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1.
The present research work deals with an expansive high plastic clayey soil with cement kiln dust (CKD) and stabilizer (RBI Grade 81). The physical and engineering properties of soil are plasticity, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), consolidation and California bearing ratio (CBR) of the clayey soil and clay treated with CKD and stabilizer were determined. Soil chemistry was examined before and after treatment using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and elemental dispersive spectrometer. The clay mixed with CKD, CKD and RBI Grade 81 was found that optimum contents are 10 % (CKD), 15 % CKD with 4 % RBI Grade 81, respectively. The result indicates that CKD alone will decrease maximum dry density and increase optimum moisture content. CKD with RBI Grade 81 slightly increases maximum dry density and decreases optimum moisture content. UCS increased with CKD alone and CKD with RBI Grade 81 from 88.3 to 976 kN/m2, respectively. CBR values were increased by the addition of CKD, CKD with RBI Grade 81 from 1.65 to 21.7 %. With the curing time of 3, 14 and 28 days, UCS and CBR values were increased due to pozzolanic reaction from cementations material. The treated soil has considerable reduction in compression index. SEM images clearly indicate the formation of CSH and CAH gel. 相似文献
2.
Hossein Moayedi Sina Kazemian Bujang B. K. Huat 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(4):1089-1106
The present research aimed to discuss the applicability of cationic grouts in geotechnical engineering. The effects of several cationic stabilizers such as monovalent (sodium silicate), divalent (calcium oxide and calcium chloride), and trivalent (aluminum hydroxide) were investigated on shear strength improvement of tropical peat samples. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed after the time frame of 7, 21, and 30 days as curing time, respectively. Apart from the physicochemical characteristics of the stabilized peat, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy tests were also carried out to study the ongoing microstructural changes. It is to be noted that the shear strength values for peat samples rose to 8, 6, 6, and 4 % of sodium silicate, calcium oxide, calcium chloride, and aluminum hydroxide, respectively. The highest observed UCS outcome is the one taken from the calcium oxide where the UCS of treated peat after 30-day curing time increased to 76 kPa. The strength changes resulted from the various cationic stabilizers can best be explained via the consideration within the mineralogical composition as well as those physicochemical changes happening in the peat. 相似文献
3.
Su Li Cui Jia Ding Wang Xiao Dong Wang Yan Feng Du Xue Pan Wang 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(17):521
In this study, the effects of cement kiln dust (CKD) on the swelling properties, strength properties, and microstructures of CKD-stabilized expansive soil were investigated. Samples were prepared and stabilized with different CKD content ratios, ranging from 0 to 18% by dry mass. The results obtained show that the maximum swelling pressures decrease exponentially with increases in CKD content. Both the cohesion and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increase at ratios below 10% CKD and then decrease slightly, above that ratio. CKD can also improve the strength of saturated, expansive soil. There is no visible change of UCS for soil without CKD when cured, while the UCS of a sample with 10% CKD content after curing for 90 days is higher than that after curing for only 1 day. This indicates that CKD can improve the long-term strength of expansive soil. Finally, microstructure analysis reveals that the addition of CKD reduces the montmorillonite content of expansive soil and decreases its swelling properties. The addition of CKD also changes the pore volume distribution, both the size and amount of macro-pores and micro-pores decrease with increase in CKD content. For saturated samples, the size of macro-pores is obviously reduced, while that of micro-pores is slightly increased for both treated and untreated soils. Hydration and saturation processes make the soil structure become dispersive which results in a lower strength, and adding CKD can restrain this process. The suggested optimal CKD content is between 10 and 14% and with a curing time of more than 27 days. 相似文献
4.
Physical and engineering properties of soil are improved with various binders and binder combinations. Fly ash and lime are commonly used to improve the properties of expansive soils. An attempt has been made, in this paper, to examine the role of gypsum on the physical and strength behaviour of fly ash-lime stabilized soil. The change in strength behaviour is studied at different curing periods up to 90 days, and the mechanism is elucidated through pH, mineralogical, microstructural and chemical composition study. The strength of soil-fly ash mixture has improved marginally with the addition of lime up to 4 % lime and with curing period for 28 day. Significant increase in strength has been observed with 6 % lime and enhanced significantly after curing for 90 days. The variations in the strength of soil with curing period is due to cation exchange and flocculation initially, and binding of particles with cementitious compounds formed after curing. With addition of 1 % gypsum to soil-fly ash-lime, the strength gain is accelerated as seen at 14 day curing. The accelerated strength early is due to formation of compacted structure with growth of ettringite needles within voids. However, strength at curing for 28 day has been declined due to annoyance of clay matrix with the increase in size of ettringite needle; and again increased after curing for 90 days. The rearrangement of clay matrix and suppression of sulphate effects with formation of cementitious compounds are observed and found to be the main responsible factors for strength recovered. 相似文献
5.
In order to recycle the incineration fine bottom ash generated from municipal solid waste as a fine aggregate construction
material(<4.75 mm), a series of uniaxial compression tests were carried out according to the mixing ratio of bottom ash, the
curing temperature, the water–cement ratio, the mixing ratio of expanded poly styrene (EPS), and the curing time. As the results
of tests, the compression strengths cured 28 days of all specimens prepared with different mixing ratios are ranged between
87 and 220 kg/cm2. The water content of the hardened cement mortar is not much different with the curing time. Also, the water content is increased
with increasing the mixing ratio of bottom ash, the water–cement ratio, and the mixing ratio of EPS. The unit weight of the
hardened cement mortar is decreased with increasing the mixing ratio of bottom ash and the mixing ratio of EPS. The compression
strength of the hardened cement mortar is decreased with increasing the mixing ratio of bottom ash. The compression strength
of the hardened cement mortar cured at 30 ± 2°C and 40 ± 2°C is bigger than that of the cement mortar cured at normal temperature
(20 ± 2°C). However, the compression strength of the hardened cement mortar cured at 30 ± 2°C is bigger than that of the cement
mortar cured at 40 ± 2°C. The compression strength is increased at the range from 0.55 to 0.6 of water–cement ratio, and then
the compression strength is decreased over 0.65 of water–cement ratio. Meanwhile, the compression strength of the hardened
cement mortar is decreased with increasing the mixing ratio of EPS. 相似文献
6.
Mohammad H. Gorakhki Christopher A. Bareither 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(1):27-47
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fly ash amendment on the compression behavior of mine tailings. Natural and synthetic (i.e., laboratory prepared) mine tailings were used to assess the effects of tailings composition and tailings solids content on compressibility. Three types of off-specification fly ashes and Type I–II Portland cement were used as cementitious binders. Tailings-fly ash mixtures were prepared at solids content of 60–75% (water content = 33–67%), water-to-binder ratios of 2.5 and 5, and were cured for 0.1 days (2 h), 7, and 28 days. Bi-linear compression curves on semi-log plots were observed in most of the binder-amended tailings specimens. The break in slope on the compression curve was identified as the breaking stress, whereupon cementitious bonds were broken. The breaking stress increased with an increase in fly ash content, which was attributed to a lower water-to-binder ratio and void volume-to-binder volume ratio that produced more effective particle bonding. Breaking stress also increased with an increase in CaO content and CaO-to-SiO2 ratio of fly ash, which resulted in more effective bonding between particles. The effect of curing time on the breaking stress of fly ash amended specimens was characterized by (1) an increase in breaking stress via increase in curing time and cementitious bond formation or (2) a constant breaking stress with curing time due to competing mechanisms during loading. Specimens cured under a vertical stress showed an increase in breakings stress with applied load water removal prior to cementitious bond formation that reduced the water-to-binder ratio and led to more effective cementation. 相似文献
7.
淤泥富含有机质，分解后产生腐殖酸，进而影响淤泥固化效果。仅掺入12%水泥固化淤泥，当标准养护期超过60 d，其强度不增反减。联合掺入3%石灰和12%水泥，固化淤泥的pH值持续180 d处于10.5以上；无侧限抗压强度由750 kPa（养护期28 d）提升到1 500 kPa（120 d），说明借助石灰营造强碱性环境，可以提高水泥固化淤泥的强度；但养护到180 d后，其强度又降到1 250 kPa；钙离子浓度变化规律表明，这是由于腐殖酸溶蚀水泥和石灰的水化胶结物所致。借助偏高岭土卓越的火山灰反应能力，掺入3.0%偏高岭土，提升石灰（3%）?水泥（12%）固化淤泥的耐久性，发现180 d养护期内，其强度始终处于增长趋势，究其原因是偏高岭土富含无定形硅、铝氧化物，具有快速捕获氢氧化钙溶液中钙离子的能力，形成稳定的胶结物，而且不易受腐殖酸的侵蚀作用，证明偏高岭土能够有效提升石灰?水泥固化淤泥长期强度。 相似文献
8.
A. C. D. Royal Y. Makhover S. Moshirian D. Hesami 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(2):767-781
Three mixtures of cement–bentonite slurry containing 28, 36 and 44 % PFA (as a proportion of cementitious materials) were tested using the unconfined compressive strength and triaxial apparatus to determine the stress–strain and shear strength relationships for samples cured for various periods. The samples were batched using 4 % bentonite and 20 % cementitious materials (by mass of water) and allowed to cure underwater once extruded from sealed moulds. Curing periods of 14, 28 and 90 days were selected to investigate the changes in behaviour at durations commonly specified (28 and 90 days) as well as providing insight into changing behaviour with curing (additional curing periods of 7 and 60 days were investigated on a smaller number of samples to increase understanding). Two rates of displacement were used (1.0 and 1.3 mm/min) and four confining pressures (0, 50, 100 and 200 kPa). Shear strength and strain at peak deviator stress of the samples do not appear to vary considerably with confining pressure. For samples containing 28 % PFA, the majority of physical properties exhibited by the cement–bentonite samples change with curing period up to 60 days, where after the properties become similar to those cured for 90 days. 相似文献
9.
P. K. Kolay M. R. Aminur S. N. L. Taib M. I. S. Mohd Zain 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2011,29(6):1135-1141
This paper describes a study on tropical peat soil stabilization to improve its physical properties by using different stabilizing
agents. The samples were collected from six different locations of Sarawak, Malaysia, to evaluate their physical or index
properties. Out of them, sample having the highest percentage of organic content has been selected for stabilization purposes.
In this study, ordinary portland cement (OPC), quick lime (QL), and class F fly ash (FA) were used as stabilizer. The amount
of OPC, QL, and FA added to the peat soil sample, as percentage of dry soil mass, were in the range of 5–20%; 5–20% and 2–8%,
respectively for the curing periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test was carried out
on treated/stabilized samples with the above mentioned percentages of the stabilizer and the result shows that the UCS value
increases significantly with the increase of all stabilizing agent used and also with curing periods. However, in case of
FA and QL, the UCS value increases up to 15 and 6%, respectively with a curing period of 28 days but decreases rather steady
beyond this percentage. Some UCS tests have been conducted with a mixture of FA and QL to study the combined effect of the
stabilizer. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) study was carried out on original peat soil and FA, as well as
some treated samples in order to study their microstructures. 相似文献
10.
Ibrahima Hane Tikou Belem Mostafa Benzaazoua Abdelkabir Maqsoud 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2017,35(2):645-662
This paper aims at investigating some physical and mechanical characteristics of cemented tailings paste incorporating different amounts of crushed waste rocks (hereinafter called paste aggregate fill, PAF) for underground stope filling. Different mixture formulations were prepared with three classes of crushed waste rocks (or aggregate) grain size, namely 0/10, 0/15 and 0/20 mm. The amount of crushed waste rocks in the PAF mixtures ranges from 10 to 50% by volume (% v/v) (or 8–45% by mass, %m) of dry mill tailings and crushed waste rocks. The results show that the addition of crushed waste rocks in cemented tailings paste mixtures allows a significant unconfined compressive strength (UCS) development after 28 and 90 days of curing. The highest UCS was obtained from the mixtures containing 50% v/v of crushed waste rocks of class of size 0/15 mm. The PAF mixtures with the coarser crushed waste rocks (class of size of 0/20 mm) exhibit some particles segregation. 相似文献
11.
An experimental investigation was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of distance from the injection point and of parameters pertinent to the cement, the suspension and the sand on the effectiveness of microfine cement grouts. Three different cement types, each at three different gradations having nominal maximum grain sizes of 100, 20 and 10 μm, were used. Grouting effectiveness was evaluated by injecting suspensions with water to cement (W/C) ratios of 1, 2 and 3, by weight, into five uniform sand fractions with different grain sizes and eight composite sands with different gradations, using a specially constructed apparatus. Unconfined compression and permeability tests were conducted on the resulting grouted sand specimens, after curing for 28 and 90 days. Microfine cement grouted sands obtained unconfined compression strength values of up to 14.9 MPa and permeability coefficients as low as 1.3 × 10?6 cm/s or by up to 5 orders of magnitude lower than those of clean sands. The W/C ratio and the bleed capacity of suspensions as well as the effective grain size and the permeability coefficient of sands are very important parameters, since they affect substantially the grouted sand properties and are correlated satisfactorily with them. The strength and permeability of grouted sands can increase, decrease or remain constant with distance from the injection point depending on the easiness of suspension penetration into the sands. The improvement of grouted sand properties with increasing distance from the injection point is consistent with the observed increase of the cement content of grouted sands. 相似文献
12.
Naguleswaran Niroshan Ling Yin Nagaratnam Sivakugan Ryan Llewellyn Veenstra 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(4):2171-2187
This paper is an attempt to relate the microstructure to long-term mechanical properties of the cemented paste backfill produced from a hard rock mine tailing from North Queensland in Australia bound with flyash-based geopolymer (geopolymer), flyash-blended cement (FBC), and general purpose cement (GPC). A relatively high slump (260 mm) paste backfill mix with 74 wt% solids has been used to prepare cylindrical paste backfill samples with a diameter of 50 mm and a height of 100 mm. The uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted on all samples after curing for 112 days to obtain their strength, failure strain and Young’s modulus. Fractured samples were examined under scanning electron microscope to understand the failure mechanisms at the microstructural scale. The results show that binders significantly affected the mechanical properties of paste backfills (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The paste backfill bound with geopolymer gave the lowest strength and Young’s modulus, while the paste backfills bounded with FBC and GPC showed comparable higher strength and modulus values. This was attributed to the relatively well-packed paste backfills with less cracks and smaller pore sizes in these paste backfills bound with FBC and GPC binders. In particular, needle-shaped particles, which were originally identified in GPC, highly influenced the mechanical property of paste backfills. These results indicate that fly ash can be used to partially replace the cement as a binder for paste backfills to achieve economic and environmental benefits. 相似文献
13.
煤矿采空区漏风是引发煤火灾害的重要原因,传统充填堵漏材料易干裂,流动性差,成本高,因此研发出有效充填封堵漏风通道的新型材料十分必要。通过单因素变量法,以材料流动度、初凝时间、抗压强度为指标进行配比优选,研发出大掺量粉煤灰无机固化泡沫充填堵漏新材料。同时,利用红外光谱、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜表征材料的水化过程。结果表明∶基于泡沫均匀度、发泡倍数、半衰期及析水率等参数,优选出十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)∶辛癸基葡糖苷(APG)=1∶1,黄原胶(XG)∶瓜尔胶(GG)=1∶1的水基泡沫。研发的大掺量粉煤灰无机固化泡沫,其初凝时间与粉煤灰掺量、水灰比、泡沫掺量成正比;流动度与水灰比成正比,与粉煤灰掺量成反比,随泡沫掺量增加先上升后缓慢降低;抗压强度随粉煤灰掺量增加呈先增加后减小趋势,与水灰比和泡沫掺量呈反比关系。综合评价指标确定粉煤灰掺量为60%、水灰比为0.6、泡沫与复合浆液体积比为1∶1时,材料流动度好,为15.9 cm,初凝时间适中,为5 h,抗压强度高,28 d达到1.5 MPa。该材料的水化产物是钙矾石(AFT)以及C-S-H凝胶,由水泥先发生水化反应生成Ca(OH)2,后与粉煤灰反应生... 相似文献
14.
One of the effective utilization strategies for fly ash and waste sludge is to use it as a fill material to raise low lying areas. Bearing capacity and settlement are the required input for the design of foundations on such fills. To determine the bearing capacity, plate load tests were carried out on the compacted beds of fly ash, fly ash-waste sludge and fly ash-waste sludge–cement. The tests were conducted by keeping 90, 95 and 100 % relative compaction, fresh and fresh submerged conditions, aged (28 days) and aged (28 days) submerged conditions as variables of the tests. The load-settlement curves were plotted for fly ash and mix blends. The minimum load was obtained for fly ash under submerged condition, further the test results show that the fly ash becomes flowable on submergence. On the other hand when the fly ash was mixed with waste sludge and cement, the load carrying capacity was found to improve to a greater extent. Test beds prepared with fly ash–cement-waste sludge under as compacted condition (fresh) show very high load carrying capacity (1600–2180 kN/m2). An analytical method has also been validated for fly ash–cement-waste sludge mix which was developed to estimate the settlement of footing resting on fly ash taking into account the pre-consolidation stresses. The non linearity of load-settlement behavior was appropriately modeled, on the basis of available plate load test data incorporated in the method. The method requires as input, the pre-consolidation stress and Young’s modulus of compacted mix of fly ash-waste sludge–cement. A comparison of load-settlement values observed in plate load tests and predicted values for the mix 47 %FA + 45 %S + 8 %C, using the proposed method shows good agreement. Hence, this relationship may also be useful to the field engineers to check the reported load-settlement values for such types of mixes in the field. 相似文献
15.
为研究超细水泥含量对水泥固化软土的早期力学性能的影响,本文通过在普通水泥中加入不同掺量的超细水泥组成复合水泥固化剂用以固化软土。具体研究不同超细水泥掺量、不同初始含水率、及不同养护围压条件下,复合水泥固化剂对固化软土早期抗压强度及刚度的影响。采用自制K0围压养护装置(施加不同轴向压力的方式)、无侧限抗压强度仪(UCS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电镜扫描仪(SEM)和低场核磁共振孔隙测试仪(NMR)等试验手段获取复合水泥固化软土不同龄期的抗压强度、刚度及微观结构的变化规律,并揭示其固化机理。研究结果表明:(1)相同轴向压力作用下,随着超细水泥掺量的增加,固化软土的抗压强度和弹性模量均有提高,其中复合固化剂中的活性颗粒发生水化反应生成大量胶凝产物用以黏聚土颗粒和填充孔隙,惰性颗粒用于填充土颗粒间的孔隙;(2)随着含水率的提高,固化软土中孔相对发育,从而使固化软土结构致密性减弱,抗压强度降低;(3)在K0围压养护7d时,固化软土的抗压强度和弹性模量随着轴向压力的提高而增加,表明养护围压对软土颗粒的压缩作用能提高固化软土的密实性,同时围压对固化软土产生有效应力,与水化产物共同促进固化软土形成密实的土骨架,进而使其在7d内具有较高的抗压强度。基于试验结果,建立轴向压力、含水率和超细水泥掺量等多因素的固化软土强度预测公式,并提出复合水泥固化软土结构模型,为工程实践提供理论基础。 相似文献
16.
Hossein Mola-Abasi Behrouz Kordtabar Afshin Kordnaeij 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2016,34(5):1539-1551
It is widely known and well emphasized that the cemented sand is one of economic and environmental topics in soil stabilization. In some instances, a blend of sand, cement and other materials such as fiber, glass, nano particle and zeolite can commercially be available and effectively used in soil stabilization especially in road construction. In regard to zeolite, its influence and effectiveness on the properties of cemented sands systems has not been completely explored. Hence, in this study, based on an experimental program, it has been tried to investigate the potential of a zeolite stabilizer known as additive material to improve the properties of cemented sands. A total number of 216 unconfined compression tests were carried out on cured samples in 7, 28 and 90 days. Results show unconfined compression strength and failure properties improvements of cement sand specimens when cement replaced by zeolite at optimum proportions of 30 % after 28 days due to pozzolanic reaction. The rate of strength improvement is approximately 20–78 and 20–60 % for 28 and 90 days curing times respectively. The efficiency of using zeolite has been enhanced by increasing the cement content and porosity of the compacted mixture. The replacement of cement by natural zeolite led to an increase of the pH after 14 days. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) tests demonstrate that the materials with the zeolite mixture reveal stronger adsorptive capacity of COD in compare to cemented mixture. Scanning electron microscope images show that adding zeolite in cemented sand changes the microstructure (filling large porosity and pozzolanic reaction) that results in increasing strength. 相似文献
17.
硅酸盐水泥作为常规的土壤固化剂存在高能耗、高排放等问题,研究人员一直在寻求一种更加经济环保的水泥代替品。使用基于高炉矿渣（ground granulated
blast-furnace slag,简称 GGBS）、粉煤灰（ fly ash,简称 FA）的地聚合物对砂土进行加固,通过调整激发剂的种类和配比、矿渣与粉煤灰比例、水灰比和养护条件等,研究不同因素对地聚合物固化砂土力学性能的影响。通过无侧限抗压强度（unconfined compressive
strength,简称 UCS）测试、电子计算机断层扫描（ computed tomography,简称 CT ）分析、扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron
microscope,简称 SEM）对试样进行了深入研究。结果表明：基于 GGBS-FA 的地聚合物可有效地提高砂土的力学性能;复合激发剂的加固效果优于单组分激发剂;低温不会明显降低地聚合物固化砂土的最终力学性能,仅延缓了地质聚合反应和结构的形成;碱性环境对地聚合物固化砂土的强度有促进作用;酸性环境及长时间暴露在空气中,会降低地聚合物固化砂土的强度。 相似文献
18.
19.
The presence of heavy metals at high concentrations (percent levels) in soils has been a growing concern to human health and the environment, and the cement stabilization is considered to be an effective and practical approach to remediate such soils. The compressibility of such stabilized soils is an important consideration for redevelopment of the remediated sites for building and/or roadway construction. This paper investigates the effects of high levels of zinc concentration on the compressibility of natural clay stabilized by cement additive. Several series of laboratory compression (oedometer) tests were conducted on the soil specimens prepared with the zinc concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 %, cement contents of 12 and 15 %, and curing time of 28 days. The results show that the yield stress and compression index at the post-yield state decrease with an increase in the zinc concentration regardless of the cement content. The observed results are attributed to the decrease in the cement hydration of the soil. Overall, this study demonstrates that the cementation structure of the soils is weakened, and the compressibility increases with the elevated zinc concentration, particularly at relatively high levels of zinc concentration. 相似文献
20.
Binod Singhi Aminul Islam Laskar Mokaddes Ali Ahmed 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2017,35(5):1907-1920
Clayey subgrade soil requires treatment in order to make the subgrade stable for pavement structures. Treatment of clayey soil i.e. stabilization of clayey soil by cement, lime, and fly ash are established techniques used in geotechnical and highway engineering. Stabilization by alkali activation of fly ash is reported recently but literatures are limited. Present study investigates the stress strain behavior, peak stress and ultimate strain of clayey soil stabilized by slag and slag-fly ash blending by alkali activation. The peak stress as high as 25.0 N/mm2 may be obtained at 50% slags content when 12 molar sodium hydroxide solutions were used. Peak stress, ultimate strain and slope of stress–strain curve of stabilized clay are controlled by Na/Al and Si/Al ratios. Stress–strain response and peak stress of slag and fly ash blended specimen are not governed by Na/Al and Si/Al ratios; rather the behavior is dependent predominantly on slag content. 相似文献