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1.
We have performed a series of interdiffusion experiments on magnesiowüstite samples at room pressure, temperatures from 1,320° to 1,400°C, and oxygen fugacities from 10?1.0 Pa to 10?4.3 Pa, using mixed CO/CO2 or H2/CO2 gases. The interdiffusion couples were composed of a single-crystal of MgO lightly pressed against a single-crystal of (Mg1-x Fe x )1-δO with 0.07<x<0.27. The interdiffusion coefficient was calculated using the Boltzmann–Matano analysis as a function of iron content, oxygen fugacity, temperature, and water fugacity. For the entire range of conditions tested and for compositions with 0.01<x<0.27, the interdiffusion coefficient varies as $$\tilde D\, =\,2.9\times10^{ - 6}\,f_{{\text{O}}_2 }^{0.19}\,x^{0.73}\,{\text{e}}^{ - (209,000\, -\,96,000\,x)/RT}\,\,{\text{m}}^{\text{2}} {\text{s}}^{ -1} $$ These dependencies on oxygen fugacity and composition are reasonably consistent with interdiffusion mediated by unassociated cation vacancies. For the limited range of water activity that could be investigated using mixed gases at room pressure, no effect of water on interdiffusion could be observed. The dependence of the interdiffusion coefficient on iron content decreased with increasing iron concentration at constant oxygen fugacity and temperature. There is a close agreement between our activation energy for interdiffusion extrapolated to zero iron content (x=0) and that of previous researchers who used electrical conductivity experiments to determine vacancy diffusivities in lightly doped MgO.  相似文献   

2.
We provide new insights into the prograde evolution of HP/LT metasedimentary rocks on the basis of detailed petrologic examination, element-partitioning analysis, and thermodynamic modelling of well-preserved Fe–Mg–carpholite- and Fe–Mg–chloritoid-bearing rocks from the Afyon Zone (Anatolia). We document continuous and discontinuous compositional (ferromagnesian substitution) zoning of carpholite (overall X Mg = 0.27–0.73) and chloritoid (overall X Mg = 0.07–0.30), as well as clear equilibrium and disequilibrium (i.e., reaction-related) textures involving carpholite and chloritoid, which consistently account for the consistent enrichment in Mg of both minerals through time, and the progressive replacement of carpholite by chloritoid. Mg/Fe distribution coefficients calculated between carpholite and chloritoid vary widely within samples (2.2–20.0). Among this range, only values of 7–11 correlate with equilibrium textures, in agreement with data from the literature. Equilibrium phase diagrams for metapelitic compositions are calculated using a newly modified thermodynamic dataset, including most recent data for carpholite, chloritoid, chlorite, and white mica, as well as further refinements for Fe–carpholite, and both chloritoid end-members, as required to reproduce accurately petrologic observations (phase relations, experimental constraints, Mg/Fe partitioning). Modelling reveals that Mg/Fe partitioning between carpholite and chloritoid is greatly sensitive to temperature and calls for a future evaluation of possible use as a thermometer. In addition, calculations show significant effective bulk composition changes during prograde metamorphism due to the fractionation of chloritoid formed at the expense of carpholite. We retrieve P–T conditions for several carpholite and chloritoid growth stages (1) during prograde stages using unfractionated, bulk-rock XRF analyses, and (2) at peak conditions using compositions fractionated for chloritoid. The P–T paths reconstructed for the Kütahya and Afyon areas shed light on contrasting temperature conditions for these areas during prograde and peak stages.  相似文献   

3.
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4.
Summary Wollastonite occurs abundantly at the Sterling Hill Fe–Zn–Mn ore deposit, Ogdensburg, New Jersey, one of the few occurrences of wollastonite in regionally metamorphosed rocks; it is absent from the surrounding Franklin marble. Wollastonite occurs in two distinct bands along the inner margins of the synclinal ore deposit. Minerals associated with wollastonite include calcite, grossular-andradite, diopsidic pyroxene, alkali feldspar, and rarely vesuvianite, quartz or bustamite. Assuming the generally accepted values of 750°C at 5kbar at Sterling Hill during metamorphism in the Grenville Orogeny, thermodynamic modeling of reactions involving garnet and wollastonite suggest XCO2 0.35 in the wollastonite-bearing rocks. Infiltrating metamorphic fluid rich in H2O was necessary for the formation of wollastonite; at XCO2 of 0.35, the calculated minimum volumetric water:rock ratio is 0.51. The source of the water is believed to be the dehydration of water-rich phases in adjacent ores or mafic rocks. The chemical compositions, textures, stratigraphy, and calculated metamorphic conditions show that wollastonite formed from calcite and quartz at the peak of the Grenville Orogeny.Present address: Maryland State Highway AdministrationReceived August 18, 2002; revised version accepted February 5, 2003  相似文献   

5.
正1 Introduction In the present paper,MgCl2·6H2O,FeCl3·6H2O,and CeCl3·6H2O were used as raw materials in the precipitationhydrothermal method to synthesize MgF eC e hydrotalcite.The effects of the Fe:Ce molar ratio on the composition,crystal structure,and thermal stability of hydrotalcite are examined.Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),X-  相似文献   

6.
The paper presents data on the thermochemical study (high-temperature melt calorimetry in a Tian–Calvet microcalorometer) of two natural Mg–Fe amphiboles: anthophyllite Mg2.0(Mg4.8Fe0.2 2+)[Si8.0O22](OH)2 from Kukh-i-Lal, southwestern Pamirs, Tajikistan, and gedrite Na0.4Mg2.0(Mg1.7Fe0.2 2+Al1.3)[Si6.3Al1.7O22](OH)2 from the Kola Peninsula, Russia. The enthalpy of formation from elements is obtained as–12021 ± 20 kJ/mol for anthophyllite and as–11545 ± 12 kJ/mol for gedrite. The standard entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs energy of formation are evaluated for Mg–Fe amphiboles of theoretical composition.  相似文献   

7.
The sound velocity (V P) of liquid Fe–10 wt% Ni and Fe–10 wt% Ni–4 wt% C up to 6.6 GPa was studied using the ultrasonic pulse-echo method combined with synchrotron X-ray techniques. The obtained V P of liquid Fe–Ni is insensitive to temperature, whereas that of liquid Fe–Ni–C tends to decrease with increasing temperature. The V P values of both liquid Fe–Ni and Fe–Ni–C increase with pressure. Alloying with 10 wt% of Ni slightly reduces the V P of liquid Fe, whereas alloying with C is likely to increase the V P. However, a difference in V P between liquid Fe–Ni and Fe–Ni–C becomes to be smaller at higher temperature. By fitting the measured V P data with the Murnaghan equation of state, the adiabatic bulk modulus (K S0) and its pressure derivative (K S ′ ) were obtained to be K S0 = 103 GPa and K S ′  = 5.7 for liquid Fe–Ni and K S0 = 110 GPa and K S ′  = 7.6 for liquid Fe–Ni–C. The calculated density of liquid Fe–Ni–C using the obtained elastic parameters was consistent with the density values measured directly using the X-ray computed tomography technique. In the relation between the density (ρ) and sound velocity (V P) at 5 GPa (the lunar core condition), it was found that the effect of alloying Fe with Ni was that ρ increased mildly and V P decreased, whereas the effect of C dissolution was to decrease ρ but increase V P. In contrast, alloying with S significantly reduces both ρ and V P. Therefore, the effects of light elements (C and S) and Ni on the ρ and V P of liquid Fe are quite different under the lunar core conditions, providing a clue to constrain the light element in the lunar core by comparing with lunar seismic data.  相似文献   

8.
The Shuangqing Fe–Pb–Zn–Cu deposit is located in the Xiangride County of Qinghai Province, China, and is a typical example of skarn deposits in the East Kunlun Mountains. Skarnization and mineralization took place along the contact zone between Carboniferous carbonates and the concealed Triassic plagiogranite. LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of zircons from the plagiogranite has yielded ages of 227.2 ± 1.0 and 226.54 ± 0.97 Ma, which are interpreted as the emplacement age of the plagiogranite. Molybdenites separated from ore-bearing quartz-veins yielded a Re–Os isochron age of 226.5 ± 5.1 Ma. These age data confirm that both intrusion and related skarn mineralization initiated at ~ 227 Ma. Re contents of molybdenite, zircon εHf(t) and 176Hf/177Hf values fall into the ranges 3.31 to 6.58 μg/g, − 8.6 to − 0.0, and 0.282403 to 0.28263850, respectively. The timing of the Shuangqing Fe–Pb–Zn–Cu mineralization coincided with a major change in the stress field in East Kunlun from transpression to extension, related to the partial melting of thickening crustal materials in a post-collisional tectonic setting.  相似文献   

9.
Geology of Ore Deposits - The first results of optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence (CL), ultraviolet fluorescence (UV), electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA), and laser-ablation...  相似文献   

10.
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11.
Doklady Earth Sciences - Comprehensive mineralogical and geochemical studies of gold–brannerite nuggets have been carried out in alluvial deposits of Kamennyi Creek. Its source is located...  相似文献   

12.
The northeastern Gangdese Pb–Zn–Ag–Fe–Mo–W polymetallic belt (NGPB), characterized by skarn and porphyry deposits, is one of the most important metallogenic belts in the Himalaya–Tibetan continental orogenic system. This belt extends for nearly four hundred kilometers along the Luobadui–Milashan Fault in the central Lhasa subterrane, and contains more than 10 large ore deposits with high potential for development. Three major types of mineralization system have been identified: skarn Fe systems, skarn/breccia Pb–Zn–Ag systems, and porphyry/skarn Mo–Cu–W systems. In this study, we conducted a whole-rock geochemical, U–Pb zircon geochronological, and in situ zircon Hf isotopic study of ore-forming rocks in the NGPB, specifically the Jiangga, Jiaduopule, and Rema skarn Fe deposits, and the Yaguila Pb–Zn–Ag deposit. Although some of these deposits (porphyry Mo systems) formed during the post-collisional stage (21–14 Ma), the majority (these three systems) developed during the main (‘soft collision’) stage of the India–Asia continental collision (65–50 Ma). The skarn Fe deposits are commonly associated with granodiorites, monzogranites, and granites, and formed between 65 and 50 Ma. The ore-forming intrusions of the Pb–Zn–Ag deposits are characterized by granite, quartz porphyry, and granite porphyry, which developed in the interval of 65–55 Ma. The ore-forming porphyries in the Sharang Mo deposit, formed at 53 Ma. The rocks from Fe deposits are metaluminous, and have relatively lower SiO2, and higher CaO, MgO, FeO contents than the intrusions associated with Mo and Pb–Zn–Ag mineralization, while the Pb–Zn–Ag deposits are peraluminous, and have high SiO2 and high total alkali concentrations. They all exhibit moderately fractionated REE patterns characterized by lower contents of heavy REE relative to light REE, and they are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements and relatively depleted in high-field-strength elements. Ore-forming granites from Fe deposits display 87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.7054–0.7074 and εNd(t) = − 4.7 to + 1.3, whereas rocks from the Yaguila Pb–Zn–Ag deposit have 87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.7266–0.7281 and εNd(t) = − 13.5 to − 13.3. In situ Lu–Hf isotopic analyses of zircons from Fe deposits show that εHf(t) values range from − 7.3 to + 6.6, with TDM(Hf)C model ages of 712 to 1589 Ma, and Yaguila Pb–Zn–Ag deposit has εHf(t) values from − 13.9 to − 1.3 with TDM(Hf)C model ages of 1216 to 2016 Ma. Combined with existing data from the Sharang Mo deposit, we conclude that the ore-forming intrusions associated with the skarn Fe and porphyry Mo deposits were derived from partial melting of metasomatized lithospheric mantle and rejuvenated lower crust beneath the central Lhasa subterrane, respectively. Melting of the ancient continental material was critical for the development of the Pb–Zn–Ag system. Therefore, it is likely that the source rocks play an important role in determining the metal endowment of intrusions formed during the initial stage of the India–Asia continental collision.  相似文献   

13.
High pressure melting behavior of three Fe-alloys containing 5 wt% Ni and (1) 10 wt% Si, (2) 15 wt% Si or (3) 12 wt% S was investigated up to megabar pressures by in situ X-ray diffraction and laser-heated diamond anvil cell techniques. We observe a decrease in melting temperature with increasing Si content over the entire investigated pressure range. This trend is used to discuss the melting curve of pure Fe. Moreover, our measurements of eutectic melting in the Fe–Fe3S system show a change in slope around 50 GPa concomitant with the fcc–hcp phase transition in pure solid iron. Extrapolations of our melting curve up to the core–mantle boundary pressure yield values of 3,600–3,750 K for the freezing temperature of plausible outer core compositions.  相似文献   

14.
Doklady Earth Sciences - Isotope study of ore-bearing rocks at Fe–Mn rift deposits of the Atasu and Zhezdy (Dzhezdy) ore districts in Central Kazakhstan has been carried out for the first...  相似文献   

15.
The ～200-km-long intensely deformed Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) in eastern India hosts India’s largest U and Cu deposits and related Fe mineralization. The SSZ separates an Archaean cratonic nucleus to the south from a Mesoproterozoic fold belt in the North and has a complex geologic history that obscures the origin of the contained iron-oxide-rich mineral deposits. This study investigates aspects of the history of mineralization in the SSZ by utilizing new petrographic and electron microprobe observations of pyrite textures and zoning in the Turamdih U–Cu(–Fe) deposit. Mineralization at Turamdih is hosted in intensively deformed quartz–chlorite schist. Sulfides and oxides include, in inferred order of development: (a) magmatic Fe(–Ti–Cr) oxide and Fe–Cu(–Ni) sulfide minerals inferred to be magmatic (?) in origin; followed by (b) uranium, Fe-oxide, and Fe–Cu(–Co) sulfide minerals that predate most or all ductile deformation, and are inferred to be of hydrothermal origin; and (c) Fe–Cu sulfides that were generated during and postdating ductile deformation. These features are associated with the formation of three compositionally and texturally distinct pyrites. Pyrite (type-A), typically in globular–semiglobular composite inclusions of pyrite plus chalcopyrite in magnetite, is characterized by very high Ni content (up to 30,700 ppm) and low Co to Ni ratios (0.01–0.61). The textural and compositional characteristics of associated chalcopyrite and rare pyrrhotite suggest that this pyrite could be linked to the magmatic event via selective replacement of magmatic pyrrhotite. Alternatively, this pyrite and associated sulfide inclusions might be cogenetic with hydrothermal Fe-oxide. Type-B pyrite that forms elongate grains and irregular relics and cores of pyrite with high Co contents (up to 23,630 ppm) and high Co to Ni ratios (7.2–140.9) are interpreted to be related to hydrothermal mineralization predating ductile deformation. A third generation of pyrite (type C) with low Co, low Ni, and moderate Co to Ni ratios (0.19–13.93) formed during and postdating the ductile deformation stage overgrowing, replacing, and surrounding type-B pyrite. The textural evolution of pyrite parallels the tectonometamorphic evolution of the shear zone demonstrating grain elongation during progressive ductile deformation and prograde metamorphism, annealing at the peak metamorphic condition, porphyroblastic growth at the retrograde path and cataclasis following porphyroblastic growth. Compositional characteristics of hydrothermal pyrite and available geological information suggest that the U–Cu(–Fe) deposit at Turamdih might be a variant of the Fe oxide (–Cu–U–rare earth elements) family of deposits.  相似文献   

16.
The Au–Fe mineralized granitoids at Mezcala district have a porphyry texture with a quartz+feldspar microcrystalline matrix and phenocrysts of plagioclase, quartz (with reaction rims), hornblende and biotite. The primary minerals are oligoclase–andesine, microcline and β-quartz. The accessory minerals are biotite, hornblende and, in minor amounts, apatite+zircon+sphene+titanomagnetite. Some intrusive rocks present abundant hornblende autoliths. Based on the petrography and bulk geochemistry of these granitoids, they are classified as monzonite, tonalite (the most abundant) and granodiorite with a strong calc-alkaline trend in potassium (K2O=3.8% average). The bulk and trace elements chemistry is SiO2=63.8%, Al2O3=15.83%, Fe2O3+MgO+MnO+TiO=6.52%; V=76.7 ppm, Cr=50.2 ppm, Ni=19.7 ppm, Sr=694 ppm. These granitoids show a strong depletion in heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), with average values of Yb=1 ppm and Y=13 ppm, this being the characteristic geochemical signature for adakite. The trace elements content suggests that the adakite granitoids from Mezcala were formed within a tectonic framework of volcanic arc related to the interaction between the Farallon and North America plates. This interaction occurred during the Paleocene after the Laramide Orogeny (post-collision zone) in a fast convergent thick continental crust (>50 km) subduction regime. The original magma is interpreted as being the product of partial melting of an amphibolite–eclogite transition zone source with little contribution of the mantle wedge. Along with the hydration processes, a metallic fertility also took place in the area. The geochemical signature of the adakites within the granitoids rocks represents a characteristic guide for further exploration for Au-rich skarn-type ore deposits in southern México.  相似文献   

17.
The Tieshan Fe–Cu deposit is located in the Edong district, which represents the westernmost and largest region within the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt (YRMB), Eastern China. Skarn Fe–Cu mineralization is spatially associated with the Tieshan pluton, which intruded carbonates of the Lower Triassic Daye Formation. Ore bodies are predominantly located along the contact between the diorite or quartz diorite and marbles/dolomitic marbles. This study investigates the mineral chemistry of magnetite in different skarn ore bodies. The contrasting composition of magnetite obtained are used to suggest different mechanisms of formation for magnetite in the western and eastern part of the Tieshan Fe–Cu deposit. A total of 178 grains of magnetite from four magnetite ore samples are analyzed by LA–ICP–MS, indicating a wide range of trace element contents, such as V (13.61–542.36 ppm), Cr (0.003–383.96 ppm), Co (11.12–187.55 ppm) and Ni (0.19–147.41 ppm), etc. The Ti/V ratio of magnetite from the Xiangbishan (western part of the Tieshan deposit) and Jianshan ore body (eastern part of the Tieshan deposit) ranges from 1.32 to 5.24, and 1.31 to 10.34, respectively, indicating a relatively reduced depositional environment in the Xiangbishan ore body. Incorporation of Ti and Al in magnetite are temperature dependent, which hence propose that the temperature of hydrothermal fluid from the Jianshan ore body (Al = 3747–9648 ppm, with 6381 ppm as an average; Ti = 381.7–952.0 ppm, with 628.2 ppm as an average) was higher than the Xiangbishan ore body (Al = 2011–11122 ppm, with 5997 ppm as an average, Ti = 302.5–734.8, with 530.8 ppm as an average), indicating a down–temperature precipitation trend from the Jianshan ore body to the Xiangbishan ore body. In addition, in the Ca + Al + Mn versus Ti + V diagram, magnetite is plotted in the skarn field, consideration with the ternary diagram of TiO2–Al2O3–MgO, proposing that the magnetite ores are formed by replacement, instead of directly crystallized from iron oxide melts, which provide a better understanding regarding the composition of ore fluids and processes responsible for Fe mineralization in the Tieshan Fe–Cu deposit.  相似文献   

18.
The thermochemical study of two natural trioctahedral Mg–Fe chlorites—clinochlores was carried out using high-temperature melt solution calorimetry with a Tian–Calvet microcalorimeter. The enthalpies of formation of clinochlores of compositions (Mg4.9Fe 0.3 2+ Al0.8)[Si3.2Al0.8O10](OH)8 (–8811 ± 12 kJ/mol) and (Mg4.3Fe 0.7 2+ Al1.0)[Si3.0Al1.0O10](OH)8 (–8696 ± 13 kJ/mol) from elements were determined. The values of the standard entropies and the Gibbs energies of formation of the studied natural minerals as well as thermodynamic properties of Mg–Fe chlorites of theoretical composition were estimated.  相似文献   

19.
Doklady Earth Sciences - The first results on diamond growth in the Fe–С–S system with 1 wt % S (relative to Fe) at 6 GPa and 1450°C have been reported. The diamonds obtained...  相似文献   

20.
Cu and Fe skarns are the world’s most abundant and largest skarn type deposits, especially in China, and Au-rich skarn deposits have received much attention in the past two decades and yet there are few papers focused on schematic mineral deposit models of Cu–Fe–Au skarn systems. Three types of Au-rich deposits are recognized in the Edongnan region, Middle–Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt: ~140 Ma Cu–Au and Au–Cu skarn deposits and distal Au–Tl deposits; 137–148 Ma Cu–Fe; and 130–133 Ma Fe skarn deposits. The Cu–Fe skarn deposits have a greater contribution of mantle components than the Fe skarn deposits, and the hydrothermal fluids responsible for formation of the Fe skarn deposits involved a greater contribution from evaporitic sedimentary rocks compared to Cu–Fe skarn deposits. The carbonate-hosted Au–Tl deposits in the Edongnan region are interpreted as distal products of Cu–Au skarn mineralization. A new schematic mineral deposit model of the Cu–Fe–Au skarn system is proposed to illustrate the relationship between the Cu–Fe–Au skarn mineralization, the evaporitic sedimentary rocks, and distal Au–Tl deposits. This model has important implications for the exploration for carbonate–hosted Au–Tl deposits in the more distal parts of Cu–Au skarn systems, and Fe skarn deposits with the occurrence of gypsum-bearing host sedimentary rocks in the MLYRB, and possibly elsewhere.  相似文献   

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