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1.
新疆东准噶尔南明水金矿床位于卡拉麦里成矿带东段,矿体受NW—NWW向韧-脆性断裂控制,赋矿围岩为下石炭统姜巴斯套组的浅变质海相火山碎屑-沉积岩。以流体包裹体和氢、氧同位素为研究手段,查明了矿床成矿流体性质、来源及其演化特征与金成矿的关系。其热液成矿过程可划分早、中、晚3个阶段,石英中原生包裹体主要有CO2-H2O包裹体、水溶液包裹体和纯CO2包裹体3种类型。早阶段石英中以CO2-H2O包裹体和纯CO2包裹体为主,均一温度变化于257~339 ℃,盐度为04%~22%;中阶段石英中3种类型包裹体均发育,CO2-H2O包裹体和水溶液包裹体均一温度为196~361 ℃,盐度为04%~60%;晚阶段石英中仅见水溶液包裹体,均一温度相对较低,为174~252 ℃,盐度为14%~32%。由CO2-H2O包裹体计算的早、中阶段捕获压力分别为214~371 MPa、236~397 MPa,对应的成矿深度分别为81~140 km、89~150 km。成矿流体由早、中阶段的CO2-H2O-NaCl±CH4体系演化至晚阶段贫CO2的H2O-NaCl体系,成矿温度和流体密度呈逐渐降低趋势,盐度变化不大。流体包裹体和氢、氧同位素研究表明,主成矿阶段成矿流体主要来源于变质水,CO2-H2O-NaCl流体的不混溶是导致Au富集成矿的重要机制,南明水金矿属于中深成造山型金矿床。 相似文献
2.
辽宁高家堡子银矿床流体包裹体研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
高家堡子银矿床经历了沉积—变质期和热液叠加期。包裹体岩相学研究表明,沉积—变质期不发育可供研究的流体包裹体,热液叠加期发育大量原生流体包裹体,其中石英—黄铁矿阶段主要发育型气液两相、型含CO2三相、型单CO2及型单液相包裹体,包裹体均一温度为136~359℃,盐度为3.1%~15.9%NaCleq,成矿流体属NaCl-H2O-CO2体系;独立银阶段主要发育型气液两相和型单液相包裹体,包裹体均一温度、盐度分别为114~190℃,2.0%~5.5%NaCleq,属低温、低盐度NaCl-H2O流体体系。通过与矿区新岭岩体中流体对比研究发现,两者存在一定的相似性,表明成矿阶段流体主要来自岩浆热液,在成矿过程中,成矿流体经历了早期阶段不混溶作用到晚期阶段地下水的混合过程。流体的不混溶作用到混合过程对银的沉淀成矿产生了重要影响。 相似文献
3.
河南灵宝大湖金钼矿床位于小秦岭金矿田,属断裂控制的石英脉矿床。为了解大湖金钼矿矿床成因,对大湖早、中和晚阶段石英中的流体包裹体进行了显微岩相学、显微测温及拉曼光谱分析。分析结果表明:成矿早阶段主要发育水溶液和CO_2-H_2O型包裹体及少量的纯CO_2包裹体;中阶段主要发育CO_2-H_2O、水溶液和含子晶包裹体,纯CO_2包裹体发育很少;晚阶段主要发育水溶液包裹体。早阶段原生CO_2-H_2O型包裹体的均一温度为209~414℃,盐度为1.4%~12.8%;中阶段原生CO_2-H_2O型、水溶液包裹体的均一温度分别为201~380℃和202~333℃,盐度分别为0.6%~12.5%NaCleqv和4.4%~12.2%NaCleqv。估算的早、中阶段CO_2-H_2O型包裹体捕获压力分别为106~217.2 MPa和90.3~128.7 MPa。成矿流体具中高温、中深成、低盐度、富CO_2的特征,表明其为造山型矿床。 相似文献
4.
贵州泥堡金矿床流体包裹体特征及其成矿意义 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为揭示泥堡金矿床的成因机制,本文对泥堡金矿床两类矿体中的萤石、方解石中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微热力学和单个包裹体成分的激光拉曼显微探针分析。结果表明,层控型矿体为早期成矿阶段的产物,其中的脉石矿物萤石中发育了气液两相水溶液包裹体、含CO2包裹体,其均一温度为220~260℃,盐度为0.00%~2.00%NaCleq,密度为0.54~1.03g/cm3;断裂带型矿体方解石中发育气液两相水溶液包裹体、含CO2气液两相包裹体和含子矿物的三相包裹体,其均一温度主要为100~200℃,盐度为3.00%~6.00%NaCleq,密度为0.69~1.00g/cm3。计算得到早期成矿阶段流体捕获压力为40~80MPa,成矿深度为1.5~3.0km;断裂带型矿体中流体的捕获压力为30~40MPa,成矿深度为1.0~2.5km。反映出初始流体的中-低温、低盐度、低密度并含CO2及CH4、N2等有机气体成分的特点。流体混合是导致成矿早期阶段矿质初步富集形成层控型矿体的原因,后期的断裂带活动引发的流体沸腾是形成断裂带型矿体的原因。 相似文献
5.
小尖山金矿床产于东天山康古尔韧性剪切带南缘,对该矿床流体特征和矿床成因类型了解较少。矿区普遍发育低绿片岩相变质,矿床由多条走向为100°~120°的陡倾斜蚀变岩型矿体组成,金平均品位3.11×10-6~24.99×10-6;成矿过程可划分为3个阶段:(1)黄铁矿-磁铁矿-绿泥石-绢云母-石英阶段;(2)黄铁矿-黄铜矿-自然金-石英-绿泥石阶段;(3)石英-方解石-贫硫化物阶段。本文通过对矿床不同成矿阶段石英脉内发育的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温与氢氧同位素研究分析,发现矿床主要发育H2O-CO2及气液两相流体包裹体,从早至晚成矿过程中流体内CO2包裹体逐渐减少,气液两相包裹体内气液比逐渐减小。各成矿阶段包裹体显微测温结果表明,从早至晚成矿流体均一温度分别为216.9~396.4℃、183.1~319.2℃与145.1~220.8℃;成矿流体盐度分别为1.40%~10.11%NaCleq、1.91%~11.22%NaCleq与1.63%~6.74%NaCleq,成矿流体属于中低温、中低盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2体系,并经历了从中温、中盐度流体向低温、低盐度流体的演化过程;成矿早阶段流体的δDV-SMOW值为-22.550‰,δ18O水值为9.44‰,指示变质水成因;成矿晚阶段δDV-SMOW值介于-41.913‰~-34.796‰之间,平均值为-37.413‰,δ18O水值介于1.99‰~3.98‰之间,平均值为2.99‰,指示混合水成因,但接近变质水;成矿流体主要为变质水,成矿早阶段至晚阶段具有从变质水向混合水演化的特征。综合分析,小尖山金矿床成因类型为造山型金矿,其成矿模式为早期韧性剪切变形过程中产生的变质流体在运移过程中萃取岩石中成矿物质,形成含金成矿流体,并在糜棱岩面理等裂隙处发生结晶作用,导致金的初步富集;晚期地壳快速抬升,地质体由韧性变形向脆-韧性、脆性变形转变,伴随有花岗岩脉的侵入,变质流体在运移过程中从流经岩石中淋滤萃取金等成矿物质,形成含矿流体,岩浆水、大气降水的混入以及深度、压力的降低使得流体内的成矿物质在裂隙或断层发育的有利地段卸载沉淀,形成金矿体。 相似文献
6.
新疆西天山木祖克矽卡岩型铅锌矿床流体包裹体研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究木祖克铅锌矿床成因,探讨成矿流体特征及其演化规律,本文在野外地质调查的基础上,对成矿各阶段脉石矿物的流体包裹体进行了研究。结果表明,热液矿物中的包裹体类型丰富,主要为气液水两相包裹体和含NaCl子矿物的多相包裹体,后者主要发育于Ⅰ阶段石榴子石和Ⅱ阶段绿帘石中。由Ⅰ→Ⅱ→Ⅲ→Ⅳ阶段,包裹体均一温度(330~568℃→299~416℃→181~320℃→137~196℃)和盐度(38.8%~49.8%NaCleq→34.8%~38.4%NaCleq→1.4%~11.46%NaCleq→1.1%~5.6%NaCleq)有明显降低趋势。Ⅰ阶段石榴子石和Ⅱ阶段绿帘石中发育气液水包裹体和含NaCl子晶的多相包裹体,Ⅲ阶段石英中的气液水包裹体与同期次的纯液相水包裹体、纯气相水包裹体共生,且均一温度相近;各阶段成矿流体均发生过不混溶作用,其中Ⅲ阶段成矿流体的不混溶作用导致方铅矿、闪锌矿等的析出并富集成矿。 相似文献
7.
甘肃阳山金矿流体包裹体地球化学和矿床成因类型 总被引：16，自引：19，他引：16
西秦岭造山带内的甘肃阳山金矿是我国最新发现的规模最大的金矿床。矿床受 EW 韧脆性剪切带控制,赋矿围岩为泥盆系碳质碳酸盐-千枚岩-板岩和侵入其中的花岗斑岩脉。流体成矿过程包括:形成石英-绢云母-黄铁矿组合的早阶段,形成石英-黄铁矿-毒砂和石英-毒砂-黄铁矿以及石英-碳酸盐-辉锑矿-自然金组合的主成矿阶段,形成碳酸盐-石英网脉的晚阶段。早阶段流体包裹体以含 CO_2包裹体为主,CO_2含量为7.3%～21.5mol%,均一温度集中于270℃～300℃,盐度<3wt.%NaCl eqv;主阶段发育纯 CO_2包襄体、水溶液包裹体和少量含 CO_2包裹体,均一温度集中于210℃～270℃,盐度集中在<2 wt.%NaCl eqv 和3～5 wt.%NaCl eqv 两个范围;晚阶段只发育水溶液包裹体,均一温度集中在160℃～210℃,盐度<3 wt.%NaCl eqv。主阶段流体包裹体类型的多样性、相似的均一温度和流体盐度的双峰特征均指示流体沸腾现象的存在,其流体包裹体捕获温度为210℃～375℃,压力为85～222MPa;赋矿断层的阀门式活动导致主阶段流体系统交替于静岩和静水压力之间,成矿深度为8.5km 左右,成矿流体系统发育在早侏罗世大陆碰撞造山过程。矿床地质特征类似于卡林型金矿。但赋存于蚀变花岗斑岩中矿体既非造山型,也不同于卡林型,成矿流体具造山型矿床特征。因此,阳山金矿可能代表一种新的金矿类型,建议称为"阳山型金矿"。 相似文献
8.
豫西吉家洼金矿成矿作用过程:来自成矿流体的约束 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
豫西吉家洼金矿位于熊耳山金多金属矿集区西部,是一构造蚀变岩-石英脉混合型金矿床。其热液成矿过程包括4个矿化阶段:黄铁矿-石英阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)和石英-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ)。通过流体包裹体显微测温、拉曼光谱和H、O同位素分析,获得了成矿流体的温度、盐度、密度和成矿流体的类型和来源,探讨了成矿作用的机理。其结果显示如下:Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段发育CO2三相包裹体和气液两相包裹体,Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段主要发育气液两相包裹体。从第Ⅰ阶段到Ⅳ阶段,流体包裹体的均一温度分别为232~333℃、143~266℃、135~227℃和106~166℃;对应的盐度为3.76%~16.05%、1.74%~17.34%、0.7%~17.26%和0.35%~11.34%。表明成矿流体由早阶段中低温、中低盐度的CO2-H2O-NaCl体系,向晚期的低温、低盐度的H2O-NaCl体系演化。H、O同位素组成特征显示,成矿流体以岩浆水为主,有不同比例大气降水混合。流体混合作用和流体不混溶作用是促使金发生沉淀、富集的重要因素,水-岩反应对金的沉淀也有促进作用。 相似文献
9.
赣南兴国县隆坪大型萤石矿床位于大余 南城深大断裂西侧兴国 宁都萤石成矿带内，呈板状、似层状、脉状产于永丰复式岩体外接触带北东向硅化破碎带中。本文划分了兴国县隆坪萤石矿床的成矿阶段，通过流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼成分分析和H O同位素研究，讨论了该矿床成矿流体性质、来源、演化与成矿模式。根据矿物穿插关系和矿相学特征，将隆坪萤石矿床划分为3个成矿阶段，即成矿早阶段(萤石 石英阶段)、成矿主阶段(石英 萤石阶段)和成矿晚阶段(萤石 方解石阶段)。流体包裹体类型主要为富液相两相包裹体，均一温度变化范围在111~374℃之间，盐度变化于0. 53%~3. 55%NaCleq之间 ，密度变化于0. 58~1. 02 g/cm3之间。包裹体成分以H2O为主。总体而言，成矿流体属于中低温、中低盐度、中低密度的NaCl H2O体系，但成矿早阶段存在高温、相对高盐度的流体端元(温度大于300℃，盐度为2. 0%~2. 7%NaCleq)，推断永丰复式岩体晚阶段岩浆热液参与早阶段萤石成矿作用，提供F的来源和热源。隆坪萤石矿床流体包裹体中的δDV SMOW和δ18OV SMOW值均较低，分别为-66. 8‰~-53. 1‰(平均值为-59. 5‰)和-5. 9‰~-3. 3‰ (平均值为-4. 6‰)，成矿流体主要来源于大气降水和地热水。成矿早阶段萤石沉淀机制主要为岩浆热液和大气降水混合与水 岩反应，而流体冷却作用是成矿主阶段和晚阶段萤石沉淀的主要机制。隆坪萤石矿床属断裂控矿、中低温热液裂隙充填型萤石矿床。 相似文献
10.
贵州丫他卡林型金矿床流体包裹体特征及其成矿意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黔西南丫他金矿床是典型的沉积岩容矿的微细浸染型金矿床。从流体包裹体的角度,探讨了丫他金矿床成矿的温度压力条件和流体演化。各阶段石英、雄黄的流体包裹体岩相学和显微测温研究结果表明:主成矿阶段包裹体主要类型有H2O、CO2和CO2-H2O包裹体,流体包裹体组合呈现CO2-H2O不混溶的特征,晚成矿阶段包裹体类型主要为H2O包裹体;从主成矿阶段到晚成矿阶段,流体包裹体均一温度由139～268℃变化至121～194℃,盐度由2.9%～7.4%变化至2.7%～6.6%。根据共存CO2包裹体和H2O包裹体的等容线计算法,还原主成矿期包裹体捕获温度为260～294℃,捕获压力为59～98 MPa。对比不同类型金矿床中的富CO2流体特征,指出黔西南卡林型金矿床中存在的富CO2流体可能在金的搬运过程中起到一定的作用,CO2-H2O相分离可能是导致矿质沉淀的主要原因。 相似文献
11.
Fluid infiltration and volume change during mid-crustal mylonitization of Proterozoic granite, King Island, Tasmania 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The development of 10–30 m wide mylonite zones at mid-crustal depths in late Proterozoic granitoids on King Island, Tasmania, was associated with pervasive infiltration of low δ18 O-fluids (+5 to +7) on the scale of the shear zones. Syndeformational fluid–rock interaction produced substantial differences in mineral composition and bulk rock chemistry among several adjacent shear zones which are hosted by the same granite. In a shear zone at Cape Wickham with a normal slip component, changes in whole-rock chemistry between granite and mylonites indicate a gain of Ca, and losses of K and Na during deformation, which was nearly isovolumetric. Notable losses of K, Rb and Si occurred during partial retrograde alteration of mylonites near the western margin of this shear zone. The alteration suggests a component of up-temperature fluid flow. In contrast, 3 km to the south east, in a strike-slip shear zone at Disappointment Bay, complete albitization of plagioclase was associated with Na-gain and Ca-loss. Deformation also involved losses of Mg and Fe. Up to 60% volume gain occurred during the formation of closely spaced mesoscopic to microscopic quartz veins during mylonitization. The substantial silica-gain in this, as well as in two mylonite zones further south east, is interpreted to have been associated with upward flow of aqueous fluids along these shear zones. On the basis of a gradient reaction model, minimum time-integrated fluid-fluxes of 106 m3 /m2 are estimated for the Disappointment Bay (West) Shear Zone. 相似文献
12.
石碌大型—超大型铁矿赋存于石碌群第六层中段条带状透辉石透闪石岩、铁质千枚岩和铁质砂岩中。铁矿体形态总体呈层状-似层状,沿地层走向连续分布,受石碌群第六层和北西向北一复向斜联合控制。矿床可划分为5期:海底喷溢沉积期、区域变质期、矽卡岩期、石英-硫化物期和表生期,石碌铁矿主要形成于喷溢沉积期和区域变质期。其中区域变形变质作用与古特斯洋沿着昌江-琼海断裂带向南俯冲及随后的与印支地块的碰撞作用有关,区域变形变质作用形成于印支期(约243Ma)。喷溢-沉积期包裹体为气液二相包裹体,均一温度多集中在150～210℃,盐度变化于0.71%～3.06%NaCl。矽卡岩早期阶段石榴子石、绿帘石和石英中包裹体均一温度变化范围宽,介于150～497℃,峰值出现于230～310℃、370～410℃和450～470℃3个区间,包裹体盐度变化于1.23%～22.31%NaCl,出现4%～7%NaCl、11%～13%NaCl和21%～22%NaCl 3个峰值区间。矽卡岩期晚期阶段石英和方解石中气液二相包裹体均一温度变化于155～286℃,峰值出现于170～210℃和230～250℃2个区间,包裹体盐度变化于1.40%～7.17%NaCl。含CO2三相包裹体均一温度变化于218～533℃,明显比气液二相包裹体高,包裹体盐度变化于4.98%～8.35%NaCl。石英-硫化物期石英和方解石中均一温度变化于151～462℃,峰值出现于170～250℃、290～310℃和370～390℃3个区间,包裹体盐度变化于1.05%～16.53%NaCl,有1%～4%NaCl和14%～17%NaCl二个区间。矽卡岩期早期阶段和晚期阶段石英同时出现气液二相包裹体、富CO2包裹体、含CO2三相包裹体,由流体不混溶作用所引起,成矿流体来源于岩浆流体。虽然矽卡岩期成矿流体能导致磁铁矿交代赤铁矿,但对铁矿的富集不起决定作用,相反导致矿石的贫化。 相似文献
13.
L. SIEBENALLER M. ‐C. BOIRON O. VANDERHAEGHE C. HIBSCH M. W. JESSELL A. ‐S. ANDRE‐MAYER C. FRANCE‐LANORD A. PHOTIADES 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2013,31(3):313-338
Fluid inclusions trapped in quartz veins hosted by a leucogneiss from the southern part of the Naxos Metamorphic Core Complex (Attic‐Cycladic‐Massif, Greece) were studied to determine the evolution of the fluid record of metamorphic rocks during their exhumation across the ductile/brittle transition. Three sets of quartz veins (V‐M2, V‐BD & V‐B) are distinguished. The V‐M2 and V‐BD are totally or, respectively, partially transposed into the foliation of the leucogneiss. They formed by hydrofracturing alternating with ductile deformation accommodated by crystal‐plastic deformation. The V‐B is discordant to the foliation and formed by fracturing during exhumation without subsequent ductile transposition. Fluids trapped during crystal–plastic deformation comprise two very distinct fluid types, namely a CO2‐rich fluid and a high‐salinity brine, that are interpreted to represent immiscible fluids generated from metamorphic reactions and the crystallization of magmas respectively. They were initially trapped at ～625 °C and 400 MPa and then remobilized during subsequent ductile deformation resulting in various degrees of mixing of the two end‐members with later trapping conditions of ～350 °C and 140 MPa. In contrast, brittle microcracks contain aqueous fluids trapped at 250 °C and 80 MPa. All veins display a similar δ13C pointing to carbon that was trapped at depth and then preserved in the fluid inclusions throughout the exhumation history. In contrast, the δD signature is marked by a drastic difference between (i) V‐M2 and V‐BD veins that are dominated by carbonic, aqueous‐carbonic and high‐salinity fluids of metamorphic and magmatic origin characterized by δD between ?56‰ and ?66‰, and (ii) V‐B veins that are dominated by aqueous fluids of meteoric origin characterized by δD between ?40‰ and ?46‰. The retrograde P–T pathway implies that the brittle/ductile transition separates two structurally, chemically and thermally distinct fluid reservoirs, namely (i) the ductile crust into which fluids originating from crystallizing magmas and fluids in equilibrium with metamorphic rocks circulate through a geothermal gradient of 30 °C km?1 at lithostatic pressure, and (ii) the brittle upper crust through which meteoric fluids percolate through a high geothermal gradient of 55 °C km?1 at hydrostatic pressure. 相似文献
14.
This contribution addresses contact metamorphism and fluid flow in calcareous rocks of the Neoproterozoic Shaler Supergroup on Victoria Island, Arctic Canada. These processes occurred due to intrusion of gabbroic sills and dykes at c. 720 Ma during the Franklin magmatic event, which was associated with the break‐up of Rodinia. The intrusive sheets (sills and dykes) are a few metres to ～50 m thick. Metasedimentary rocks were examined in three locations with very good exposures of vertical dykes feeding horizontal sills, the Northern Feeder Dyke (NFD) complex, the Southern Feeder Dyke (SFD) complex and the Uhuk Massif. In the NFD and SFD complexes, protoliths were limestones and dolostones with minor silicates, and at the Uhuk Massif, the protoliths were silty dolostones. At the time of magma emplacement, these locations were at depths of 1–4 km. The widths of contact aureoles are only several decametres wide, commensurate with thicknesses of the dykes and sills. Splays of tremolite mark incipient metamorphism. Highest grade rocks in the NFD and SFD complexes contain the prograde assemblage diopside + phlogopite whereas at Uhuk they contain the assemblage vesuvianite + garnet + diopside. The assemblages are successfully modelled with T–X(CO2)fluid pseudosections that suggest achievement of CO2‐rich fluid compositions due to early decarbonation reactions, followed by influx of aqueous fluids after peak metamorphism. Rapid heating of host rocks and short near‐peak temperature intervals are demonstrated by the prevalent morphology of diopside as radial splays of acicular crystals that appear to pseudomorph tremolite and by incomplete recrystallization of calcite in marbles. Calcsilicates in the roof of one sill at Uhuk experienced metasomatic influx of Fe that is evidenced by nearly pure andradite rims on grossular garnet. Vesuvianite, which overgrew the grossular portions of garnet, also contains ferric iron. Vesuvianite was partially consumed during retrograde growth of serpentine and andradite. The occurrence of serpentine in high‐grade portions of aureoles is consistent with eventual levelling‐off of temperatures between 350 and 400 °C, an inference that is supported by modelled conductive heat transfer from the cooling magma sheets. Focused fluid flow near intrusion‐wall rock contacts is demonstrated by narrow zones of anomalously low δ13C and δ18O values of carbonate minerals. Although the up to 5‰ decrease of both δ13C and δ18O values from sedimentary values is much smaller than is typical for calcsilicate aureoles around large plutons, it is greater than what could have been achieved by decarbonation alone. The decrease in δ13C is attributed to fluid‐mediated exchange with organic low‐13C carbon that is dispersed through the unmetamorphosed rocks and the decrease in δ18O is attributed to fluid‐mediated isotopic exchange with the gabbroic intrusive sheets. This study shows that when gabbroic sills and dykes intrude a sedimentary basin, (i) contact aureoles are likely to be narrow, only on the scale of several decametres; (ii) short high‐temperature regimes prevent achievement of equilibrium metamorphic textures; and (iii) T–X(CO2)fluid paths in calcareous contact aureoles are likely to be complex, reflecting a transition from prograde decarbonation reactions to influx of aqueous fluids during cooling. 相似文献
15.
Barrier islands are found around the world and are important environmentally and economically. With accelerated sea level rise and relentless storms, their evolution is complex but important to understand, especially from a coastal planning and managing perspective. In this study, shoreline change estimates from aerial photography (1949, 1974, 2006), sedimentological and stratigraphic investigation, and analysis of geomorphic character were used to evaluate the hurricane response and decadal evolution of Ocracoke Island, NC. Between 1949 and 2006, the majority (>?65% of transects) of the entire island eroded at an average rate of ??0.54 m/year. Cross-island width decreased by as much as 40% (180 m) over the period. Hurricane Isabel (2003) represented up to 23% of the long-term net change in some regions of the island. The rate of narrowing of Ocracoke Island appears to have increased in the last half century and is due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Isabel overwashed a total of 9% of the island based on aerial photographic analysis with an average deposit thickness of 0.24 m based on trench investigation. Assessment with the Storm Impact Scale showed a direct relationship between overwash and the pre-existing dune conditions, which had been affected by long-term erosion. Sedimentological signatures interpreted from cores show up to four distinct stacked overwash deposits, potentially dating back as far as 1944. This multi-pronged analysis shows the complexity of barrier island evolution and highlights the necessity to examine and model a system response in four dimensions (i.e., spatially and with time). 相似文献
16.
One of the major problems in hydrogeologic investigations of glaciated regions is the determination of complex stratigraphic relationships in the subsurface where insufficient information is available from drilling and geophysical records. In this paper, chemical characteristics of groundwater were used to identify stratigraphic changes in glacial deposits that were previously inferred on Block Island, Rhode Island, USA, an emergent remnant of the late Wisconsinan terminal moraine, located approximately 16 km south of the Rhode Island mainland. Two chemically distinct water types are recognized on the island: 1) high-iron, characterized by dissolved silica levels in excess of 20 mg/L, bicarbonate greater than 30 mg/L and dissolved iron ranging from 1-20 mg/L; and 2) low-iron, characterized by dissolved silica levels below 16 mg/L, bicarbonate less than 30 mg/L, and less than 0.3 mg/L dissolved iron. The spatial distribution of iron-bearing minerals and organic matter and the resulting redox conditions are believed to control the occurrence of high-iron groundwater. The high-iron waters occur almost exclusively in the eastern half of the island and appear to coincidence with the presence of allochthonous blocks of Cretaceous-age coastal-plain sediments that were incorporated into Pleistocene-age deposits derived from the Narragansett Bay-Buzzard's Bay lobe of the Late Wisconsinan Laurentide ice sheet. The low-iron waters occur in the western half of the island, where the occurrence of these Cretaceous-age blocks is rare and the sediments are attributed to a sublobe of the Hudson-Champlain lobe of the Late Wisconsinan ice-sheet. RÉSUMÉ: L'un des principaux problèmes dans les études hydrogeologiques des régions qui ont été englacées est la définition des relations stratigraphiques complexes sous la surface, lá où les informations fournies par les forages et par la géophysique sont insuffisantes. Dans l'exemple traité, les caractéristiques chimiques de l'eau souterraine sont utilisées pour identifier les variations stratigraphiques dans les dépôts glaciaires qui avaient auparavant été supposées, sur l'île de Block (Rhode Island), restes émergeant d'une moraine terminale du Wisconsinien récent, situé à environ 16 km au sud de Rhode Island. Deux types d'eau chimiquement distincts ont été reconnus dans l'île: 1) à fortes teneurs en fer, caractérisées par des concentrations en silice supérieures à 20 mg/L, en bicarbonates supérieures à 30 mg/L et en fer comprises entre 1 et 20 mg/L; et 2) à faibles teneurs en fer, marquées par des concentrations en silice inférieures à 16 mg/L, en bicarbonate inférieures à 30 mg/L et en fer dissous inférieures à 0.3 mg/L. La distribution spatiale des minéraux riches en fer et de la matière organique et les conditions redox résultantes contrôlent probablement la présence de fer dans les eaux souterraines à fortes concentrations. Les eaux à fortes teneurs en fer sont connues presque exclusivement dans la moitié orientale de l'île et semblent coïncider avec la présence de blocs allochtones provenant des sédiments côtiers crétacés, introduits dans les formations pléistocènes liées au lobe glaciaire des baies de Narragansett et du Busard de la calotte glaciaire laurentide du Wisconsinien récent. Les eaux à faibles teneurs en fer apparaissent dans la moitié occidentale de l'île, là où ces blocs de Crétacé sont rares et où les sédiments sont attrbués à une digitation du lobe de l'Hudson-Champlain de la calotte glaciaire du Wisconsinien récent. RESUMEN: Uno de los mayores problemas en la investigación hidrogeológica en regiones glaciares es la determinación de las complejas relaciones estratigráficas en el subsuelo, donde la información procedente de registros de perforaciones y de geofísica no es suficiente. En este artículo, se han usado las características químicas del agua subterránea para identificar unos cambios estratigráficos que se habían predicho previamente en unos depósitos glaciares en Block Island, Rhode Island (Estados Unidos), un remanente emergente de la morrena terminal del Winsconsiniense tardío, situada unos 16 km al sur de la Rhode Island continental. En la isla se encuentran dos tipos de agua distintos: 1) de alto contenido en hierro, caracterizada por niveles de sílice disuelto superando los 20 mg/L, bicarbonatos por encima de 30 mg/L y hierro disuelto oscilando entre 1-20 mg/L; y 2) de bajo contenido en hierro, caracterizada por niveles de sílice disuelto inferiores a 16 mg/L, bicarbonatos por debajo de 30 mg/L y menos de 0.3 mg/L de hierro disuelto. La distribución espacial de los minerales ricos en hierro y de la materia orgánica, así como las condiciones redox resultantes se supone que condicionan la presencia de aguas de alto contenido en hierro. Estas aguas aparecen casi exclusivamente en la mitad oriental de la isla y parecen coincidir con la presencia de bloques alóctonos de sedimentos costeros, de edad cretácica, que se incorporaron a los depósitos de edad pleistocena procedentes del lóbulo de la Bahía de Narragansett-Bahía de Buzzard, correspondiente a la capa glaciar del Winsconsiniense-Lauréntido tardío. Las aguas de bajo contenido en hierro aparecen en la mitad occidental de la isla, donde la presencia de estos sedimentos de edad cretácica es rara y los sedimentos se suponen procedentes de un sublóbulo del lóbulo de Hudson-Camplain, correspondiente a la capa glaciar del Winsconsiniense tardío. 相似文献
17.
Hetu C. Sheth 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,102(6):1671-1671
18.
为探讨石窑沟钼矿床的矿床成因,本文开展了系统的地质及成矿流体特征研究。根据矿脉穿切关系,将热液成矿过程分为早、中、晚3个阶段,其矿物组合分别为石英-钾长石-黄铁矿-辉钼矿、石英-多金属硫化物和石英-方解石±黄铁矿。研究发现,成矿早、中阶段产出的石英中有水溶液包裹体、纯CO2包裹体、H2O-CO2类包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体,而成矿晚阶段产出的石英中仅有水溶液包裹体;对不同阶段包裹体的显微测温和激光拉曼测试结果显示,成矿早阶段成矿流体以高温、高盐度、高氧化性、富CO2为特征;中阶段流体发生沸腾,导致CO2逃逸,还原性增强,成矿物质沉淀;晚阶段流体以低温、低盐度、贫CO2为特征。流体沸腾可能是引起辉钼矿沉淀的重要原因。 相似文献
19.
Perception of the rip current hazard on Galveston Island and North Padre Island,Texas, USA 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Christian Brannstrom Sarah Trimble Anna Santos Heather Lee Brown Chris Houser 《Natural Hazards》2014,72(2):1123-1138
The hazard posed by a rip current depends in part on the ability of beach users to identify a rip current and to associate surf conditions with the potential for rip currents. Understanding which visual features beach users associated with rip currents is an important step in the development of appropriate programs and educational materials aimed at improving the ability of beach users to identify a rip current. A face-to-face survey (n = 392) was conducted to assess the ability of beach users to identify a rip current using five near eye-level photographs that simulate the view of the beach and surf zone as the respondent approached the beach. The survey was conducted on three heavily used public beaches in Texas (Galveston, Port Aransas, and Corpus Christi) at the height of the summer beach season in 2012. Only 13 % of respondents correctly selected the photograph showing the most hazardous conditions and correctly identified the precise location of the rip current on the photograph. The majority of beach users (87 %) incorrectly indicated that the photograph with the heaviest surf represented the most hazardous surf conditions and greatest potential for the development of rip currents, or failed to identify rip currents in photographs. Respondents who were able to correctly identify the rip current tended to recognize the breaking wave pattern, areas of darker water, or the proximity to structures as key visual characteristics of rip currents and also had higher self-reported abilities to swim in rough water and escape a rip current. 相似文献
20.
Victor B. MAGLAMBAYAN Daizo ISHIYAMA Toshio MIZUTA Osamu MATSUBAYA Yohei ISHIKAWA 《Resource Geology》2001,51(2):107-116
Abstract: The disseminated Au‐Ag telluride Bulawan deposit, Negros island, Philippines, is hosted by dacite porphyry breccia pipes which formed in a Middle Miocene dacite porphyry stock. Electrum and Au‐Ag tellurides occur mostly as grains intergrown with or filling voids between sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and tennantite. Calcite, quartz and rare dolomite are the principal gangue minerals. Four types of alteration were recognized in the deposit, namely; propylitic, K‐feldspar‐sericitic, sericitic and carbonate alteration. Carbonate alteration is correlatable to the gold deposition stage and occurs mostly along fault zones. The δ18O and δ13C compositions of calcite and dolomite in propylite zone and ore‐stage dacite porphyry breccia were determined. The δ18O values of calcite in propylitized andesite range from +12.2 to +14.7%, and their δ13C values range from ‐6.1 to ‐1.0%. The δ18O values of calcite and dolomite in sericite‐ and carbonate‐altered, mineralized dacite porphyry breccia and dacite porphyry rocks range from +15.1 to +23.1%, and the δ13C values of calcite and dolomite range from ‐3.9 to +0.9%. The δ18O and δ13C values of the hydrothermal fluids were estimated from inferred temperatures of formation on the basis of fluid inclusion microthermometry. The δ18O values of hydrothermal fluid for the propylitic alteration were calculated to be +8.5 ‐ +9.5%, assuming 375°C. On the other hand, the δ18O values of ore solutions for base metal and Au mineralization were computed to be +13.6 ‐ +14.6%, assuming 270°C. The hydrothermal fluids that formed the Bulawan deposit are dilute and 18O‐enriched fluids which reacted with 18O‐ and 13C‐rich wallrocks such as limestone. 相似文献