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1.
近年来陆续有报道发现长江中游河湖平原广泛分布着高砷地下水,鄱阳湖平原与江北平原（古彭蠡泽）作为长江中游南北两岸典型的河湖平原,其地下水资源丰富,但砷的空间分布规律尚不清楚,区域供水安全存在风险.本研究在两个区域系统采集98个浅层地下水（< 40 m）样品和8个地表水样品,通过水化学、氢氧稳定同位素分析,查明地下水中砷的空间分布异质性及其影响因素.研究发现江北平原浅层地下水砷含量为0.65~956.72 μg/L（平均值210.78 μg/L）,高砷地下水集中分布于长江古河道;鄱阳湖平原浅层地下水砷含量为0.09~267.45 μg/L（平均值11.85 μg/L）,高砷地下水仅分布于赣江三角洲局部地区.江北平原地下水δD与δ18O值相对鄱阳湖平原更偏负,且与地表水的差异更大.地下水化学及主成分分析结果表明物源和含水层结构差异是影响鄱阳湖平原和江北平原砷空间分布异质性的关键因素,来自长江物源的古彭蠡泽区域沉积物为高砷含水层的形成提供了物质来源,湖相含水层中含砷铁氧化物的还原性溶解是地下水砷富集的主要过程.地下水氢氧稳定同位素指示江北平原较鄱阳湖平原地下水赋存环境更封闭,地下水循环交替速度缓慢,有利于砷的富集. 相似文献
2.
微生物参与铁氧化物矿物的还原性溶解是高砷地下水形成的关键过程,其中具有砷还原功能的微生物如何参与含水层砷释放的生物地球化学过程亟待研究.利用从江汉平原典型高砷含水层中厌氧条件下分离出的四株细菌(Citrobacter sp.JH-1、Clostridium sp.JH-6、Exiguobacterium sp.JH-13、Paenibacillus sp.JH-33),通过室内厌氧模拟培养实验,查明其砷、铁还原能力,并通过分别与铁氧化物矿物及原位沉积物共同培养,探究原位含水层微生物参与的砷释放机理.结果表明:四株细菌均具有厌氧条件下砷、铁还原功能,Citrobacter sp.JH-1砷还原能力最强,96 h内还原的As(Ⅴ)浓度为2.22 μmol/L.其中Citrobacter sp.JH-1不仅可在厌氧和有氧条件下还原溶液中的As(Ⅴ),还可在厌氧条件下还原溶液中的Fe(Ⅲ)和无定型的水铁矿,在与含水层沉积物共培养12 d后,沉积物中铁与砷的释放量分别为510 mg/kg及1 150 μg/kg.江汉平原含水层中的原位微生物兼具砷/铁还原功能,在厌氧条件下可还原沉积物中的铁氧化物矿物并促进砷的释放,为深入揭示高砷地下水成因机理与地下水砷污染的防控提供重要科学依据. 相似文献
3.
高砷含水层沉积物矿物学特征及砷的活化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用X射线衍射和X射线荧光分析、沉积物序列提取试验及矿物饱和度的计算,对采自江汉平原中部沙湖地区典型高砷含水层钻孔沉积物样品矿物学进行了分析,并讨论了控制含水层中砷释放和迁移的地球化学机制.对矿物在沉积物与土壤中的分布及组成的对比分析,在一定程度上指示了矿物赋存环境和/或高砷水形成的环境背景:土壤与沉积物中高岭石以低于其他3种粘土矿物的含量普遍存在,指示了含水层沉积物形成过程江汉平原存在一定的湿热古气候环境;沉积物绿泥石含量低于土壤中绿泥石,恰恰反映了土壤比沉积物略强的碱性环境;沉积物中黄铁矿的存在,显示了含水层局部的强还原性环境,指示地下水中广泛存在的Fe2+容易与二价硫发生沉淀并结合砷.砷主要以无定形铁锰氧化物结合态(平均在31％以上)形式存在,其次以碳酸盐和有机质结合态存在.无定形铁锰氧化物的还原溶解可能是控制砷迁移到地下水中主要的地球化学机制.相对高含量的绿泥石容易在含水层中发生风化,其溶解过程可以将铁释放到地下水中,从而成为影响地下水中砷活化的潜在因素. 相似文献
4.
江汉平原高砷含水层沉积物地球化学特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选取江汉平原典型地下水砷中毒区仙桃市沙湖原种场为研究区,对3个长50m的钻孔沉积物砷含量与赋存形态及其他化学组成进行了分析。结果表明区内沉积物砷质量分数为1.35~107.5mg/kg(平均值为12.8mg/kg)。黏土或亚黏土层中砷含量较高,这与细粒沉积物中铁锰氧化物、黏土矿物对砷的吸附有关。地下20m左右深度内含水层沉积物中砷含量最高,相应地下水中砷质量浓度高达到1 000μg/L。草酸-草酸铵选择性提取结果指示沉积物中10%~77%(平均38%)的As与无定形铁氢氧化物结合,表明无定形铁氢氧化物还原性溶解可能是控制砷释放与还原的主要地球化学过程,并且有机质生物氧化机制极大地促进了该过程。然而,沉积物中仅1.2%~23%的铁被草酸-草酸铵提取,含水层中砷浓度主要受铁的氢氧化物还原性溶解影响,但其他形式的铁、有机物的吸附作用亦控制着砷的含量。 相似文献
5.
通过对高砷地下水典型区完整地质单元不同深度含水层地下水进行监测,分析了与砷释放、迁移和富集有关的敏感因素（水位、Eh、总铁、亚铁等）的时间和空间变化规律,探讨了高砷地下水的形成机理。结果发现,地下水灌溉区和黄河水灌溉区,地下水水位均受人为灌溉活动的影响。地下水砷含量在空间和时间尺度上发生有规律的变化。在空间尺度上,地下水中砷含量随着深度的增加而升高,井深小于10 m的地下水砷含量在1.88～2.58 μg/L;井深在10~15 m之间的地下水中砷含量在18.2～217 μg/L;井深在15~25 m之间的地下水中砷含量在38.3～226 μg/L。受人为灌溉影响,地下水中砷的含量会随着地下水位的抬升而升高。地下水砷含量随时间变化的原因是水位抬升使水位变化造成氧化还原环境改变。地下水系统中含砷铁氧化物矿物的还原性溶解、脱硫酸作用等是控制地下水砷含量的主要水文地球化学过程。 相似文献
6.
大同盆地砷中毒病区沉积物中砷的吸附行为和影响因素分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
沉积物对砷的吸附-解吸作用是控制砷在地下水中的迁移和转化的决定性因素。对砷中毒重病区大同盆地山胡县沉积物中砷的吸附行为和影响因素研究结果表明,沉积物对砷的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温模式,吸附量主要与沉积物颗粒大小、黏土矿物质量分数和类型、铁铝氧化物质量分数以及沉积物中As的质量分数有关,有机质质量分数对砷的吸附量影响需进一步深入研究。铝硅酸盐、铁铝氧化物质量分数较高且颗粒较细的黏土和亚黏土类沉积物对砷的吸附性较强;而铝硅酸盐、铁铝氧化物质量分数较低且颗粒较粗的细砂和粉砂类沉积物对砷的吸附性较差,其所处的含水层也是形成高砷地下水的主要含水层。pH值为5．5～8．0时,砷的吸附量最大。大同盆地高砷地下水pH条件非常不利于沉积物中砷的吸附,易形成高砷地下水。该区地下水10℃左右的温度条件非常有利于沉积物对砷的吸附,但由于影响因素较多,且地下水的温度在不同季节会发生一定的变化,其产生的影响还有待进一步研究。 相似文献
7.
干旱内陆盆地高砷含量的地下水威胁着当地饮用水安全，其形成机制尚不完全清楚。为厘清这类高砷地下水的形成机制，本文以河套平原西部地下水为研究对象，分析其中As等部分氧化还原敏感元素含量和氢、氧同位素组成(δD和δ18O)。结果表明，地下水样的As的质量浓度为1.5～155μg/L(均值为36.7μg/L),超半数样品超过10μg/L,主要分布于盆地中部的浅层含水层。水样的氢、氧同位素组成和离子间的相关性分析表明，虽然蒸发浓缩作用导致地下水富集Na+和Cl-,但对As的富集影响不显著；在偏碱性环境中因解吸附作用产生的As进入地下水，对As的富集有一定贡献；负载As的铁氧化物还原性溶解和沉积物中的As(V)还原性解吸附是地下水中As富集的主要原因；强还原环境中，硫酸盐还原作用形成的硫代砷可能会促使As在地下水中高度富集。 相似文献
8.
硫酸盐还原菌是厌氧环境中参与砷形态转化的重要微生物种群,其介导的生物地球化学循环过程对铁氧化物表面吸附态砷迁移转化的影响亟待深入研究.选取江汉平原典型高砷含水层原位沉积物分离纯化出一株严格厌氧硫酸盐还原菌Desulfovibrio JH-S1,对其进行砷和铁还原能力鉴定,并通过模拟培养实验探究硫酸盐还原菌参与下的铁矿物相转化对吸附态砷迁移的影响.Desulfovibrio JH-S1具有Fe(III)还原能力,无硫和有硫体系中Fe(III)均能被还原,但在硫酸盐充足条件下铁还原量显著增加;该菌株不具备As(V)还原能力,但添加硫酸盐的培养体系中As(V)去除率可达96%以上.Desulfovibrio JH-S1能够还原硫酸盐从而促进载砷的水铁矿还原转化为纤铁矿,并导致吸附的砷释放.江汉平原高砷含水层土著硫酸盐还原菌兼具硫酸盐/铁还原功能,参与了高砷含水层系统中砷-铁-硫耦合循环,对高砷地下水的形成具有重要作用. 相似文献
9.
宁夏银川平原是继河套平原之后,在黄河流域发现的又一个高砷地下水分布区.为了总结其高砷地下水的水化学特征,并探索水化学因素对地下水砷释放和富集的影响机制,本文以银川平原北部（银北平原）作为典型研究区,采取野外水文地质调查、水样采集与测试、砷与水化学组分散点图相关分析及水文地球化学方法进行了综合研究.结果表明,银北平原地下水砷含量在0.2~177 μg/L之间;高砷地下水（大于50 μg/L） pH值多在7.5~8.5,水化学类型主要为HCO3-Na·Ca、Cl·HCO3-Na及Cl·HCO3-Na·Ca型,Eh多在-200~-100 mV.银北平原砷含量较高的地下水中COD、NH4+、HCO3-含量相应也较高,而NO3-和SO42-含量较低.高砷富有机质的冲-湖积含水层经过长期演化,形成偏碱性的中强还原性地下水环境和特殊的水化学特征,也具备极大的砷释放能力.较高的pH导致砷从铁锰氧化物或氢氧化物等水合物或黏土矿物表面解吸.其次部分铁锰氧化物在高pH、低Eh条件下可被还原为低价态可溶性铁锰,从而使与其结合的砷也得以释放进入地下水中.此外重碳酸根与砷酸根、亚砷酸根的竞争吸附行为促使含水层砷的解吸. 相似文献
10.
水体中溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter, DOM)是含水层中砷释放的主控因素之一.江汉平原河湖众多、沟渠广布,地表水体与浅层地下水的交互作用使得DOM的组分特征及其强度有显著差异.为查明江汉平原地下水中溶解性有机质在砷迁移转化过程中的作用,对江汉平原地表水和浅层地下水进行三维荧光光谱分析,使用平行因子分析法提取水体中有机质的分子组成、功能特点和荧光特征,并分析各组分相对含量与地下水中砷与铁的关联.江汉平原水体中DOM包括3种主要组分,组分C1、C2为类腐殖质,C2是生物降解过程中产生的小分子,C3为类蛋白物质.地下水DOM以类腐殖质组分C1、C2为主,地表水以类蛋白类物质C3和小分子腐殖质C2为主.高砷地下水中DOM以陆源为主,主要通过两种途径促进As的迁移转化:(1) DOM的腐殖质组分充当微生物群落的电子运输工具,促进微生物作用下的有机质氧化和铁氧化物的还原,并伴随As的释放及大量溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)和HCO3-的产生;(2) As以铁等金属阳离子为桥接物与腐殖质结合,通过形成As-Fe-DOM络合物,导致地下水中砷的迁移. 相似文献
11.
P. K. Sikdar P. Sahu S. P. Sinha Ray A. Sarkar S. Chakraborty 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(4):1863-1879
A heterogeneous anisotropic steady-state groundwater flow model for the multi-aquifer system of a part of southern Bengal Basin shows that human intervention has changed the natural groundwater flow system. At present, the shallow groundwater flow is restricted within the aquifer, with very short travel time of tens of years and vertical path length. The deep aquifer is fed by surface water or rainwater from distant locations with travel time of thousands of years and has no hydraulic connection with the arsenic-rich shallow aquifer. Numerical simulations indicate that the future pumping of deep groundwater is not likely to drive in arsenic from the shallow aquifer. Therefore, new wells may be installed in the deep aquifer. High pumping of shallow unpolluted aquifer consisting of brown sand will drive in groundwater containing organic matter from the post-Last Glacial Maximum aquifer-aquitard system. The organic matter drives reduction of manganese oxides at strip interfaces between palaeo-channel and palaeo-interfluve. After the completion of manganese reduction, FeOOH reduction may take place in the marginal palaeo-interfluvial aquifer and release sorbed arsenic. Arsenic then moves into the interior of palaeo-interfluvial aquifer polluting its fresh groundwater. Arsenic migration rates ranges between 0.21 and 6.3 and 1.3 × 10?2 and 0.4 m/year in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Therefore, palaeo-interfluvial aquifer will remain arsenic-free for hundreds to thousands of years to supply safe drinking water. 相似文献
12.
查明地下水中砷的时间变异性规律及机理是高砷地下水研究的难点和热点, 也是防控地下水砷污染的根本.选择在雨季前后对浅层潜水和孔隙承压水进行了动态监测.研究表明地下水砷含量和形态与地下水位波动存在明显的响应关系: 雨季开始后随着地下水位抬升, 地下水还原环境增强, As(Ⅴ)和Asp转化成As(Ⅲ), 颗粒态铁大幅降低, 导致水中溶解的砷和铁大幅增加, 地下水砷含量在雨季达到最高且As(Ⅲ)所占比例达到90%;雨季结束后随着水位逐渐降低, 地下水中As(Ⅲ)所占比例和溶解的砷含量下降.农业活动对浅层潜水砷形态季节性变化有明显的影响.孔隙承压水的砷形态分布变化较浅层潜水幅度大, 其变化与水位波动存在滞后效应.自然或人为活动引起的地下水位季节性变化改变了含水层的氧化还原环境, 补给水源与地下水之间的混合过程带来新的物质输入促进地下水系统中砷的迁移转化. 相似文献
13.
N. Janardhana Raju 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2012,79(3):302-314
The study area covers an about 100 km2 of the middle Ganga plain in Uttar Pradesh, experiencing intensive groundwater extraction. In order to recognize the arsenic
contamination zones of the Varanasi environs, sixty eight groundwater samples have been collected and analyzed for major ions,
iron and arsenic. Twenty one sediment samples in the four boreholes were also collected to deduce the source of arsenic in
the groundwater. The preliminary survey reports for the first time indicates that part of rural and urban population of Varanasi
environs are drinking and using for irrigation arsenic contaminated water mostly from hand tube wells (<70 m). The study area
is a part of middle Ganga plain which comprises of Quaternary alluvium consists of an alternating succession of clay, clayey
silt and sand deposits. The high arsenic content in groundwater samples of the study area indicates that 14% of the samples
are exceeding the 10 μg/l and 5% of the samples are exceeding 50 μg/l. The high arsenic concentration is found in the villages
such as Bahadurpur, Madhiya, Bhojpur, Ratanpur, Semra, Jalilpur, Kateswar, Bhakhara and Kodupur (eastern side of Ganga River
in Varanasi), situated within the newer alluvium deposited during middle Holocene to Recent. The older alluvial aquifers situated
in the western side of the Ganga River are arsenic safe (maximum As concentration of 9 μg/l) though the borehole sediments
shows high arsenic (mean 5.2 mg/kg) and iron content (529 mg/kg) in shallow and medium depths. This may be due to lack of
reducing conditions (i.e organic content) for releasing arsenic into the groundwater. Rainfall infiltration, organic matter
from recently accumulated biomass from flood prone belt in the newer alluvium plays a critical role in releasing arsenic and
iron present in sediments. The main mechanism for the release of As into groundwater in the Holocene sandy aquifer sediments
of Varanasi environs may be due to the reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxide present as coatings on sand grains as well
as altered mica content. The high societal problems of this study will help to mitigate the severity of arsenic contamination
by providing alternate drinking water resources to the people in middle Ganga plain and to arrange permanent arsenic safe
drinking water source by the authorities. 相似文献
14.
M. Chitsazan M. S. Dorraninejad A. Zarasvandi S. Y. Mirzaii 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(4):727-737
Groundwater in some deep wells of Maydavood aquifer, southwestern Iran, contains relatively high concentrations of arsenic.
Detailed hydrochemical analysis of these groundwaters (with ICP-OES instrument) showed that concentrations of iron, manganese,
nickel, and vanadium are also high in them and concentrations of total arsenic in 81% of deep wells are greater than World
Health Organization’s permissible value (10 ppb). XRF analysis of surrounding geological formations and aquifer sediments
proposed that original source of arsenic in aquifer material can be attributed to minerals from Asmari Formation. It appears
that a key mechanism for arsenic mobilizing to deep wells is microbial biodegradation of petroleum related organic matters
(PROMs), which exist in aquifer sediments and originates from the bedrock of the aquifer (Gachsaran Formation). This process
is followed by microbially mediated reductive dissolution of arsenic-bearing iron/manganese oxyhydroxides/oxides and further
by nickel and vanadium mobilizing to groundwater. According to hydrogeochemical conditions and cluster analysis, water wells
in Maydavood aquifer are divided to four subgroups: the wells with mildly reducing condition (subgroup I), moderately reducing
condition (subgroup II), reducing condition (subgroup III), and high reducing condition (subgroup IV). Affected wells to arsenic
are belonged to subgroups III and IV. 相似文献
15.
Hydrogeochemistry and arsenic contamination of groundwater in the Rayen area, southeastern Iran 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
High As contents in groundwater were found in Rayen area and chosen for a detailed hydrogeochemical study. A total of 121 groundwater samples were collected from existing tube wells in the study areas in January 2012 and analyzed. Hydrogeochemical data of samples suggested that the groundwater is mostly Na–Cl type; also nearly 25.62 % of samples have arsenic concentrations above WHO permissible value (10 μg/l) for drinking waters with maximum concentration of aqueous arsenic up to 25,000 μg/l. The reducing conditions prevailing in the area and high arsenic concentration correlated with high bicarbonate and pH. Results show that arsenic is released into groundwater by two major phenomena: (1) through reduction of arsenic-bearing iron oxides/oxyhydroxides and Fe may be precipitated as iron sulfide when anoxic conditions prevail in the aquifer sediments and (2) transferring of As into the water system during water–acidic volcanic rock interactions. 相似文献
16.
Influences of groundwater extraction on flow dynamics and arsenic levels in the western Hetao Basin,Inner Mongolia,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zhuo Zhang Huaming Guo Weiguang Zhao Shuai Liu Yongsheng Cao Yongfeng Jia 《Hydrogeology Journal》2018,26(5):1499-1512
Data on spatiotemporal variations in groundwater levels are crucial for understanding arsenic (As) behavior and dynamics in groundwater systems. Little is known about the influences of groundwater extraction on the transport and mobilization of As in the Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia (China), so groundwater levels were recorded in five monitoring wells from 2011 to 2016 and in 57 irrigation wells and two multilevel wells in 2016. Results showed that groundwater level in the groundwater irrigation area had two troughs each year, induced by extensive groundwater extraction, while groundwater levels in the river-diverted (Yellow River) water irrigation area had two peaks each year, resulting from surface-water irrigation. From 2011 to 2016, groundwater levels in the groundwater irrigation area presented a decreasing trend due to the overextraction. Groundwater samples were taken for geochemical analysis each year in July from 2011 to 2016. Increasing trends were observed in groundwater total dissolved solids (TDS) and As. Owing to the reverse groundwater flow direction, the Shahai Lake acts as a new groundwater recharge source. Lake water had flushed the near-surface sediments, which contain abundant soluble components, and increased groundwater salinity. In addition, groundwater extraction induced strong downward hydraulic gradients, which led to leakage recharge from shallow high-TDS groundwater to the deep semiconfined aquifer. The most plausible explanation for similar variations among As, Fe(II) and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations is the expected dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. 相似文献
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Xiaosi Su Shuai Lu Wenzhen Yuan Nam Chil Woo Zhenxue Dai Weihong Dong Shanghai Du Xinyue Zhang 《Hydrogeology Journal》2018,26(5):1573-1589
The spatial and temporal distribution of redox zones in an aquifer is important when designing groundwater supply systems. Redox zonation can have direct or indirect control of the biological and chemical reactions and mobility of pollutants. In this study, redox conditions are characterized by interpreting the hydrogeological conditions and water chemistry in groundwater during bank infiltration at a site in Shenyang, northeast China. The relevant redox processes and zonal differences in a shallow flow path and deeper flow path at the field scale were revealed by monitoring the redox parameters and chemistry of groundwater near the Liao River. The results show obvious horizontal and vertical components of redox zones during bank filtration. Variations in the horizontal extent of the redox zone were controlled by the different permeabilities of the riverbed sediments and aquifer with depth. Horizontally, the redox zone was situated within 17 m of the riverbank for the shallow flow path and within 200 m for the deep flow path. The vertical extent of the redox zone was affected by precipitation and seasonal river floods and extended to 10 m below the surface. During bank filtration, iron and manganese oxides or hydroxides were reductively dissolved, and arsenic that was adsorbed onto the medium surface or coprecipitated is released into the groundwater. This leads to increased arsenic content in groundwater, which poses a serious threat to water supply security. 相似文献