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1.
Abstract. Municipal solid waste combustion leads to concentration of various metals in the solid residue (fly ash) remaining after combustion. These metals pose serious environmental hazard and require proper handling and monitoring in order to control their harmful effects. Leachability of some metals from fly ash was examined in fly ash and Milli-Q water mixture (liquid-to-solid ratio, 100) under various temperature and pH conditions in the laboratory. The leaching experiments conducted for 24 hours showed that pH was generally more important than temperature in controlling the amount of metals leached out of the fly ash. However, at a given pH, rise in temperature led to different degree of (usually one to two fold) enhanced or reduced leaching of metals. Owing to amphoteric nature of oxides of Al, Cr, Pb and Zn, these metals often yielded typical pattern of increase and decrease in their concentrations with change in pH. The extent of leaching of Cr and Pb in our experiments suggests that decrease of pH to acidic range in the case of Pb and to neutral to acidic range for Cr over a long period of storage of fly ash at solid waste dumping site may facilitate leaching of these metals from fly ash, leading to contamination of groundwater to the level that exceeds beyond the level permitted by the environmental laws.  相似文献   

2.
In the present study, coal from Chakwal (Pakistan) was leached with an aqueous solutions of iodine monochloride (ICl) and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DPTA) of different concentrations. The effect of stirring time, concentration and pH was studied on the leaching of different metals from coal. The physicochemical parameters indicated that the coal was of reasonably good quality. The results indicated that with increase in time duration, the extraction of metals increased. In most of the cases, metal concentration increased in the leachate with increasing the concentration of the leaching agents. DPTA was found to be the best leaching agent for most of the metals. Higher extraction of metals from coal fly ash indicated that coal organic matter has a pronounced effect on the leaching. Higher concentration of metals was extracted from virgin coal and coal fly ash at low pH (p?>?0.00) as compared to high pH. DPTA extracted metals in higher concentration from virgin coal and coal fly ash at low pH as compared to ICl. Based on the present study, the most leached metals were Fe, Cu, Mn and the least were Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr.  相似文献   

3.
The leaching of major species from fly ash is a function of the pH of the solution in contact with the fly ash. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the pH of the leachant on the leaching of species from the ash residues recovered after the long-term fly ash–brine interactions. Acid neutralization capacity (ANC) tests using solutions of different pH values ranging from the initial pH of the ash residues (11–12) to pH 4 were employed in the leaching experiments. The ANC tests revealed that the release of major species from the ash residues depended on the pH of the leachants except for Na and Cl, where the significant concentrations leached were independent of the solution pH. The concentrations of Al and Si in the ANC leachates were very high at pH below 6 while Ca, K, Sr, Mg and B were immediately mobilized from the brine impacted fly ash when in contact with de-ionized water, and leaching increased as the pH decreased. The concentration of SO4 leached from the brine impacted ash residues at high pH was high, and the leaching increased with decrease in the pH of the leachant. This study shows that most of the major elements captured in the ash residues could be mobilized when in contact with aqueous solutions of various pH. This reveals that the co-disposal of fly ash and brine may not be the best practice as the major elements captured in the ash residues could leach over time.  相似文献   

4.
The leaching behaviour of fly ash from a Co smelter situated in the Zambian Copperbelt was studied as a function of pH (5–12) using the pH-static leaching test (CEN/TS 14997). Various experimental time intervals (48 h and 168 h) were evaluated. The leaching results were combined with the ORCHESTRA modelling framework and a detailed mineralogical investigation was performed on the original FA and leached solid residues. The largest amounts of Co, Cu, Pb and Zn were leached at pH 5, generally with the lowest concentrations between pH 9 and 11 and slightly increased concentrations at pH 12. For most elements, the released concentrations were very similar after 48 h and 168 h, indicating near-equilibrium conditions in the system. Calcite, clinopyroxenes, quartz and amorphous phases predominated in the fly ash. Various metallic sulfides, alloys and the presence of Cu, Co and Zn in silicates and glass were detected using SEM/EDS and/or TEM/EDS. The leaching of metals was mainly attributed to the dissolution of metallic particles. Partial dissolution of silicate and glass fractions was assumed to significantly influence the release of Ca, Mg, Fe, K, Al and Si as well as Cu, Co and Zn. The formation of illite was suggested by the ORCHESTRA modelling to be one of the main solubility-controlling phases for major elements, whereas Co and Zn were controlled by CoO and zincite, respectively. Sorption of metals on hydrous ferric oxides was assumed to be an important attenuation mechanism, especially for the release of Pb and Cu. However, there is a high risk of Co, Cu, Pb and Zn mobility in the acidic soils around the smelter facility. Therefore, potential local options for “stabilisation” of the fly ash were evaluated on the basis of the modelling results using the PHREEQC code.  相似文献   

5.
One of the effective utilization strategies for fly ash and waste sludge is to use it as a fill material to raise low lying areas. Bearing capacity and settlement are the required input for the design of foundations on such fills. To determine the bearing capacity, plate load tests were carried out on the compacted beds of fly ash, fly ash-waste sludge and fly ash-waste sludge–cement. The tests were conducted by keeping 90, 95 and 100 % relative compaction, fresh and fresh submerged conditions, aged (28 days) and aged (28 days) submerged conditions as variables of the tests. The load-settlement curves were plotted for fly ash and mix blends. The minimum load was obtained for fly ash under submerged condition, further the test results show that the fly ash becomes flowable on submergence. On the other hand when the fly ash was mixed with waste sludge and cement, the load carrying capacity was found to improve to a greater extent. Test beds prepared with fly ash–cement-waste sludge under as compacted condition (fresh) show very high load carrying capacity (1600–2180 kN/m2). An analytical method has also been validated for fly ash–cement-waste sludge mix which was developed to estimate the settlement of footing resting on fly ash taking into account the pre-consolidation stresses. The non linearity of load-settlement behavior was appropriately modeled, on the basis of available plate load test data incorporated in the method. The method requires as input, the pre-consolidation stress and Young’s modulus of compacted mix of fly ash-waste sludge–cement. A comparison of load-settlement values observed in plate load tests and predicted values for the mix 47 %FA + 45 %S + 8 %C, using the proposed method shows good agreement. Hence, this relationship may also be useful to the field engineers to check the reported load-settlement values for such types of mixes in the field.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract. Oxidation and reduction processes can influence extent of leaching of elements from solid waste. Three samples of municipal solid waste combustion fly ash were subjected to oxidizing and reducing conditions in order to evaluate leaching of elements in the Milli-Q water and fly ash (liquid to solid ratio, 100) mixtures. Although the oxidizing and reducing conditions were applied for 6 hours only, elements like Cs, Li, Mg, Sb, Tl and V leached more under oxidizing condition than under reducing condition in the case of all three ash samples. Cadmium, Pb and Zn leached more from all samples under reducing condition than under oxidizing condition. Leaching of other elements like Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni and Rb was inconsistent with oxidizing or reducing conditions and varied from sample to sample, suggesting that factors other than redox may be more important in controlling leaching of these elements. Strong acid neutralization capacity of the fly ash samples let the pH vary within a narrow range, and thus severely limited the extent of leaching during the course of the experiment. Lead and Zn were the most sensitive while K and Na were the least sensitive to changes in redox conditions.  相似文献   

7.
海底隧道注浆材料强度劣化规律及使用寿命研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文
制备了水灰比分别为0.8、1和1.2的纯水泥浆液结石体试块,水灰比为1、粉煤灰掺量10%或20%的水泥-粉煤灰浆液结石体试块,矿粉掺量15%或30%的水泥-矿粉浆液结石体试块,硅粉掺量10%或20%的水泥-硅灰浆液结石体试块。将注浆浆液结石体试块浸泡在海水侵蚀环境中,试块无侧限抗压强度的变化规律。采用灰色关联理论研究了海水浓度、水灰比、矿物掺合料等因素对浆液结石体抗压强度的影响。通过建立多元灰色预测模型分析了海水侵蚀环境下水泥基注浆材料的强度劣化规律及使用寿命。结果表明:强度影响因素的灰色关联度由大到小的排序为:水灰比,海水浓度,测试龄期,硅粉掺量,粉煤灰掺量,矿粉掺量。  相似文献   

8.
高钙粉煤灰加固促淤地基机理和性状试验研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
周红波  李恒  王天龙  孙剑 《岩土力学》2004,25(5):783-788
结合高钙粉煤灰与上海浦东国际机场工期促淤软土拌和后加固土体的室内外试验,指出高钙粉煤灰足加固促淤软土地基的一种新型材料。基于在不同掺灰量、不同游离氧化钙含量和添加不同激发剂情形下拌和灰土的室内物理力学性能试验,探讨了高钙粉煤灰加固促淤软土的固化机理和工程特性,加固后土体在无侧限抗压强度、变形、渗透特性以及抗液化能力等方面均有明显改善,指出灰土强度与掺灰量、土体改性激发剂的品种和数量以及养护龄期有关,高钙灰与土体拌和后自膨胀特性下降为12％,消除了高钙灰的体积不稳定问题。现场进行粉喷桩加固软土地基试验表明,复合软土地基的极限承载力达到240kPa以上,可以替代水泥土搅拌桩,桩间土体强度和变形也得到改善。加固场地地下水质分析表明,高钙灰加固促淤软土地基不会影响地下水质和环境。  相似文献   

9.
影响大掺量钢渣水泥强度的主要因素探讨   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
李建平  倪文  陈德平 《矿物岩石》2003,23(4):105-109
根据对大掺量钢渣水泥的组分活性差和强度低的主要影响因素及其解决方法进行试验的结果认为：可以通过掺加水泥熟料、粒化高炉渣和粉煤灰的方法来改善钢渣的物质组成，进而提高其强度，但必须加入适当的激发剂。常用的激发剂有硫酸盐系(如石膏)、硅酸盐系(如水玻璃)等。试验表明：当加入激发剂B和高炉渣磨细粉，即当钢渣加入量为60％，加10％的激发剂B和30％的高炉渣磨细粉，或者当钢渣和高炉渣总加入量≥94％，只加5％或6％的激发剂C时，钢渣水泥的强度均可以达到325水泥的强度要求。同时还认为：增加组分的细度也是提高钢渣水泥组分活性、提高强度的一种有效方法。  相似文献   

10.
Pozzolanic-based stabilization/solidification (S/S) is an effective, yet economic remediation technology to immobilize heavy metals in contaminated soils and sludges. In the present study, fly ash waste materials were used along with quicklime (CaO) to immobilize lead, trivalent and hexavalent chromium present in artificially contaminated clayey sand soils. The degree of heavy metal immobilization was evaluated using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) as well as controlled extraction experiments. These leaching test results along with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) analyses were also implemented to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for immobilization of the heavy metals under study. Finally, the reusability of the stabilized waste forms in construction applications was also investigated by performing unconfined compressive strength and swell tests. The experimental results suggest that the controlling mechanism for both lead and hexavalent chromium immobilization is surface adsorption, whereas for trivalent chromium it is hydroxide precipitation. Addition of quicklime and fly ash to the contaminated soils effectively reduced heavy metal leachability well below the nonhazardous regulatory limits. Overall, fly ash addition increases the immobilization pH region for all heavy metals tested, and significantly improves the stress-strain properties of the treated solids, thus allowing their reuse as readily available construction materials. The only potential problem associated with this quicklime–fly ash treatment is the excessive formation of the pozzolanic product ettringite in the presence of sulfates. Ettringite, when brought in contact with water, may cause significant swelling and subsequent deterioration of the stabilized matrix. Addition of minimum amounts of barium hydroxide was shown to effectively eliminate ettringite formation. Overall, due to the presence of very high levels of heavy metal contamination along with sulfates in the solid matrices under study, the results presented herein can be applied to the management of incinerator and coal fly ash, boiler slag and flue gas desulfurization wastes.  相似文献   

11.
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of low-cost adsorbents including bentonite, kaolinite and zeolite saturated with calcium and potassium, potato and wheat residues, and three metal oxide nanoparticles functionalized with an acidic extract of potato residues in improving the quality of sodic waters. The optimization of factors such as pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage was investigated using a solution containing sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. The optimal pH and contact time were 7.0 and 24 h, respectively. The optimal dosage for using functionalized nanoparticles was 0.1 g and for using other adsorbents was 1.0 g. The sodium exchange isotherms were conducted in binary sodium–calcium and sodium–potassium and quaternary sodium–calcium–magnesium–potassium systems. Zeolite saturated with potassium was the most effective adsorbent in removing sodium from aqueous solutions with an average removal efficiency of 69.2 and 66.5 % in binary and quaternary systems, respectively. Freundlich and Langmuir equations fitted well to experimental data in both binary and quaternary systems. Cation selectivity coefficients calculated based on the Gaines–Thomas convention varied with changing pH and adsorbent dosage. Graphical and statistical evaluations confirmed that the mechanistic cation exchange model using average Gaines–Thomas selectivity coefficients in geochemical PHREEQC program was able to successfully simulate the sodium exchange on different adsorbents in both systems. The Gaines–Thomas selectivity coefficient values greater than unity and as a consequence, the negative values of the Gibbs free energy change of adsorption indicated that sodium exchange reactions in the presence of different adsorbents used is this study were exergonic and spontaneous.  相似文献   

12.
Clayey subgrade soil requires treatment in order to make the subgrade stable for pavement structures. Treatment of clayey soil i.e. stabilization of clayey soil by cement, lime, and fly ash are established techniques used in geotechnical and highway engineering. Stabilization by alkali activation of fly ash is reported recently but literatures are limited. Present study investigates the stress strain behavior, peak stress and ultimate strain of clayey soil stabilized by slag and slag-fly ash blending by alkali activation. The peak stress as high as 25.0 N/mm2 may be obtained at 50% slags content when 12 molar sodium hydroxide solutions were used. Peak stress, ultimate strain and slope of stress–strain curve of stabilized clay are controlled by Na/Al and Si/Al ratios. Stress–strain response and peak stress of slag and fly ash blended specimen are not governed by Na/Al and Si/Al ratios; rather the behavior is dependent predominantly on slag content.  相似文献   

13.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fly ash amendment on the compression behavior of mine tailings. Natural and synthetic (i.e., laboratory prepared) mine tailings were used to assess the effects of tailings composition and tailings solids content on compressibility. Three types of off-specification fly ashes and Type I–II Portland cement were used as cementitious binders. Tailings-fly ash mixtures were prepared at solids content of 60–75% (water content = 33–67%), water-to-binder ratios of 2.5 and 5, and were cured for 0.1 days (2 h), 7, and 28 days. Bi-linear compression curves on semi-log plots were observed in most of the binder-amended tailings specimens. The break in slope on the compression curve was identified as the breaking stress, whereupon cementitious bonds were broken. The breaking stress increased with an increase in fly ash content, which was attributed to a lower water-to-binder ratio and void volume-to-binder volume ratio that produced more effective particle bonding. Breaking stress also increased with an increase in CaO content and CaO-to-SiO2 ratio of fly ash, which resulted in more effective bonding between particles. The effect of curing time on the breaking stress of fly ash amended specimens was characterized by (1) an increase in breaking stress via increase in curing time and cementitious bond formation or (2) a constant breaking stress with curing time due to competing mechanisms during loading. Specimens cured under a vertical stress showed an increase in breakings stress with applied load water removal prior to cementitious bond formation that reduced the water-to-binder ratio and led to more effective cementation.  相似文献   

14.
In this paper, a high calcium high sulfate ash as the main material, adding fly ash, lime, cement, gypsum and some modifiers to prepare autoclaved aerated concrete. The products complies with the technical requirements of GB/T11968-2006. This paper also studies the influence of the physical methods and water ratio on autoclaved aerated concrete by high calcium high sulfate ash aerated concrete. The best ratio of water and Grinding time were found in practice study.  相似文献   

15.
The growing use of coal in electrical generation is resulting in power plant solid waste becoming a serious national problem. For 1977, approximately 62 million tonnes of utility ash was produced in the US. If oil and gas burning units that were originally designed to burn coal switch back to that fuel, utility ash will be the fourth largest solid material produced in the US. Disposing of such quantities of wastes poses siting and pollution problems which are becoming critical in areas experiencing increased land use competition.An alternative to disposal is to recover the constituent metals of the ash. Aluminium, iron, manganese, calcium, titanium, and magnesium are all present in fly ash, the utility waste that poses the major disposal problem. This paper indicates that metal recovery is an attractive alternative if national instead of special interest goals are maximized. Metal recovery from fly ash is attractive on environmental, self-sufficiency, and stragegic grounds although it may not be a wise decision for an individual entrepreneur. The geography of power plant location within the US is increasing the economical attractiveness of this potential resource since large, new facilities produce sufficient quantities of material that can be used in nearby metal smelters.  相似文献   

16.
Thermal treatment of waste from the meat industry in high scale rotary kiln   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Recently there has been an increase in consumption of meat, especially poultry. This results in an increase in the quantity of waste, including waste feathers. Waste from the meat industry are hazardous, which must be disposed of in accordance with the law. Wastes from the meat industry normally consist of valuable elements such as phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium (macronutrients), and iron, copper, zinc, manganese (micronutrients), which after suitable processing can be used for the purposes of fertilization. The paper presents the results of thermal treatment of feathers with meat and bone meal and feathers with poultry litter in a high scale rotary kiln. Mixtures of wastes were incinerated in temperature range from 600 to 900 °C for about 20–25 min. The resulting ashes were characterized by a high content of phosphorus (4–17%), calcium (17–30%) and potassium (0.6–3.6%). The study revealed that the selection of process parameters allows for obtaining ash with controlled and desired composition of macro and micronutrients, moreover, it is safe in terms of sanitary.  相似文献   

17.
The laterite nickel (Ni) ore smelting operation in Niquelândia (Goiás state, Brazil) produced large amounts of smelting wastes, stockpiled on dumps (slags) and in settling ponds (fly ash). In this study we present data on the chemistry, mineralogy and pH-dependent leaching behaviours of these two waste materials.Bulk chemical analyses indicated that both wastes contained significant amounts of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), with substantially higher concentrations in the case of the fly ash (up to 2.51 wt% Ni, 1870 mg/kg Cr and 488 mg/kg Co). The mineralogical investigations carried out using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe (EPMA) indicated that the slag was mainly composed of silicate glass, olivine and pyroxene. In contrast, the fly ash was composed of Ni-bearing serpentine-like phases (originating from the furnace feed), Ni-bearing glass, olivine, pyroxene and spinel. The pH-dependent leaching behaviour was performed according the EU standard experimental protocol (CEN/TS 14997) in the pH range of 3–12. The leaching was highly pH-dependent for both materials, and the highest releases of PTEs occurred at pH 3. The slag generally exhibited an U-shaped leaching behaviour of the PTEs as a function of pH, and was found to release up to 48.0 mg/kg Ni, 25.6 mg/kg Cr, and 1.42 mg/kg Co. The fly ash was significantly more reactive, and exhibited its highest leaching level of PTEs between pH 3 and 7. The maximum observed release corresponded to 5750 mg/kg Ni, 4.35 mg/kg Cr, and 112 mg/kg Co. The leached Ni concentrations after 24 h of leaching in deionized water exceeded the limit for hazardous waste by more than 100x according to the EU legislation (40 mg/kg Ni). X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structures (EXAFS) spectra indicated that Ni in the fly ash is predominantly bound in a serpentine-like phase, and during the fly ash experimental alteration it was mainly released from the second shell (corresponding to the atomic distances between Ni and Si, Mg, Fe in high-temperature silicates, glass, and partially dissolved serpentine). This study shows that disposal sites for the fly ash can represent a significant source of local pollution, and direct recycling of the fly ash in the smelting technology (as currently adopted at the Barro Alto new smelter and since few years also at the Niquelândia smelter) is the best environment-friendly option for handling of fly ash in the future.  相似文献   

18.
Effect of some additives on synthesis of zeolite from coal fly ash   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Hydrothermal conversion of fly ash into zeolites was conducted and the effects of the addition of sodium halide and waste solutions produced after zeolitization of fly ash, as well as the adjustment of the Si/Al ratio prior to synthesis process on the formation and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of zeolite product were evaluated. Both the addition of NaCl and NaF ameliorated the crystallinity and CEC of synthesized zeolite, but NaF had a better improvement effect. Na+ was considered to enhance the crystallization of zeolite, while F− favored the dissolution of fly ash. The type of zeolite formed depended on the Si/Al ratio of the starting material prior to the nucleation and crystallization of zeolite. The adjustment of the Si/Al ratio of fly ash by addition of Na2SiO4 and Al(OH)3 changed the type and CEC of zeolite. Waste solutions contained large amount of Si and little Al due to the formation of a zeolite named NaP1 in zeolite terminology with the Joint Committee of Powder Diffraction Standard (JCPDS) code of 39-0219. The alkalinity decreased largely. As a result, the CEC value of zeolite products synthesized with waste solution as alkali source decreased. The supplementation of new alkali to adjust the alkalinity of waste solution could enhance the CEC of synthesized product. It was concluded that: (1) addition of sodium halide and adjustment of the Si/Al ratio prior to synthesis can improve the quality of zeolite; (2) waste solutions produced following the zeolitization of fly ash can be reused as an alkali source in the activation of fly ash; zero-emission of waste solution in the synthesis of zeolite from fly ash is possible.  相似文献   

19.
The low-temperature thermal treatment to degrade PCDD/Fs contained in fly ash was promoted by alcohol amines in a closed system. Three types of fly ash collected separately from municipal solid waste incinerator, medical waste incinerator and hazardous waste incinerator, were compared. Experimental design was used to investigate the homologue patterns of PCDD/Fs and distribution of the toxic congeners in fly ash from incinerator after thermal treatment promoted by alcohol amines. The effect of ethanolamine (MEA) on the hydrodechlorination reaction of polychlorinated aromatics pollutants on fly ash from solid waste incinerator was carried out, and the three ashes clearly showed different degradation potentials for PCDD/F during thermal treatment. Results from the present study indicate that (1) the concentration of alkaline species and metals strongly influenced the degradation of PCDD/F; (2) after addition of 8% MEA, the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values of PCDD/Fs in fly ash were significantly lower than those obtained without MEA. 49%–71% of PCDD/Fs in TEQ was removed from different types of ash at 250℃ with 8% MEA; (3) the destruction and dechlorination are major mechanism for PCDD/Fs degradation.  相似文献   

20.
煤矿采空区漏风是引发煤火灾害的重要原因,传统充填堵漏材料易干裂,流动性差,成本高,因此研发出有效充填封堵漏风通道的新型材料十分必要。通过单因素变量法,以材料流动度、初凝时间、抗压强度为指标进行配比优选,研发出大掺量粉煤灰无机固化泡沫充填堵漏新材料。同时,利用红外光谱、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜表征材料的水化过程。结果表明∶基于泡沫均匀度、发泡倍数、半衰期及析水率等参数,优选出十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)∶辛癸基葡糖苷(APG)=1∶1,黄原胶(XG)∶瓜尔胶(GG)=1∶1的水基泡沫。研发的大掺量粉煤灰无机固化泡沫,其初凝时间与粉煤灰掺量、水灰比、泡沫掺量成正比;流动度与水灰比成正比,与粉煤灰掺量成反比,随泡沫掺量增加先上升后缓慢降低;抗压强度随粉煤灰掺量增加呈先增加后减小趋势,与水灰比和泡沫掺量呈反比关系。综合评价指标确定粉煤灰掺量为60%、水灰比为0.6、泡沫与复合浆液体积比为1∶1时,材料流动度好,为15.9 cm,初凝时间适中,为5 h,抗压强度高,28 d达到1.5 MPa。该材料的水化产物是钙矾石(AFT)以及C-S-H凝胶,由水泥先发生水化反应生成Ca(OH)2,后与粉煤灰反应生...  相似文献   

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