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中国水资源整体宏观短缺,干旱与洪涝灾害并存,且近年来极端水文事件发生频率加大,北方水资源衰减趋势明显,形势严峻。基于中国基本水情,结合在雨洪水利用、水资源战略储备以及储水空间利用等方面进行的需水侧水文水资源常态管理和应急管理探索与实践,提出了建立水资源常态与应急统合管理概念,即:立足于自然水文的年内与年际整体过程,将正常状态下的水资源管理和非正常状态下的应急管理有机结合起来,实施基于自然水循环系统全过程调控的水资源管理,从而实现将水资源开发利用、防洪除涝和抗旱减灾等有机融合,提升水循环调控效率,增强水安全保障程度。 相似文献
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水文是水利和国民经济建设与发展重要的基础工作。经过整编的水文资料是国家重要的基础信息资源之一, 它被广泛应用于防汛抗旱、水工程规划设计、水资源管理与开发利用、水环境保护、水科学研究及其他国民经济建设。长期以来,水文资料为我国水利和国民经济建设与发展提供了科学决策依据。随着经济社会发展和人民生活水平不断提高,对控制水旱灾害、水环境监测与保护、水土保持与生态、水资源管理等方面要求越来越高,对水文资料分析处理、存储、应用服务要求也相应提高。本文主要从技术角度,对我国水文资料整编主要技术方法和水文年鉴发展进行了总结与分析;对水文数据库有关技术标准制定、水文数据库建设成就进行回顾;同时结合水文信息共享和应用服务需求,对相关技术发展进行了展望。 相似文献
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对1998年长江中游特大洪灾分析表明:长江中上游植被破坏,中游湖泊萎缩,干堤防洪标准低,河道泄洪不畅,是洪灾形成的主要因素.三峡水库是长江中游防洪体系中的骨干工程,必须与其他工程相配合.长江中游防洪减灾工程应坚持:(1)与环境保护相结合的原则;(2)与农田水利基本建设相结合的原则;(3)"固、蓄、疏"并举,以"疏"为主的原则;(4)防洪与除渍相结合的原则;(5)统一管理、联合攻关、综合整治的原则与对策.建议除加固长江干堤外,重点建设两条分洪河道,建好3个梯级蓄洪区,有计划有步骤地实施开堤开垸放淤工程. 相似文献
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The Yangtze River Economic Belt is one of the three national strategies of China, while flood risk is one of the most important concerns in the development of Yangtze River Economic Belt. In order to decrease the risks caused by floods, complete flood management system and adequate pre-arranged planning are desiderated to be researched in advance. This study considers two typical situations of flood risk, in which one is sluice-control situation in flood detention area and another is dike-break situation in flood-protected area, and proposes a framework for flood risk mapping. The results show that the losses caused by flood hazards are massive both in the two typical cases when extreme floods happen. The economic losses of different indicators are of great difference in flood detention area and flood-protected area, respectively. The framework effectively handles the complex boundaries in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and provides more accurate flood routing information. The evacuation plan module which has been incorporated in the framework also provides informative assistance for emergent action of evacuation under urgent condition. 相似文献
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Influence of droughts on remote villages in the karst region of Guizhou Province,China: Causes and control 
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下载免费PDF全文 Even though the precipitation is abundant in the Karst region of Guizhou Province, remote villages in this area frequently suffer severe droughts. This paper studied the causes of droughts in this region through field investigation and references collection. Based on the cause analysis, some suggestions were provided for hazard prevention and control from an engineering perspective. Besides occasional extreme weathers, the drought in this area is primarily caused by its unique geological structures of Karst plateau and underdeveloped agricultural techniques. Meanwhile, the vicious cycle between drought and poverty, which causes the deficiency of water conservancy facilities and hazard prevention awareness, is an important reason for the frequent occurrence of agricultural and socioeconomic drought. Considering the social and economic conditions of remote villages, the long-term control of drought can only be realized if current measures are capable of bring immediate effects and benefits. Therefore, the construction of well-planned and designed water conservancy system based on each village’s natural and social conditions are the priority for current hazard prevention. Generally, the exploitation of subterranean river should be considered as the first choice to stabilize the water supply for remote villages. Meanwhile, the construction and improvement of micro water conservancy facilities, such as small water tank, small pond and so on, can effectively support the water providence during droughts as well. 相似文献
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Evaluation of CHIRPS and its application for drought monitoring over the Haihe River Basin,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Feng Gao Yuhu Zhang Xiulin Ren Yunjun Yao Zengchao Hao Wanyuan Cai 《Natural Hazards》2018,91(1):155-178
To establish the drought index objectively and reasonably and evaluate the hydrological drought accurately, firstly, the optimal distribution was selected from nine distributions (normal, lognormal, exponential, gamma, general extreme value, inverse Gaussian, logistic, log-logistic and Weibull), then the Optimal Standardized Streamflow Index (OSSI) was calculated based on the optimal distribution, and last, the spatiotemporal evolution of hydrological drought based on the OSSI series was investigated through the monthly streamflow data of seven hydrological stations during the period 1961–2011 in Luanhe River basin, China. Results suggest: (1) the general extreme value and log-logistic distributions performed prominently in fitting the monthly streamflow of Luanhe River basin. (2) The main periods of hydrological drought in Luanhe River basin were 148–169, 75–80, 42–45, 14–19 and 8–9 months. (3) The hydrological drought had an aggravating trend over the past 51 year and with the increase in timescale, the aggravating trend was more serious. (4) The lower the drought grade was, the broader the coverage area. As for the Luanhe River basin, the whole basin suffered the mild and more serious drought, while the severe and more serious drought only cover some areas. (5) With the increase in time step, the frequency distribution of mild droughts across the basin tended to be concentrated, the frequency of extreme droughts in middle and upper reaches tended to increase and the frequency in downstream tends to decrease. This research can provide powerful references for water resources planning and management and drought mitigation. 相似文献
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Alternative water management options to reduce vulnerability for climate change in the Netherlands 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Urbanization, land subsidence and sea level rise will increase vulnerability of the urbanized low-lying areas in the western
part of the Netherlands. In this article possibilities are explored to reduce vulnerability of these areas by implementing
alternative water management options. Two main water management fields are distinguished, water supply and flood control.
A four-component vulnerability framework is presented that includes threshold capacity, coping capacity, recovery capacity,
and adaptive capacity. By using the vulnerability framework it is shown that current water supply and flood control strategies
in the Netherlands focus on increasing threshold capacity by constructing higher and stronger dikes, improved water storage
and delivery infrastructure. A complete vulnerability decreasing strategy requires measures that include all four capacities.
Flood damage reduction, backup water supply systems and emergency plans are measures that can contribute to increasing coping
capacity. Recovery capacity can be increased by multi-source water supply, insurance, or establishing disaster funds. Adaptive
capacity can be developed by starting experiments with new modes of water supply and urbanization. Including all four components
of the vulnerability framework enables better understanding of water and climate related vulnerability of urban areas and
enables developing more complete water management strategies to reduce vulnerability. 相似文献
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贵州省水文地质工作思考 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
贵州省特殊的岩溶地质环境导致了严重的工程性缺水、频繁的极端气候引起了大范围的干旱灾害,强烈的人为工程活动导致了突发性的水源干涸和污染、工业强省和城镇化带动战略实施对水资源提出了更高的要求。尽管近年省内地下水勘查和应急找水打井取得了较大的进展,但是岩溶山区农村饮水安全问题仍旧严重、城镇应急水源亟待建设、工业园区和城镇建设需要大量的水源支撑、供水水源污染的形势仍然严峻。虽然省内丰富的岩溶地下水资源可以成为地表水供水的重要补充,但目前地下水勘查程度、找水和开发关键技术的相关研究尚难以支撑地下水有效开发。本文通过对上述问题的分析,提出了未来一段时期水文地质工作的方向,可供未来我省地下水勘查、缺水区找水以及相关研究工作部署的借鉴。 相似文献
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of climate change on the drought and flood risks of a multipurpose dam. To achieve this, A2 climate change scenarios of RegCM3 were collected about Chungju Dam in Korea. To analyze drought risks, weather data obtained by the statistical downscaling method were entered to produce runoff series by runoff modeling and water balance was analyzed based on water use scenarios to review changes in the storage volume under climate change. To analyze flood risks, changes in water levels of the dam in future flood seasons were reviewed based on the current dam operation method. The results of the review indicated that both the drought and the flood risks of the dam would increase in the future. The reason was considered to be the movement of the flood season’s runoff characteristics from July and August to August and September because of climate change. Therefore, for climate change adaptation planning, not only quantitative changes in hydrologic values but also changes in temporal characteristics should be considered and given importance. 相似文献
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The flood characteristics, namely, peak, duration and volume provide important information for the design of hydraulic structures, water resources planning, reservoir management and flood hazard mapping. Flood is a complex phenomenon defined by strongly correlated characteristics such as peak, duration and volume. Therefore, it is necessary to study the simultaneous, multivariate, probabilistic behaviour of flood characteristics. Traditional multivariate parametric distributions have widely been applied for hydrological applications. However, this approach has some drawbacks such as the dependence structure between the variables, which depends on the marginal distributions or the flood variables that have the same type of marginal distributions. Copulas are applied to overcome the restriction of traditional bivariate frequency analysis by choosing the marginals from different families of the probability distribution for flood variables. The most important step in the modelling process using copula is the selection of copula function which is the best fit for the data sample. The choice of copula may significantly impact the bivariate quantiles. Indeed, this study indicates that there is a huge difference in the joint return period estimation using the families of extreme value copulas and no upper tail copulas (Frank, Clayton and Gaussian) if there exists asymptotic dependence in the flood characteristics. This study suggests that the copula function should be selected based on the dependence structure of the variables. From the results, it is observed that the result from tail dependence test is very useful in selecting the appropriate copula for modelling the joint dependence structure of flood variables. The extreme value copulas with upper tail dependence have proved that they are appropriate models for the dependence structure of the flood characteristics and Frank, Clayton and Gaussian copulas are the appropriate copula models in case of variables which are diagnosed as asymptotic independence. 相似文献
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总结中国工程水利、环境水利、资源水利、生态水利发展沿革，分析国内外生态水利研究进展、发展趋势及其特点，指出生态水利是人类社会发展到生态文明时代水资源利用的一种新途径和方式，以尊重和维护生态环境为主旨，开发水利、发展经济，为人类社会可持续发展服务。阐述了广义生态水利的内涵、定义和发展模式及其过程和维度，并提出以下结论和观点：①生态水利将水资源和水循环调控作为重要生态要素，从流域生态系统能量交换、生物链接、结构平衡、循环转化全视角开展研究，探索既能满足人类社会需求，又能兼顾水生态系统健康和良性发展的生态水利措施和方法。②建立了水利工程"规划设计—建设管理—运行调度"全过程、全生命周期的工程安全和生态安全保障体系，特别是将生态调度纳入水利工程全"服役期"，其中"后坝工时代"实施全流域大尺度生态调度，是生态保护和恢复最有效的措施。③从"生态环境-社会经济-水循环调控"三个维度，在生态文明视野下的国土空间规划治理体系中，科学把控生态水利的空间定位，促进"三生空间"优化布局，保障"三生用水"合理配置，优化"三生关系"耦合协调，实现生态保护和高质量发展，推动生态水利事业创新发展。 相似文献
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Intense rainstorms in 2008 resulted in wide-spread flooding across the Midwestern United States. In Wisconsin, floodwater inundated a 17.7-km2 area on an outwash terrace, 7.5 m above the mapped floodplain of the Wisconsin River. Surface-water runoff initiated the flooding, but results of field investigation and modeling indicate that rapid water-table rise and groundwater inundation caused the long-lasting flood far from the riparian floodplain. Local geologic and geomorphic features of the landscape lead to spatial variability in runoff and recharge to the unconfined sand and gravel aquifer, and regional hydrogeologic conditions increased groundwater discharge from the deep bedrock aquifer to the river valley. Although reports of extreme cases of groundwater flooding are uncommon, this occurrence had significant economic and social costs. Local, state and federal officials required hydrologic analysis to support emergency management and long-term flood mitigation strategies. Rapid, sustained water-table rise and the resultant flooding of this high-permeability aquifer illustrate a significant aspect of groundwater system response to an extreme precipitation event. Comprehensive land-use planning should encompass the potential for water-table rise and groundwater flooding in a variety of hydrogeologic settings, as future changes in climate may impact recharge and the water-table elevation. 相似文献
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Mabel C. Marulanda Omar D. Cardona Miguel G. Mora Alex H. Barbat 《Natural Hazards》2014,74(3):2071-2088
Understanding and evaluating disaster risk due to natural hazard events such as earthquakes creates powerful incentives for countries to develop planning options and tools to reduce potential damages. The use of models for earthquake risk evaluation allows obtaining outputs such as the loss exceedance curve, the expected annual loss and the probable maximum loss, which are probabilistic metrics useful for risk analyses, for designing strategies for risk reduction and mitigation, for emergency response strategies and for risk financing. This article presents, based on probabilistic risk models, the design and implementation of a risk transfer instrument to cover the private buildings of the city of Manizales, Colombia. This voluntary collective instrument provides financial protection to both, the estate tax payers and the low-income homeowners through a cross-subsidy strategy; besides, it promotes not only the insurance culture but also the solidarity of the community. The city administration and the insurance industry are promoting this program using the mechanism of the property tax payment. This collective insurance helps the government to access key resources for low-income householders recovery and improve disaster risk management at local level. 相似文献
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为有效应对日益严重的流域干旱问题,有必要开展面向干旱全过程的黄河流域干旱应对系统研究。基于干旱演变过程设计了干旱指数,通过天气预报模型、回归分析等进行干旱、需水与径流预报;设置多年调节水库旱限水位,实现水资源年际补偿;识别洪水和泥沙分期特征,采用分期汛限水位增加洪水资源利用量;建立了梯级水库群协同优化调度模型,调配抗旱水源。算例结果显示:黄河流域干旱应对系统能够平衡年际间的干旱损失以避免重度破坏,与实际情况相比,在重旱的2014年增加抗旱水源22.40亿m^3。建立的干旱应对系统已应用于黄河流域抗旱实践,提升了流域应对干旱的水资源调控能力。 相似文献
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潍坊市寒亭区在组织实施土地整理项目的过程中,在确保新增耕地率、提高耕地质量的同时,把水利设施建设放在首位。针对不同的地理位置,不同的地形地貌,不同的土壤结构,不同的水资源优势,因地制宜,因势利导,修建了符合项目区特色、有针对性的水利设施,使农作物经受住了冬春大旱考验。 相似文献
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南方红壤丘陵区洪涝和季节性干旱灾害并存,合理划分汛、枯水期可为旱涝灾害防控提供科学依据。本文选取并统计赣江上中游国家气象站、水文站旬最大1日降水量、旬最大3日降水量、旬降水总量和旬平均流量,采用集对分析,将赣江上中游流域汛期划分为2月1~28日为汛前期,3月1~31日为前汛期,4月1日~6月30日为主汛期,7月1日~9月10日为汛后期,9月11日~次年1月31日为枯水期。集对分析汛期分期结果与传统汛期相近,理论基础完善,可用于赣江上中游流域水资源综合管理。 相似文献