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1.
Sediment capping is a remedial option for managing contaminated sediments that involves the artificial placement of a layer of material over a contaminated area. Sorbent materials such as activated C and coke can be used to amend sand caps to improve cap performance. In this study, analytical and numerical modelling approaches were compared for predicting contaminant fate and transport in sediment caps using several diffusion-controlled and advection-dominated contaminant transport scenarios. An analytical tool was used to predict cap performance at steady-state. These results were compared with the results from the numerical CoReTranS model in which the effective diffusivity and degradation rates were modelled as discontinuous functions at a prescribed bioturbation depth. The numerical approach was also applied to modelling a sorptive cap. It was shown that, while the analytical approach can be used to predict steady-state contaminant transport, the numerical approach is needed to evaluate multiple sediment layers with different transport and sorption characteristics and to examine the transient performance between the time that the single layer transient is applicable (i.e., before penetration of the cap containment layer) and until steady-state in the upper layer. For the 30 cm thick sand cap that was considered in this study, the predicted time to reach steady-state conditions for a diffusion-controlled scenario is 1 ka. For an advection-dominated transport, the time to reach steady-state conditions is reduced to 100 a. The activated C-amended sand cap was more effective in isolating the contaminant within the sorbent layer for a sustained period of time (∼100 a). Results from both modelling approaches showed that capping can effectively reduce contaminant flux to the overlying water with critical variables being cap thickness, groundwater velocity, and sediment sorptivity. 相似文献
2.
Reactive Transport Modeling of Subaqueous Sediment Caps and Implications for the Long-Term Fate of Arsenic, Mercury, and Methylmercury 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Brad A. Bessinger Dimitri Vlassopoulos Susana Serrano Peggy A. O’Day 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2012,18(4):297-326
A 1-D biogeochemical reactive transport model with a full set of equilibrium and kinetic biogeochemical reactions was developed to simulate the fate and transport of arsenic and mercury in subaqueous sediment caps. Model simulations (50?years) were performed for freshwater and estuarine scenarios with an anaerobic porewater and either a diffusion-only or a diffusion plus 0.1-m/year upward advective flux through the cap. A biological habitat layer in the top 0.15?m of the cap was simulated with the addition of organic carbon. For arsenic, the generation of sulfate-reducing conditions limits the formation of iron oxide phases available for adsorption. As a result, subaqueous sediment caps may be relatively ineffective for mitigating contaminant arsenic migration when influent concentrations are high and sorption capacity is insufficient. For mercury, sulfate reduction promotes the precipitation of metacinnabar (HgS) below the habitat layer, and associated fluxes across the sediment–water interface are low. As such, cap thickness is a key design parameter that can be adjusted to control the depth below the sediment–water interface at which mercury sulfide precipitates. The highest dissolved methylmercury concentrations occur in the habitat layer in estuarine environments under conditions of advecting porewater, but the highest sediment concentrations are predicted to occur in freshwater environments due to sorption on sediment organic matter. Site-specific reactive transport simulations are a powerful tool for identifying the major controls on sediment- and porewater-contaminant arsenic and mercury concentrations that result from coupling between physical conditions and biologically mediated chemical reactions. 相似文献
3.
铜离子在非饱和土中迁移的离心模型试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用土工离心机考察了铜离子泄漏后6个月至3年的时间里非饱和土中铜离子的变化和污染物的迁移机理。通过4种黏性上的离心模型试验研究，总结出铜离子在这类土体中的扩散规律。铜离子在一年内，主要受重力影响和水力梯度的作用，随渗流运移，存在一个舌状竖向扩散峰，污染范围近似呈三角形；一年后扩散范围逐渐转变为近似的正方形。竖向扩散速度高于水半向。土体密实度对铜离予的扩散有较为明显的影响，有效的击实或者碾压有助下防止污染物迁移。黏粒含量对铜离子的迁移阻碍非常迅速而且有效，黏粒含量很小的变化都会对迁移范围和速度有较大的影响。 相似文献
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采用大型土工离心机对某工程近海软土地基上堤坝施工期及运行期进行了模拟。试验中采用停机加载法模拟分级施工加载过程, 原型中采用塑料排水板固结法处理软土地基, 模型中则根据固结过程相似的原理, 换算成等效圆截面排水体, 在模型制作中采用等效透水滤芯进行模拟。根据激光位移传感器和孔隙水压力传感器数据可以得出相应原型软土地基的沉降特性和孔隙水压力变化情况。根据试验得到的沉降曲线, 采用"经验双曲线法"推算出了地基最终沉降, 然后得出按沉降推算的分层地基平均固结度随时间的变化。对比试验模拟得到的软土地基固结度和理论计算结果, 二者基本接近, 表明塑料排水板模拟方法用于离心模型试验是可行的。 相似文献
6.
Analytical solutions for advective–dispersive solute transport in double‐layered finite porous media
Peter John Cleall 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2011,35(4):438-460
Analytical solutions for advection and dispersion of a conservative solute in a one‐dimensional double‐layered finite porous media are presented. The solutions are applicable to five scenarios that have various combinations of fixed concentration, fixed flux and zero concentration gradient conditions at the inlet and outlet boundaries that provide a wide number of options. Arbitrary initial solute concentration distributions throughout the media can be considered via explicit formulations or numerical integration. The analytical solutions presented have been verified against numerical solutions from a finite‐element‐based approach and an existing closed‐form solution for double‐layered media with an excellent correlation being found in both cases. A practical application pertaining to advective transport induced by consolidation of underlying sediment layers on contaminant movement within a capped contaminated sediment system is presented. Comparison of the calculated concentrations and fluxes with alternative approaches clearly illustrates the need to consider advection processes. Consideration of the different features of contaminant transport due to varying pore‐water velocity fields in primary consolidation and secondary consolidation stages is achieved via the use of non‐uniform initial concentration distributions within the proposed analytical solutions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
沉积形成的水底黏性泥砂自重固结过程表现出显著非线性大变形固结特征,应采用大变形固结理论进行泥砂沉积固结计算。基于软黏土一维非线性大应变固结理论,应用有效应力、渗透系数与孔隙比间扩展幂次函数固结本构关系,由达西定律、有效应力原理、连续介质方程等建立大变形固结控制方程,根据固结单元孔隙水渗流、单元变形与泥砂沉积层固结沉降耦合关系形成黏性泥砂大变形自重固结数值模型。泥砂自重作为固结荷载,数值模型假定沉积泥砂各向同性且固结沉降应变、孔隙水渗流仅发生于竖直方向,为一维单向沉积固结过程;采用泥砂沉降柱试验确定泥砂非线性扩展幂次函数关系参数。模型应用中,划分竖向固结单元,由沉积泥砂固结本构关系确定各固结单元有效应力及超孔隙水应力,通过超孔隙水应力时间维度上的消散过程及各固结参数间的耦合关系计算泥砂固结沉降。数值模型计算结果表明,沉积黏性泥砂自重固结初期表现为有效应力调整过程,初始有效应力与孔隙比根据固结本构关系匹配调整为扩展幂次函数关系;沉积泥砂应变与应力固结度存在20%左右误差,泥砂固结沉降发展快于超孔隙水应力消散过程,证明沉积泥砂固结沉降变形的发展与超孔隙水应力消散并非同步耦合。计算模型应用于室内沉降柱试验模拟淤积黏性泥砂自重固结沉降预测中,模型输出与试验结果符合良好。 相似文献
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大变形黏土防渗层中的污染物迁移和转化规律研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
国内湖泊疏浚污染底泥堆场一般以较厚的黏土层作为主要防渗层,由于在上覆底泥作用下黏土层会发生较大的固结变形,因此,在研究黏土防渗层中的污染物运移和转化规律时,应该考虑土体变形的影响。基于Gibson一维大变形固结理论和饱和多孔介质中的污染物对流扩散方程,建立了二者耦合的可变形多孔介质中污染物的运移和转化模型,其中首次考虑了土体自重和生物降解作用的影响。利用所建立模型的数值解,研究了在可变形黏土防渗层中的污染物运移和转化规律,同时分析了模型中不同项和主要参数的作用和影响。研究结果表明,土体大变形对黏土防渗层中污染物的运移有着较复杂的影响,一方面土体变形会加速污染物的运移;另一方面土体固结带来的渗透性减小会增加污染物的穿透时间,二者的不同作用取决于众多的影响因素,如土层厚度和吸附作用等。研究结果对于评估天然黏土防渗层对污染物的阻隔作用有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
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Huaxiang Yan Jiawei Wu Haijian Xie Hywel R. Thomas Shijin Feng 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(15):2471-2490
An analytical model for contaminant transport in multilayered capped contaminated sediments including the degradation of organic contaminant is presented. The effect of benthic boundary layer was treated as a Robin-type boundary condition. The results of the proposed analytical model agree well with experimental data. The biodegradation of contaminant in bioturbation layer shows a significant influence on the flux at the surface of system. The maximum flux for the case with t1/2,bio = 0.07 year can be 4.5 times less than that of the case without considering the effect of biodegradation. The thickness of bioturbation layer has a significant effect on the performance of the capped contaminated sediment. The maximum flux for the case with lbio = 15 cm can be 17 times larger than that of the case without bioturbation layer. This may be because the effective diffusion coefficient of sand cap can be 28 times lower than Dbio. The mass transfer coefficient should be considered for the design of the capping system as the contaminant concentration at the top of system for the case with kbl = 2.5 × 10−5 cm/s can be 13 times greater than that of the case with kbl = 10−4 cm/s. The proposed analytical model can be used for verification of complicated numerical methods, evaluation of experimental data, and design of the capping contaminated sediment systems with reactive cap layers. 相似文献
10.
文章通过四个模型的离心模拟试验,对某机场强夯加固后的高填方地基土的变形沉降问题进行了模拟研究,并结合现场试验对该机场高填方地基强夯处理效果进行了综合评价。试验结果表明,由于填方土高度过大,未经强夯法处理的高填方地基的最终沉降量满足不了工程设计要求;而经过强夯处理的地基,填方土体瞬时沉降和固结沉降在施工后都能迅速完成,变形和沉降可得到控制,这说明强夯法可用于控制丘陵山区高填方地基的不均匀沉降。 相似文献
11.
路堤本体的沉降问题一直是公路和铁路路基研究解决的主要问题。路堤本体主要是非饱和土,其变形由3 部分组成,即瞬时压密产生的变形、主固结产生的变形和次固结产生的变形,但主固结和次固结并不是两个完全独立的过程,它们是相互影响的,即路堤本体的变形是非饱和固结-蠕变耦合的结果。以单轴压缩红层蠕变试验为基础,提出了非饱和单变量理论、路堤沉降计算理论;同时采用离心试验和数值模拟方法,对各种压实系数的路堤本体的沉降与填筑高度关系以及工后沉降与时间的关系进行了研究,并对工后最终沉降进行了预测,结果表明,模拟结果与离心试验数据预测的结果相符,说明该理论是正确的? 相似文献
12.
Simulation of advective methane flux and AOM in Shenhu area, the northern South China Sea 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) occurring in the marine sediment is an important process for methane cycle and methane sequestration. In this work, a one-dimensional numerical model was developed to study the distribution of advective methane flux with the AOM process. The model has been applied to investigate the gas hydrates bearing sediments of Shenhu areas located in the northern South China Sea, where advective methane transport was detected. The modeling results suggest that methane flux will be consumed in the sediment column via dissolution, sorption, and AOM reaction. Only when the methane flux was one order of magnitude higher than current level, then a portion of methane will enter water column and possibly escape to the atmosphere. The numerical simulation also revealed that, due to the lower permeability of the silt–clay sediments, a much thicker sulfate-methane transition zone exists in the Shenhu area, where AOM is able to consume more. 相似文献
13.
围涂工程的海堤直接坐落在软土地基上,致使地基土受到挤淤、排水固结,产生了较大的沉降量。当前计算海堤沉降基本上按照规范规定以分层沉降总和法为主,辅以软土修正系数,对工后沉降要求结合固结计算和类似工程经验等综合分析确定,对不同的设计人员往往会产生较大的计算误差。如何准确判断海积软土在海堤荷载作用下的沉降变形往往是堤防建造和围海造地等重大工程中的关键环节。为研究海积软土的变形特性,在室内试验和实测沉降的基础上,采用plaxis有限元软件对实际的工程项目全过程施工的模拟,认为采用粘性土弹塑性模型对堤坝沉降变形进行平面应变情况的模拟,沉降模拟跟实测比较接近,并能很好地模拟工后沉降,能解决由经验判断产生的较大误差。 相似文献
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根据某一大型油罐软基加固处理工程方案设计和优选需要,按照离心模型相似律,开展了三组模型试验,分别模拟了天然地基、土工合成材料袋装碎石垫层和既在填土层中设置袋装碎石垫层又在淤泥质粘土层设置土工合成材料排水板三种情况,以研究这一加固布置形式对减小高压缩性软土层地基上油罐罐底的差异沉降效果反应。模型油罐地基采用原型土重塑制备,现场土工合成材料袋装碎石采用柔性机织玻璃纤维细管塞装粗砂条模拟,并在不停机运转条件下模拟了多次充放水预压加载。试验结果表明,油罐软弱地基经土工合成材料袋装碎石加固后,罐底总沉降值和差异沉降值均明显小于天然地基情形下对应的沉降值,罐底畸变得到显著减小,就本文所述的土质条件、土层厚度和预压荷载强度,地基经加固处理后,油罐罐底畸变减小了近50 %。最后就土工合成材料在加固油罐地基布置形式的合理性进行了初步探讨。 相似文献
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分析了有机污染物在土壤中的迁移转化机理，建立了非平衡吸附作用下渗滤液中有机污染物在土壤中迁移转化的动力学模型，给出了模型的数值解法，模拟出渗滤液在非平衡吸附作用下的污染过程；同时还探讨了模型参数降雨量p，垃圾土土层的厚度h，含水率θ等对有机污染物运移的影响。结果表明：在总的污染源一定的情况下，降雨量的增大和污染土层厚度的增大会使得下层土壤中有机物的浓度降低，为定量研究有机污染物在土壤-水环境系统中分配与归宿提供理论依据，同时也可为监测、治理和恢复地下水污染提供一定的科学根据。 相似文献
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Rashid, M.A. and Brown, J.D. 1975. Influence of marine organic compound on the engineering properties of a remoulded sediment. Eng. Geol., 9: 141–154The effect of low to moderate organic content on the engineering properties of a remoulded marine sediment was investigated by classificatin tests, undrained shear-strength tests, consolidation tests and triaxial compression tests. Sediment with a naturally occuring organic content of 2%, was treated to provide 0, 3, and 4% organic matter; first by reaction with hydrogen peroxide to remove the organic matter and then by addition of a naturally occuring humic compound in the latter two cases. In its natural state the sediment was classified as an organic sediment of low plsticity. Addition of the stated amounts of organic content did not result in the sediment being classified as organic; however, the remoulded undrained shear stregnth, the compressability, and the rheological behaivior of the sediment were significantly affected by ht evariations in the organic content. By contrast, the effects of these variations on the specific gravity, permeability, rate of consolidation and consolidated-undrained shear stregnth were not very marked. 相似文献
17.
离心实验模拟以其可以获得与原型一致的应力水平并且能够大大缩短原型历时而被应用于污染物迁移实验研究。在离心相似理论及离心实验模拟的相似基础上,重点回顾了离心机在饱和带水分、非饱和带水分、保守性溶质、NAPLs、重金属、核素迁移以及污染场地修复方面的实验应用。最后讨论了离心模拟中土壤预制和加速度选择的问题,并简单介绍了离心监测方法。可以得出结论:离心机能够成功用于各类物质迁移的实验研究中,离心实验模拟能够为理论和数值等分析方法快速提供真实可靠的参数依据,但离心实验的理论基础和监测方法需要进一步完善,此外也应积极开展更接近实际情况下的离心实验模拟研究。 相似文献
18.
轴对称多层可压缩渗透各向异性岩基固结分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从轴对称固结基本方程出发,通过对时间t、坐标r的Laplace-Hankel变换,再对坐标z的Laplace变换,得到三元一次方程组,解此方程组,并进行Laplace逆变换,得到了单层可压缩渗透各向异性岩基轴对称固结问题的传递矩阵,然后利用传递矩阵法,结合层间连续性条件和边界条件,得到了多层可压缩渗透各向异性岩基轴对称固结问题在积分变换域内的解。最后应用Laplace-Hankel逆变换技术得到轴对称固结问题在物理域内的理论解。编制了相应的计算程序,并进行了数值计算与分析,讨论了可压缩性和渗透各向异性对岩基固结的影响,结果表明：可压缩性越大,岩基瞬时沉降越大;渗透各向异性对固结过程影响明显,但对初始和最终沉降的影响很小。 相似文献
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冻土离心模型试验相似准则分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在研究土壤冻融问题时,土工离心模型试验在时间效应和应力全等型模拟方面更具优势。然而,目前关于冻土离心模型试验的研究成果较少,其中的相似准则也不够完善。针对这一现状,在充分考虑土体的水-热-力耦合作用过程的基础上,采用Butterfield量纲分析法确定了控制饱和土冻融变形性状的无量纲项,建立了冻土离心模型试验中孔隙压力、热扩散、未冻水迁移、融土固结以及冻融变形的相似准则。分析结果表明,冻土离心模型试验中未冻水迁移、融土固结及热扩散效应的非稳态时间具有统一的比尺,即离心模型是原型的1/N2倍,而未冻水迁移流速的比尺为离心模型是原型的N倍。此外,利用冻土离心模拟装置完成了一则对渠道基土冻融作用的离心模拟。 相似文献
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由于废弃物的堆积以及填埋场上覆盖层的重量,衬垫因此承受一定的压力,发生力学固结;由于黏土本身的结构特性,当污染物通过黏土垫层时可能会发生化学固结,而固结作用可直接对污染物的对流输运产生影响,也会引起土层体积和结构的变化,从而改变其固有的输运性质。从混合物理论出发,建立了水力-化学-力学作用下的溶质输运理论框架,统一地描述了水力-化学-力学作用下变形、水的吸附或解吸附、对流和扩散现象。将输运系数考虑为有效孔隙率的函数,由此反映固结对输运参数的影响。对所建立的数学模型进行无量纲化处理,并使用有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics进行求解,最后进行了参数分析。研究结果表明,垫层土体中吸附水和自由水之间的化学势差异越大,层间吸附水的解吸附量越大;当土体的软硬性质不同时,当层间吸附水解吸附后,土体固结程度不同,从而对污染物输运过程的影响不同。而当垫层上覆荷载增大时,土体宏观孔隙的扩张的限制作用增强,从而对土体产生一种修复作用,抑制污染物在土体中的输运。 相似文献