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1.
SCS-CN and GIS-based approach for identifying potential water harvesting sites in the Kali Watershed,Mahi River Basin,India 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
The Kali sub-watershed is situated in the semi-arid region of Gujarat, India and forms a part of the Mahi River Watershed.
This watershed receives an average annual rainfall of 900mm mainly between July and September. Due to high runoff potential,
evapo-transpiration and poor infiltration, drought like situation prevails in this area from December to June almost every
year. In this paper, augmentation of water resource is proposed by construction of runoff harvesting structures like check
dam, percolation pond, farm pond, well and subsurface dyke. The site suitability for different water harvesting structures
is determined by considering spatially varying parameters like runoff potential, slope, fracture pattern and micro-watershed
area. GIS is utilised as a tool to store, analyse and integrate spatial and attribute information pertaining to runoff, slope,
drainage and fracture. The runoff derived by SCS-CN method is a function of runoff potential which can be expressed in terms
of runoff coefficient (ratio between the runoff and rainfall) which can be classified into three classes, viz., high (>40%),
moderate (20–40%) and low (<20%). In addition to IMSD, FAO specifications for water harvesting/recharging structures, parameters
such as effective storage, rock mass permeability are herein considered to augment effective storage. Using the overlay and
decision tree concepts in GIS, potential water harvesting sites are identified. The derived sites are field investigated for
suitability and implementation. In all, the accuracy of the site selection at implementation level varies from 80–100%. 相似文献
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The curve number (CN) is a hydrologic parameter used to describe the stormwater runoff potential for drainage areas, and it is a function of land use, soil type, and soil moisture. This study was conducted to estimate the potential runoff coefficient (PRC) using geographic information system (GIS) based on the area’s hydrologic soil group, land use, and slope and to determine the runoff volume. The soil map for the study area was developed using GPS data carried on to identify the soil texture to be used in building a soil hydrological groups map. Unsupervised and supervised classifications were done to Landsat 5/7 TM/ETM image to generate land-use and land-cover map. This map was reclassified into four main classes (forest, grass and shrub, cropland, and bare soil). Slope map for Al-Baha was generated from a 30-m digital elevation model. The GIS technique was used to combine the previous three maps into one map to generate PRC map. Annual runoff depth is derived based on the annual rainfall surplus and runoff coefficient per pixel using raster calculator tool in ArcGIS. An indication that in the absence of reliable ground measurements of rainfall product, it can satisfactorily be applied to estimate the spatial rainfall distribution based on values of R and R 2 (0.9998) obtained. Annual runoff generation from the study area ranged from 0 to 82 % of the total rainfall. Rainfall distribution in the study area shows the wise use of identifying suitable sites for rainwater harvesting, where most of the constructed dams are located in the higher rainfall areas. 相似文献
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Tauseef Ahmad Ansari Yashwant B. Katpatal A. D. Vasudeo 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(18):702
The changing land use due to rapid urbanization has profound impact on the runoff in urban watersheds. The spatial analysis in urban watersheds is felt necessary for management of surface and subsurface water regimes. Significant increase in impervious zones was observed in Nagpur urban watersheds between 2000 and 2012 having impacts on runoff, and even flash floods were observed. This study presents spatial and temporal impacts of change in urban built-up area on curve number (CN) and runoff during the years 2000 and 2012. The study also analyzes effect of slope on CN values and shows that CN increases with slope. High-resolution satellite images were used to map impervious surface areas (ISAs) which show an increase of 0.9 to 34 % during 2000–2012. Spearman’s and Pearson’s coefficients have been generated to establish relationship between runoff, impervious surface areas, vegetation index, slope, and runoff coefficient. It has been hypothetically assumed that if 100, 50, and 25 % rooftop rainwater harvesting is considered, the estimated runoff reduces in 2012 as compared to the year 2000. The study suggests that increase in impervious areas within urban watersheds can be utilized for groundwater augmentation adopting rooftop rainwater-harvesting techniques and to prevent flash floods. 相似文献
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念青唐古拉山扎当冰川冰储量估算及冰下地形特征分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
冰川体积估算对水资源以及冰川变化研究具有重要的意义. 但是实测的冰川厚度数据十分稀少,限制了冰川体积的估算. 2011年5月对念青唐古拉山北坡扎当冰川进行了雷达测厚工作,获取了该冰川的厚度分布状况. 基于该冰川的厚度数据,测量点的GPS数据,1970年的地形图和2010年Landsat TM影像,在ArcGIS技术的支持下,采用简单Kriging插值方法对冰川非测厚区域的厚度进行了插值计算,绘制出了冰川厚度等值线图并估算了冰川的冰储量. 结果表明：冰川最大厚度出现于海拔约5 748 m靠近主流线的位置,最大冰厚度为108 m,冰川平均厚度为38.1 m,2010年冰川面积为1.73 km2,扎当冰川的冰储量为0.066 km3. 将扎当冰川表面DEM与冰川厚度分布图相结合,绘制出了该冰川的冰床地形图. 结果显示,在冰川厚度大的区域,冰床地形呈现近V字形分布,这与其相对平缓的冰面地形形成明显对比;同时,在冰表地形较陡区域,冰川厚度不大,冰床地形呈现U形分布. 相似文献
5.
In (semi-)arid regions, available water resources are scarce and groundwater resources are often overused. Therefore, the option to increase available water resources by managed aquifer recharge (MAR) via infiltration of captured surface runoff was investigated for two basins in northern Jordan. This study evaluated the general suitability of catchments to generate sufficient runoff and tried to identify promising sites to harvest and infiltrate the runoff into the aquifer for later recovery. Large sets of available data were used to create regional thematic maps, which were then combined to constraint maps using Boolean logic and to create suitability maps using weighted linear combination. This approach might serve as a blueprint which could be adapted and applied to similar regions. The evaluation showed that non-committed source water availability is the most restricting factor for successful water harvesting in regions with <200 mm/a rainfall. Experiences with existing structures showed that sediment loads of runoff are high. Therefore, the effectiveness of any existing MAR scheme will decrease rapidly to the point where it results in an overall negative impact due to increased evaporation if maintenance is not undertaken. It is recommended to improve system operation and maintenance, as well as monitoring, in order to achieve a better and constant effectiveness of the infiltration activities. 相似文献
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Mohamed Abdel Zaher Nureddin M. Saadi Koichiro Watanabeb 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(5):1705-1716
The study area comprises the southeastern part of the Western Desert of Egypt. The aims of the present study are to delineate the major surface and subsurface structures and to evaluate tectonic framework of the study area. Surface studies of the present work are based mainly on data from two different types of remote sensing systems: 15 cloud-free Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM data. The remote sensing data were used to recognize and extract geological lineaments by calculating and interpreting DEM derivatives, including shaded relief maps, slope maps, and traverse profiles. A Bouguer anomaly map (scale 1:500,000) was used to delineate a detailed picture of the subsurface structure in the study area. The analysis of surface data, including SRTM DEM and ETM+, was combined with subsurface data, including Bouguer anomaly map, and gave new insight into the tectonic and structure patterns of the study area. 相似文献
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三叠纪末的印支运动使鄂尔多斯盆地整体抬升,上三叠统延长组顶部遭受到强烈风化及河流侵蚀等地质作用,形成水系广布、沟壑纵横、丘陵起伏的古地貌景观。通过对下侏罗统延安组延10油层组和富县组地层等厚图及延长组顶面起伏图的编绘,基本恢复了前侏罗纪古地貌形态,并将其划分为河谷、斜坡、阶地、高地、平原和潜丘6种古地貌单元。该种古地貌景观严格控制了下侏罗统富县组及延安组下部的沉积相类型、相带展布及压实披盖构造的形成。古河谷的下切作用不仅使延安组下部与油源层的接触距离缩短,又为油气运移提供了良好的通道,如遇到有利的储集体与背斜、鼻隆等构造,即可有机配置、富集成藏;同时地层水特征表明斜坡带保存条件最好。指出前侏罗纪古地貌斜坡带上的坡嘴、阶地及潜丘是勘探延安组下部油藏的有利地带。 相似文献
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概念性水文模型数量众多,判断模型是否适合研究流域可以通过模拟结果来体现,但是熟悉流域的产汇流特性可以筛选模型,从根源上大量减少工作量,也可以解决相似流域无资料的问题。选取6种概念性水文模型,以马渡王、板桥和志丹这3个半湿润与半干旱流域为研究区域,探讨流域特性与模型结构之间的关系,并通过降雨和地形地貌分析其对模型模拟结果的影响。研究结果表明,流域地形及植被对产汇流过程有重要影响,由于局部产流现象严重,河道坡度影响大于流域平均坡度,当区域气候条件相差不大时,地形地貌比降雨对流域产汇流特性影响更大。因此对于水文模型的选择,可以在熟悉流域产汇流特性的基础上因地制宜,必要时可以增加适合研究流域的模块来获得更好的预报,在半干旱与半湿润流域,同时具有蓄满和超渗机制的模型能得到更好的应用。 相似文献
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在分析研究坎儿井主要技术特点的基础上,结合河流冲洪积扇地形地貌特征、储水构造以及水资源转化特点,提出了建设山前凹陷带"横坎儿井式"地下水库的具体思路,并以台兰河地下水库示范工程为例,对构筑"横坎儿井式"地下水库的可行性及其"引渗回补"调蓄系统、"横坎儿井"集水系统、"自流虹吸"输水系统三大工程组成部分的结构设计原理进行了初步的探讨.山前凹陷地下水库是非常理想的应急抗旱水源工程,其研究和示范工程,为干旱区内陆河流域地表水与地下水联合调度、水资源高效利用探索出了一种新模式. 相似文献
11.
基于ANSYS与OpenGL的高速公路结构物仿真建模及三维地层地表修剪方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
现代三维视景建模与仿真技术在高速公路工程选线、施工以及运营管理中具有良好的应用前景。结构物的仿真建模以及能反映施工前后地表形态变化的三维地层模型研究是高速公路信息化中的重要问题。介绍了一种借用ANSYS有限元分析软件提取结构物三维模型表面几何信息的简便方法;结合OpenGL纹理贴图技术,实现了结构物的仿真建模;针对结构物施工后对地表形态改变较大的问题,提出利用结构物表面数据对三维地层模型地表网格进行修剪的方法--地表网格竖直投影修剪法。把上述方法应用到广东省某高速公路高边坡的三维视景仿真建模中,结果表明,边坡的仿真模型较逼真。三维地层模型修剪后的地表形态与真实情况接近,验证了方法的合理性、可靠性。 相似文献
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为了描述盆地三维构造的演化过程,通常需要编制不同地质时期的古构造等构造线图。编制古构造等高线图是一个复杂的研究过程,可能遇到许多概念性和技术性问题,但是所有问题都必须在地质平衡概念约束下寻求解决途径。本文讨论了按照地质平衡概念编制古构造等高线图的基本原则和可能的技术方案,包括研究构造变形模式、复原剥失厚度及其分布、复原断层位移、去压实校正等。运用地质平衡概念将较浅地层界面的构造等高线图复原到代表特定地质时期地形面的原始状态,相应地将较深地层界面的构造等高线图复原得的古构造等高线图。运用地质平衡概念编制的古构造等高线图比传统的只用地层残余厚度编制的古构造等高线图能更合理地反映地质时期的盆地古构造三维几何特征。 相似文献
13.
Masyhur Irsyam Donny T. Dangkua Hendriyawan Drajat Hoedajanto Bigman M. Hutapea Engkon K. Kertapati Teddy Boen Mark D. Petersen 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(2):865-878
This paper presents the development of spectral hazard maps for Sumatra and Java islands, Indonesia and microzonation study for Jakarta city. The purpose of this study is to propose a revision of the seismic hazard map in Indonesian Seismic Code SNI 03-1726-2002. Some improvements in seismic hazard analysis were implemented in the analysis by considering the recent seismic activities around Java and Sumatra. The seismic hazard analysis was carried out using 3-dimension (3-D) seismic source models (fault source model) using the latest research works regarding the tectonic setting of Sumatra and Java. Two hazard levels were analysed for representing 10% and 2% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 years ground motions for Sumatra and Java. Peak ground acceleration contour maps for those two hazard levels and two additional macrozonation maps for 10% PE in 50 years were produced during this research. These two additional maps represent short period (0.2 s) and long-period (1.0 s) spectra values at the bedrock. Microzonation study is performed in order to obtain ground motion parameters such as acceleration, amplification factor and response spectra at the surface of Jakarta. The analyses were carried out using nonlinear approach. The results were used to develop contour of acceleration at the surface of Jakarta. Finally, the design response spectra for structural design purposes are proposed in this study. 相似文献
14.
Zhenming Wang 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(2):749
Microzonation is an effort to evaluate and map potential hazards found in an area, urban area in particular, that could be induced by strong ground shaking during an earthquake. These hazards include: ground motion amplification, liquefaction, and slope failure. The microzonation maps, depicting ground-motion amplification, liquefaction, and landslide potentials, can be produced if the ground motion on bedrock (input) and the site conditions are known. These maps, in combination with ground-motion hazard maps (on bedrock), can be used to develop a variety of hazard mitigation strategies such as seismic risk assessment, emergency response and preparedness, and land-use planning. However, these maps have certain limitations that result from the nature of regional mapping, data limitations, generalization, and computer modeling. These microzonations show that when strong ground shaking occurs, damage is more likely to occur, or be more severe, in the higher hazard areas. The zones shown on the hazard maps should not serve as a substitute for site-specific evaluations. 相似文献
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河西内陆干旱区地表和地下水资源的相互转化研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
根据有关台站的水文气象观测资料及"九五"国家科技重点攻关项目"96－912"专题有关成果,对甘肃省河西内陆干旱区地表水、地下水资源的数量、分布特征与变化规律及相互转化关系进行了分析和研究。结果表明,内陆干旱地区的地表径流主要形成于中、高山区,散失于山前平原和沙漠。径流的补给来源主要为大气降水、冰雪融水和地下水。降水量及其时空分布对水资源的形成有着重要的影响。这里降水、河川径流与地下水转化关系十分明显。内陆干旱地区水资源最主要的特征就是从山区到平原地表水与地下水在不同地质地貌单元间的相互转化,并且由径流源区的山区到河流下游的平原,不同区域、不同地段地表水与地下水的转化关系及地下水的流动模式亦不相同：即由降水与冰雪融水下渗所形成的山区地下水绝大部分以基流形式排泄,形成地表径流进入盆地;而河流在进入盆地或平原区流经透水性极强的山前冲、洪积平原后又大量渗漏补给地下水,山前冲、洪积扇平原的地下水沿地形坡降向冲积平原运动至冲积扇缘地带后,由于含水层土壤颗粒变细,导水性减弱,形成地下水溢出带,地下水沿沟壑呈泉水大量溢出地表,汇集成泉沟进入河流而转化成为地表水。在冲、洪积扇以下的冲积平原上,潜水含水层土壤颗粒细,地下水埋藏浅,径流水平流动缓慢,地下水以垂向水量交替为主。在自然状态下,冲积平原下游直到尾闾湖;洪水季节（洪水季节外,河川径流量很小甚至没有）河流泻洪通过河道补给地下水,余水进入尾闾湖。正是水量不大的河水及其所转化形成的地下水维系着西北内陆干旱地河流下游地区的绿州的存在和这里十分脆弱的生态环境。这些地表水与地下水之间的转化过程的这种特征直接影响本地区水资源的开发利用模式。目前,在上游地区大规模发展经济、开发水资源的情况下,随着地表径流利用率的不断提高和地下水得到的补给减少,许多地方泉水量减少甚至枯竭,原来的泉灌区被迫变为井灌区。冲积平原下游即使在洪水季节也很难接受上游地表径流的补给,造成地下水位持续下降,植被死亡,土壤荒漠化。因此,内陆干旱区的水资源开发利用必须从整个流域的角度出发进行统一的合理的规划,总结不同类型地区水资源开发利用过程中的经验教训,逐步建立不同类型最优化的水资源利用模式,这将对今后干旱区的水资源开发利用具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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Khamis Naba Sayl Nur Shazwani Muhammad Ahmed El-Shafie 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(18):413
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) structure is considered as the best solution to conserve water for arid regions. The selection of RWH location is based on several key determinants such as hydrology, environment, topography, and socio-economic. This study proposed a robust methodology to identify and select the location of RWH using geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) with multi-criteria decision techniques in areas where data are scarce. Several thematic maps were extracted such as vegetation cover, soil group, slope, land use, and digital elevation (DEM). The RWH sites were ranked based on four major indexes: evaporation, cost-benefit, sediment, and hydrological index. Sensitivity analysis shows that the variance inverse (VI) and rank order method (ROM) considered all indices that effect ranking as compared to the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy-AHP. Sensitivity analysis also proved that the proposed method is suitable to be used for RWH site selection in arid regions. 相似文献
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A case study of slope stability mapping is presented for the A Luoi district situated in the mountainous western part of Thua Thien-Hue Province in Central Vietnam, where slope failures occur frequently and seriously affect local living conditions. The methodology is based on the infinite slope stability model, which calculates a safety factor as the ratio between shear strength and shear stress. The triggering mechanism for slope instability considered in the analysis is the maximum daily precipitation recorded in a 28-year period (1976–2003) taking into account runoff and infiltration predicted with a hydrological model. All necessary physical parameters are derived from topography, soil texture, and land use, in GIS-raster grid format with pixel size of 30 by 30 m. Results of the analysis are compared with a slope failure inventory map of 2001, showing that more than 86.9 % of the existing slope failures are well predicted by the physically based slope stability model. It can be concluded that the larger part of the study area is prone to landsliding. The resulting slope stability map is useful for further research and land-use planning, but for precise prediction of future slope failures, more effort is needed with respect to spatial variation of causative factors and analysis techniques. 相似文献
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随着中国西南部山区基础设施建设的迅猛发展,机场、高速公路和铁路等建设项目高填方地基日益增多,建设期间填方区域的大变形及其工后阶段的长期缓慢变形直接影响到建设场地的正常使用,特别是存在边坡临空面的填方工程,填方土体的坡度、水平向变形关系到坡体的整体稳定性。本文以云南安宁市一高填方边坡为例,通过现场勘察及对填方过程中监测数据的分析,应用数值模拟软件对填方坡体的变形特征进行研究。研究结果表明,坡体总变形以沉降为主,最大值出现在坡体内部,大部分变形发生在施工过程中,工后沉降很小,坡体垂直位移最大值出现在填筑体与原地基土交界面处,沉降等值线闭合呈椭圆状;坡体水平位移最大值出现在原地基土内,水平位移等值线图整体呈条带状由坡底斜向延伸至罐区东侧,水平位移变化较大区域与实际地表裂缝位置一致。研究成果对存在边坡临空面的填方工程施工过程及工后变形量预测控制、坡体上部裂缝病害研究具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。 相似文献