment, constant wave parameters and low‐frequency variations of the mean water level. The morphological response of the beach ridge to water level fluctuations and the preservation of sedimentary structures were monitored by using side‐view and plan‐view photographs. Results were compared with the internal architecture of modern bioclastic beach ridges in a macrotidal chenier plain (Mont St. Michel Bay, France) surveyed with ground‐penetrating radar. The experimentally obtained morphologies and internal structures matched those observed in the field, and the three ridge development stages identified in ground‐penetrating radar profiles (early transgressive, late transgressive and progradational) were modelled successfully. Flume experiments indicate that flat bioclastic shapes play a key role in sediment sorting in the breaker zone, and in sediment layering in the beach and washover fans. Water level controls washover geometry, beach ridge evolution and internal structure. Low water levels allow beach ridge stabilization and sediment accumulation lower on tidal flats. During subsequent water level rise, accumulated sediment becomes available for deposition of new washover units and for bayward extension of the beach ridges. In the field, low‐frequency water level fluctuations are related to the 4·4 year and 18·6 year tidal cycles. Experimental results suggest that these cycles may represent the underlying factor in the evolution of the macrotidal chenier coast at the multi‐decadal to centennial time scale. 相似文献
12.
J. Frutos 《Tectonophysics》1981,72(1-2)
The evolution of sea-floor spreading (directions and rates) in the Southeast Pacific, shows a close relationship with the Andean structural directions and the plutonic episodicity, as well as the succession of short compressive orogenic phases alternating with relatively longer periods of extension.The orogenic periods coincided with the beginning of periods of relatively higher rates of plate convergence, immediately after periods of relative “quiescence”, with the following periodicity: 110-85, 76-70, 63-60, 49-45, 35-33, 16-13, 7, m.y.The presence of oceanic structures as aseismic ridges or fracture zones produces “weak” Benioff zones (shallow and poorly defined), without a corresponding active volcanism. On the other hand, ancient continental structures such as the Precambrian-Paleozoic orogenic belts have active volcanism and neat, deep, and well developed Benioff zones. 相似文献
13.
MICHAËL DENIS JEAN-FRANÇOIS BUONCRISTIANI MOUSSA KONATɆ MICHEL GUIRAUD 《Sedimentology》2007,54(6):1225-1243
The Djado Basin (Niger) was located beneath the inner part of the Late Ordovician ice sheet. The Felar‐Felar Formation consists mainly of glaciomarine deposits, associated with the major ice sheet recession within the glaciation, and is bounded by two glacial unconformities. Structures corresponding to sandstone ridges are found within the Felar‐Felar Formation. Sandstone ridges are several metres high, about 10 m wide and hundreds of metres long. These structures are organized in extensive anastomosed to sub‐polygonal networks. The association of sandstone ridge networks with the later glacial unconformity and with other glacial evidence suggests sub‐glacial conditions for their origin. Sandstone ridge sedimentological characteristics indicate that sandstone ridges result from the scouring of the Felar‐Felar Formation by sub‐glacial, turbulent and pressurized meltwater; then sub‐glacial cavities were infilled with sand derived from glacial abrasion. Sandstone ridge networks are comparable with tunnel channels and document unusual drainage structures of the inner part of the palaeo‐ice sheet. 相似文献
14.
Quantifying rates of coastal progradation from sediment volume using GPR and OSL: the Holocene fill of Guichen Bay, south-east South Australia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Guichen Bay on the south‐east coast of South Australia faces west towards the prevailing westerly winds of the Southern Ocean. The bay is backed by a 4 km wide Holocene beach‐ridge plain with more than 100 beach ridges. The morphology of the Guichen Bay strandplain complex shows changes in the width, length, height and orientation of beach ridges. A combination of geomorphological interpretation, shallow geophysics and existing geochronology is used to interpret the Holocene fill of Guichen Bay. Six sets of beach ridges are identified from the interpretation of orthorectified aerial photographs. The ridge sets are distinguished on the basis of beach‐ridge orientation and continuity. A 2·25 km ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) profile across the beach ridges reveals the sedimentary structures and stratigraphic units. The beach ridges visible in the surface topography are a succession of stabilized foredunes that overlie progradational foreshore and upper shoreface sediments. The beach progrades show multiple truncation surfaces interpreted as storm events. The GPR profile shows that there are many more erosion surfaces in the subsurface than beach ridges on the surface. The width and dip of preserved beach progrades imaged by GPR shows that the shoreface has steepened from around 2·9° to around 7·5°. The changes in beach slope are attributed to increasing wave energy associated with beach progradation into deeper water as Guichen Bay was infilled. At the same time, the thickness of the preserved beach progrades increases slightly as the beach prograded into deeper water. Using the surface area of the ridge sets measured from the orthophotography, and the average thickness of upper shoreface, foreshore and coastal dune sands interpreted from the GPR profile, the volume of Holocene sediments within three of the six sets of beach‐ridge accretion has been calculated. Combining optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages and volume calculations, rates of sediment accumulation for Ridge Sets 3, 4 and 5 have been estimated. Linear rates of beach‐ridge progradation appear to decrease in the mid‐Holocene. However, the rates of sediment accumulation calculated from beach volumes have remained remarkably consistent through the mid‐ to late Holocene. This suggests that sediment supply to the beach has been constant and that the decrease in the rate of progradation is due to increasing accommodation space as the beach progrades into deeper water. Changes in beach‐ridge morphology and orientation reflect environmental factors such as changes in wave climate and wind regime. 相似文献
15.
The seismic activity of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas and adjacent areas has been examined in view of the tectonic evolution of the North Atlantic. The 529 earthquakes used covered the period 1955–1972, and for fifteen of these events fault-plane solutions were available. An analysis was made of the location precision which turned out to be better than 20 km in most cases. Expectedly, little new evidence was obtained at the midoceanic ridges and major fracture zones, with possible exceptions of the Knipovich Ridge showing a well-defined seismicity belt supporting the idea of an active spreading ridge, and the Spitsbergen Fracture Zone, which seems to be a system of en-echelon faults. Most interesting is a weak linear event pattern in the Lofoten Basin, possibly giving evidence of unknown structures parallel to the Greenland and Senja Fracture Zones, although sediment loading also may be important. Earthquakes along the shelf edge off Norway are located at or near isostatic gravity belts which may act as hinge lines for the marginal subsidence, thus implying stress release caused by differential subsidence of the continental crust. Part of the seismicity of eastern Greenland and western Norway appears to be related to zones of weakness of pre-Cenozoic age. The seismic activity along the edges of the Norwegian Channel is very limited. 相似文献
16.
Pressures at which partial crystallization occurs for mid-oceanridge basalts (MORB) have been examined by a new petrologicalmethod that is based on a parameterization of experimental datain the form of projections. Application to a global MORB glassdatabase shows that partial crystallization of olivine + plagioclase+ augite ranges from 1 atm to 1·0 GPa, in good agreementwith previous determinations, and that there are regional variationsthat generally correlate with spreading rate. MORB from fast-spreadingcenters display partial crystallization in the crust at ridgesegment centers and in both mantle and crust at ridge terminations.Fracture zones are likely to be regions where magma chambersare absent and where there is enhanced conductive cooling ofthe lithosphere at depth. MORB from slow-spreading centers displayprominent partial crystallization in the mantle, consistentwith models of enhanced conductive cooling of the lithosphereand the greater abundance of fracture zones through which theypass. In general, magmas that move through cold mantle experiencesome partial crystallization, whereas magmas that pass throughhot mantle may be comparatively unaffected. Estimated pressuresof partial crystallization indicate that the top of the partialmelting region is deeper than about 20–35 km below slow-spreadingcenters and some ridge segment terminations at fast-spreadingcenters. KEY WORDS: MORB; olivine gabbro; partial crystallization; partial melting; ridge segmentation; fracture zones; crust; mantle; lithosphere 相似文献
17.
The Southwest Indian mid-ocean ridge (SWIR) is an ultraslow spreading ridge. Based on the submarine bathymetric data, we develop a new division principle on submarine morphotectonics and subdivide the SWIR into the seven-order tectonic geomorphologic units. Taking its submarine morphotectonics in the middle segment and adjacent seafloors of the mid-ocean ridge between Discovery II and Gallieni transform faults as a sample, this paper systematically analyzes its tectonic evolution, segmentation, segmentation and propagation mechanism, the formation of the central rift valley, the ridge-plume interactions, and the ocean ridge jumping. The results showed that the mid-ocean ridges can be divided into four three-order morphotectonics units (i.e., one-order segments of mid-ocean ridge), from west to east, which are separated by the Andrew Bain, the Prince Edwards, the Discovery II, and the Gallieni transform faults, respectively, corresponding to ridge landforms associated with a strongly hotspot-affected ridge, a weakly hotspot-affected ridge, and a normal ultraslow spreading ridge. Each segment can be further subdivided into three or four secondary segments. This paper focuses only on the segmentation and division from fourth-order to seventh-order morphotectonics units between the Discovery II and the Gallieni transform faults (i.e., the fourth-order morphotectonics unit of mid-ocean ridges can be subdivided into other three secondary units). Here the seventh-order morphotectonics unit consists of segments of laterally-aligned rifts (shear zone), en echelon rifts, and other transverse-faulting structures. The mid-ocean ridge segment experienced three oceanic ridge jumping at about 80 Ma, 60 Ma and 40 Ma, respectively, which were affected by the Marion and Crozet hotspots, or the Madagascar Plateau, etc. The oceanic processes of the SWIR are related to the Gondwana breakup, and its tectonic processes has been analyzed in detail as the periodic pull-apart extension, domino-style half-graben, graben subsidence, oceanic core complex, etc. in axial mid-oceanic ridge since 20 Ma. ©, 2015, Science Press. All right reserved. 相似文献
18.
The distribution of heat flow, deep temperature, and helium isotope ratios in axial spreading zones of mid-ocean ridges and in scattered spreading zones in backarc basins are considered, as well as in active segments of transform fracture zones, intra- and pericontinental rift zones, linear and mosaic Paleozoic fold-belts, and loading and extension sedimentary basins. The heat flow in these structural elements varies widely from 15 to 1500 mW/m2, and the thickness of the thermal lithosphere is correspondingly variable. The quantitatively estimated radiogenic heat generation in Paleozoic foldbelts provides 40–50% of the background heat flow. A time-dependent heat flow is characteristic of not only recent but also Late Paleozoic tectonic belts. The origin of positive and negative geothermal anomalies has been explained. Localization of hydrocarbon fields in sedimentary basins is linked to these anomalies. 相似文献
19.
线性构造是月球表面除环形构造外另一种重要的构造样式,呈线状延伸。月表线性构造种类繁多,其成因也具有多样性。它能反映全月球或者区域性的构造特征与应力状态,在某种程度上反应月球内部的地质信息,对研究月球的构造演化有重要的意义。文中以静海地区为例,经过对“嫦娥二号”CCD的影像数据及从中提取的DEM数据进行解译,提取出了284条月岭和71条月溪,并对月岭月溪进行分类和统计分析,然后结合静海地区线性构造的分布特征及坡度图、等值线图,分析其演化过程。结果表明,静海地区的月溪月岭大部分分部在西部高程较低的区域;静海盆地月溪的形成时间与盆地形成及玄武岩的填充时间大致相同,月岭的形成时间大致与撞击坑的形成时间相同;静海盆地中一端延伸至撞击坑的月岭形成模型属于火山成因模型中的堤坝模型。 相似文献
20.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(8):768-777
Numerous active and inactive fissure-ridge travertines are located in the hanging wall of the Pamukkale range-front fault, a large normal fault bounding the northeast side of the Denizli Basin. A typical principal fissure-ridge comprises flanking bedded travertines dipping gently away from a nearly vertical, irregular central fissure, partially filled by vertically banded travertine. More complex ridges bear parasitic fissures and associated ridges on their flanks. Fissures roughly follow the long axes of ridge crests, some of them being divided into angular segments and others anastomosing. The traces of fissures are commonly parallel but some are oblique to one another. Fissures vary in width from a few millimeters to 5 m, and range in length from a few meters to a few kilometers. The widths of central fissures are at a maximum near the midpoints of ridges, but decrease toward both ends, suggesting that they grew in length over time. Lateral fissure development involved the opening of both new and old cracks, some of which propagated into former process zones at crack tips. Fissures increase in width with depth either gradually or in a series of steps, depending on whether there was a uniform rate of fissure dilation during travertine deposition or episodic dilation during fracture propagation. The characteristic irregular morphology of fractures probably reflects extension-fracture propagation in differential stress fields that were weak as a consequence of location near the earth's surface. The fissures probably express a set of subsidiary extension fractures splaying from the Pamukkale range-front fault into its hanging wall. 相似文献