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1.
明渠非恒定流流速分布及非恒定流作用下推移质运动分别是水力学和泥沙运动力学研究中的重要问题之一。近几十年来,国内外许多学者在这些领域做过很多探索,取得了一定进展,也存在较多问题。在总结相关研究成果的基础上,简述了明渠非恒定流试验方法、流速分布、床面切应力、非恒定流输沙与水流运动不同步现象、产生原因、以及非恒定流推移质输沙公式等方面的成果,指出了现有研究中存在的不足,提出了需要进一步研究的关键问题:应用先进的量测仪器,研究非恒定流作用下非均匀沙运动输移规律。 相似文献
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采用σ坐标变换拟合复杂边界、VOF方法追踪自由水面变化和SIMPLE算法求解控制方程等建立垂向二维非恒定水流及悬浮物分布数学模型。该模型适用于变量在横向上分布基本均匀的水流流动特性及悬浮物扩散迁移过程的模拟,与刚盖假定或静水压强假定等条件下建立的垂向二维数学模型相比更符合实际情况。分别对概化水库水流结构的沿程变化、明渠均匀流及带有槽沟的明渠非均匀流及悬浮物浓度分布进行了模拟,计算结果与实测值符合良好。模型的应用可为河道或水库的洪水调度、水污染控制、取水工程优化等提供参考。 相似文献
3.
Edier Aristizábal Jaime Ignacio Vélez Hernán Eduardo Martínez Michel Jaboyedoff 《Landslides》2016,13(3):497-517
Landslides are a main cause of human and economic losses worldwide. For this reason, landslide hazard assessment and the capacity to predict this phenomenon have been topics of great interest within the scientific community for the implementation of early warning systems. Although several models have been proposed to forecast shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, few models have incorporated geotechnical factors into a complete hydrological model of a basin that can simulate the storage and movement of rainwater through the soil profile. These basin and full hydrological models have adopted a physically based approach. This paper develops a conceptual and physically based model called open and distributed hydrological simulation and landslides—SHIA_Landslide (Simulación HIdrológica Abierta, or SHIA, in Spanish)—that is supported by geotechnical and hydrological features occurring on a basin-wide scale in tropical and mountainous terrains. SHIA_Landslide is an original and significant contribution that offers a new perspective with which to analyse shallow landslide processes by incorporating a comprehensive distributed hydrological tank model that includes water storage in the soil coupled with a classical analysis of infinite slope stability under saturated conditions. SHIA_Landslide can be distinguished by the following: (i) its capacity to capture surface topography and effects concerning the subsurface flow; (ii) its use of digital terrain model (DTM) to establish the relationships among cells, geomorphological parameters, slope angle, direction, etc.; (iii) its continuous simulation of rainfall data over long periods and event simulations of specific storms; (iv) its consideration of the effects of horizontal and vertical flow; and (vi) its inclusion of a hydrologically complete water process that allows for hydrological calibration. SHIA_Landslide can be combined with real-time rainfall data and implemented in early warning systems. 相似文献
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An artificial neural network model for flood simulation using GIS: Johor River Basin, Malaysia 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
Masoud Bakhtyari Kia Saied Pirasteh Biswajeet Pradhan Ahmad Rodzi Mahmud Wan Nor Azmin Sulaiman Abbas Moradi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(1):251-264
Flooding is one of the most destructive natural hazards that cause damage to both life and property every year, and therefore the development of flood model to determine inundation area in watersheds is important for decision makers. In recent years, data mining approaches such as artificial neural network (ANN) techniques are being increasingly used for flood modeling. Previously, this ANN method was frequently used for hydrological and flood modeling by taking rainfall as input and runoff data as output, usually without taking into consideration of other flood causative factors. The specific objective of this study is to develop a flood model using various flood causative factors using ANN techniques and geographic information system (GIS) to modeling and simulate flood-prone areas in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The ANN model for this study was developed in MATLAB using seven flood causative factors. Relevant thematic layers (including rainfall, slope, elevation, flow accumulation, soil, land use, and geology) are generated using GIS, remote sensing data, and field surveys. In the context of objective weight assignments, the ANN is used to directly produce water levels and then the flood map is constructed in GIS. To measure the performance of the model, four criteria performances, including a coefficient of determination (R 2), the sum squared error, the mean square error, and the root mean square error are used. The verification results showed satisfactory agreement between the predicted and the real hydrological records. The results of this study could be used to help local and national government plan for the future and develop appropriate (to the local environmental conditions) new infrastructure to protect the lives and property of the people of Johor. 相似文献
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倒虹吸是输水工程中常见的水工建筑物,研究倒虹吸进口上游的垂向流速分布是明晰其水力学性能的重要内容之一。以南水北调中线工程典型的唐河倒虹吸为研究对象,通过水力学概化模型试验,运用声学多普勒流速仪,实测不同水深和流量组合工况下倒虹吸进口上游的垂向流速分布。试验结果表明,受倒虹吸进口结构的影响,上游垂向流速分布呈现出明显的顶部流速降低和底部流速增加的现象,且淹没度越大、距离倒虹吸进口越近,上述趋势越显著;采用明渠对数型流速分布描述上述垂向流速分布时,其计算误差呈抛物线型分布,采用指数项修正后,新的修正公式可用于计算倒虹吸进口上游垂向流速分布。 相似文献
6.
Transformation of debris flows into turbidity currents: mechanisms inferred from laboratory experiments 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Three sets of lock exchange experiments were run to look at the generation of turbidity currents from debris flows. The flows ranged from reasonably dilute (4% volumetric concentration) to dense (40% volumetric concentration) with cohesive, non-cohesive and mixed cohesive/non-cohesive sediment. Concentration was measured at one height using an Ultrasonic High Concentration Meter. Velocity was measured using Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry Profiling at 10 different heights in each run. The resulting flows range from plug flows to well mixed flows. Comparison of the concentration profiles, velocity time–height plots and vertical profiles of downstream velocity and root mean square velocity showed several different transformation mechanisms. Depending on the concentration and composition of the flow, transformation took place through one or more of the following processes: erosion of material from the dense mass, breaking apart of the dense underflow, breaking of internal waves and turbulent mixing. The extent of transformation depends on the viscosity and density of the flow. Initially very dense and viscous flows experience minor transformation only at the surface, resulting in a dilute turbidity current. Flows that are initially not so dense and viscous are churned up entirely, undergoing the different transformation processes. For these flows, transformation processes work throughout the entire flow, not just at the surface. Transformation of the less-dense flows is efficient with all or most material ending up in the resulting turbidity current. 相似文献
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Comprehensive field measurements of flow and sedimentary processes have been made with the aid of stable scaffolding bridges spaced along the length of a bend of the River South Esk, Scotland. At river stages between about two-thirds full and bankfull, channel width, mean depth and mean flow velocity at a cross-section vary little in the streamwise direction. Flow resistance reaches a maximum at these stages, and the bed topography is stable and in equilibrium with flow and bedload transport. Stable flow geometry is thus related in some way to energy conservation, and to maximization of flow resistance. Detailed observations over a large range of river stages of mean velocity distributions, secondary circulation, water surface configuration, bed shear stress and resistance to flow, bed configurations and bed load transport rates agree with much (but not all) of the comparable published experimental studies and selected theoretical work. Generalized physical models of flow and sediment transport in natural curved channels (Engelund, 1974; Bridge, 1977) are demonstrated to be sound in basis and can simulate the bend studied very well. Although there is a pressing need for further development of these models, the results lend confidence to their use in simulating ancient river sedimentation. Sediment deposited on point bars is the result mainly of bedload transport over a range of near-bankfull stages. The areal distribution of grain-size characteristics and bed configurations at these stages give rise, with lateral deposition, to vertical facies sequences that vary substantially in the streamwise direction. 相似文献
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M. Felix 《Sedimentology》2002,49(3):397-419
A two‐dimensional numerical model is used to describe the flow structure of turbidity currents in a vertical plane. To test the accuracy of the model, it is applied to historical flows in Bute Inlet and the Grand Banks flow. The two‐dimensional spatial and temporal distributions of velocity and sediment concentration and non‐dimensionalized vertical profiles of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and sediment concentration are discussed for several simple computational currents. The flows show a clear interaction between velocity, turbulence and sediment distribution. The results of the numerical tests show that flows with fine‐grained sediment have low vertical and high horizontal gradients of velocity and sediment concentration, show little increase in flow thickness and decelerate slowly. Steadiness and uniformity in these flows are comparable for velocity and concentration. In contrast, flows with coarse‐grained sediment have high vertical and low horizontal velocity gradients and high horizontal concentration gradients. These flows grow considerably in thickness and decelerate rapidly. Steadiness and uniformity in flows with coarse‐grained sediment are different for velocity and concentration. The results show the influence of spatial and temporal flow structure on flow duration and sediment transport. 相似文献
11.
Measured groundwater temperatures in the surficial zone are dependent on the properties of porous media and vertical flow velocity. Sensitivity analyses, collinear diagnostics and an inverse numerical solution to the one-dimensional heat-transport equation are used to determine which parameters can be estimated from temperature measurements in the surficial zone. This is done for heat transport in the saturated zone considering a constant vertical flow velocity. The use of temperature profiles, temperature time-series and temperature envelopes are considered. There is an important difference between a conduction and a convection dominated system. Sensitivity analysis shows that temperature measurements are sensitive to effective thermal conductivity and heat capacity and are insensitive to effective porosity and thermal dispersivity. In a conduction dominated system, temperature is also insensitive for vertical velocity. Collinear diagnostics show that in a conduction dominated system, only the combination of heat capacity and effective thermal conductivity, the thermal diffusivity, can be derived. In a convection dominated system, both the vertical velocity and the effective thermal conductivity can, theoretically, be derived. 相似文献
12.
Shallow landslides in pyroclastic soils: a distributed modelling approach for hazard assessment 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Paolo Frattini Giovanni B. Crosta Nicoletta Fusi Paolo Dal Negro 《Engineering Geology》2004,73(3-4):277-295
An effective assessment of shallow landslide hazard requires spatially distributed modelling of triggering processes. This is possible by using physically based models that allow us to simulate the transient hydrological and geotechnical processes responsible for slope instability. Some simplifications are needed to address the lack of data and the difficulty of calibration over complex terrain at the catchment's scale. We applied two simple hydrological models, coupled with the infinite slope stability analysis, to the May 1998 landslide event in Sarno, Southern Italy. A quasi-dynamic model (Barling et al., 1994) was used to model the contribution to instability of lateral flow by simulating the time-dependent formation of a groundwater table in response to rainfall. A diffusion model [Water Resour. Res. 36 (2000) 1897] was used to model the role of vertical flux by simulating groundwater pressures that develop in response to heavy rainstorms. The quasi-dynamic model overestimated the slope instability over the whole area (more than 16%) but was able to predict correctly slope instability within zero order basins where landslides occurred and developed into large debris flows. The diffusion model simulated correctly the triggering time of more than 70% of landslides within an unstable area amounting to 7.3% of the study area. These results support the hypothesis that both vertical and lateral fluxes were responsible for landslide triggering during the Sarno event, and confirm the utility of such models as tools for hazard planning and land management. 相似文献
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明渠紊流中随水流迁移的涡结构在传质过程中具有重要作用。为观测涡结构在整个生存期内的运动过程,将两套高频粒子图像测速系统的测量范围沿水流方向拼接,实现流场的大范围测量。将上述方法用于测量摩阻雷诺数为490~870的明渠紊流的纵垂面流场,并结合涡结构跟踪算法,得到了涡的生存时间、运动速度、位移及强度变化等参数。分析表明,涡结构的水平运动与水流同步,但整体有向水面抬升的趋势,在低雷诺数条件下,最大生存时间约10倍涡周转时间,最大垂向位移约0.4倍水深;随着雷诺数的增大,涡结构的量纲一运动速度未发生明显变化,但极限强度和强度变化速率均增大,且极限强度的增加幅度相对较小,使得涡结构的生存时间缩短,纵、垂向位移相应减小。研究结果揭示了生存时间是影响涡结构运动规律的关键变量,初步得到了涡结构运动规律随水流条件的变化趋势。 相似文献
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关于明渠流引入渗流后的水流运动规律研究很多,但学者们的研究却存在着不同的结论。为探究不同渗流强度对明渠水流结构的影响,通过自行设计的明渠紊流水槽及渗透装置,利用PIV（Particle Image Velocity）图像采集系统及数据分析软件,测量了水流流速并分析了流速变化与相对渗流强度的关系。结果表明:水流流速并不是渗流强度的单值函数关系,随着入河渗流强度的增加,近底水流流速呈先减小后稍有增加,又继续减小的趋势;出河渗流时流速变化趋势与入河相反;出河及入河渗流都有着拐点的存在,且对应的相对渗流强度与雷诺数相关,雷诺数越大,拐点出现时对应的相对渗流强度越小。 相似文献
16.
Development of a coupled surface-groundwater-pipe network model for the sustainable management of karstic groundwater 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper considers the hydrogeological simulation of groundwater movement in karstic regions using a hydrological modelling system (SHETRAN) which has been adapted for modelling flow in karstic aquifers. Flow and transport through karstic aquifers remains poorly understood, yet quantitative hydrogeological models are essential for developing and implementing groundwater protection policies. The new model has been developed and used within the STALAGMITE (Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Karstic Environments) project, funded by the European Commission. The SHETRAN model is physically based insofar as most of the parameters have some physical meaning. The SHETRAN model represents all of the key processes in the hydrological cycle, including subsurface flow in the saturated and unsaturated zones, surface flow over the ground surface and in channels, rainfall interception by vegetation canopies, evapotranspiration, snow-pack development and snowmelt. The modifications made to SHETRAN to simulate karstic aquifers are (1) the coupling of a pipe network model to a variably saturated, three-dimensional groundwater component (the VSS-NET component), to simulate flow under pressure in saturated conduits; (2) the coupling of surface water features (e.g. sinking streams or "ponors", and spring discharges) to the conduit system; (3) the addition of a preferential "bypass" flow mechanism to represent vertical infiltration through a high-conductivity epikarst zone. Lastly, a forward particle tracking routine has been developed to trace the path of hypothetical particles with matrix and pipe flow to springs or other discharge points. This component allows the definition of groundwater protection zones around a source for areas of the catchment (watershed) which are vulnerable to pollution from non-point sources (agriculture and forestry). 相似文献
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采用组件式GIS (COMGIS)技术开发了结合BP神经网络分析模型的场地地震液化势评价系统,调用水平成层土地震反应分析程序SHAKE91实现设定地震下地震动影响场的模拟。在VB下调用Matlab神经网络工具箱来完成场地地震液化势评价模型在COMGIS系统中的模块化;利用GIS技术对评价结果,即液化势等级进行空间复合,给出场地潜在的地层液化势空间分布图。研究表明,SHAKE91应用程序在系统菜单下可直接调用,实现地震动影响场计算的模块化;BP神经网络技术应用于场地地震液化势评价中能达到较为理想的效果;系统的GIS空间分析功能可使评价结果与场地信息进行空间匹配,实现目标场地潜在地震液化势的快速评估。 相似文献
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Recent flood events in Switzerland and Western Austria in 2005 were characterised by an increase in impacts and associated
losses due to the transport of woody material. As a consequence, protection measures and bridges suffered considerable damages.
Furthermore, cross-sectional obstructions due to woody material entrapment caused unexpected flood plain inundations resulting
in severe damage to elements at risk. Until now, the transport of woody material is neither sufficiently taken into account
nor systematically considered, leading to prediction inaccuracies during the procedure of hazard mapping. To close this gap,
we propose a modelling approach that (1) allows the estimation of woody material recruitment from wood-covered banks and flood
plains; (2) allows the evaluation of the disposition for woody material entrainment and transport to selected critical configurations
along the stream and that (3) enables the delineation of hazard process patterns at these critical configurations. Results
from a case study suggest the general applicability of the concept. This contribution to woody material transport analysis
refines flood hazard assessments due to the consideration of woody material transport scenarios. 相似文献
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波流边界层水动力模拟对研究波流相互作用和泥沙运动具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。开发了波流边界层1DV垂向一维水动力数值模型,可用于模拟漩涡沙波床面和平底床面水动力特征。模型的构建基于边界层控制方程,平底床面采用k-ε模型,沙波床面采用双层模型,提出了漩涡层和紊动扩散层交界面紊动动能和紊动耗散率表达式。试验资料验证表明,模型较好地模拟了波浪-水流-床面共同作用下的边界层水动力特征,包括波周期内不同相位流速分布、紊动动能、剪切应力等以及波致时均流速分布和波流相互作用下的时均流速分布等。根据所建模型,讨论了不同床面和波流组合条件下的水动力特征。该模型可为研究波流边界层内水动力特征提供工具。 相似文献