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1.
受界面效应影响,毛细水在层状土中运移规律还难以用描述均质土中水分运移规律的Lucas-Washburn（LW）渗吸模型进行描述。基于此,本文设计了层状土室内模型试验,采用分布式的主动加热光纤法（简称AHFO）监测毛细水上升过程。根据AHFO测试结果,进一步对LW模型进行了修正,提出了适用于描述层状土中毛细水上升规律的ILW模型,并对ILW模型进行了试验验证。试验结果表明:（1）当毛细水湿润锋抵达“黏土（下部）-砂土（上部）”界面时,会产生“毛细屏障作用”,从而导致上部砂土中毛细水含水率急剧下降;（2）“毛细屏障作用”由砂土和黏土中的基质吸力不均衡造成,基质吸力大小由含水率决定;（3）当毛细水湿润锋抵达“砂土（下部）-黏土（上部）”界面时,在界面处出现“反毛细屏障作用”,从而导致上部黏土层中的含水率比相邻下部砂土层含水率更高;（4）虽然常见的LW模型可准确预测均质土中毛细水上升高度及速率,但受“毛细屏障作用”和“反毛细屏障作用”影响,LW模型在层状土中失效;（5）相比LW模型,ILW模型精度更高,能够更加准确地描述层状土中毛细水上升规律。 相似文献
2.
Soil water conservation is essential to the sustainability of sandy farming. In this paper, long-term observation of soil water, dry soil thickness and soil chemical changes are evaluated at eight locations in sandy soil. This paper subdivides the sandy lands and deserts of China into three climate zones: arid (hyperarid and extremely arid), semiarid, and humid (subhumid and subtropical humid), with respect to the bioclimatic zone, aridity, soil water content, and soil chemical characteristics. The water movement conditions, and chemical variations in each zone are analyzed. The paper also estimates the spatial and temporal correlation function of arid soil thickness and soil moisture. Sandy soils organic matter content, CaCO3 content, soluble salts content are investigated. Afforestation and selection of tree species in different sandy areas are suggested to regulate sandy land soil moisture. Sandy land in China can be divided into the four sand stabilization regions according to the shifting sand conditions and the techniques advanced: regions I, II, III, and IV. These results have important implications for remote sensing of soil moisture and soil organic carbon, and soil moisture parameterization in climate models. 相似文献
3.
压实红黏土水分传输的毛细效应与数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
当路基处于地下水水源丰富且水位较高的区域时,容易受到地下水的毛细上升侵蚀作用。为治理因水分毛细上升而引起的路基病害,需了解其毛细上升规律。在水平吸渗试验原理的基础上略加改进,自制了一套毛细上升试验装置,进行了三种不同初始干密度试样的试验。结果表明,毛细上升高度与含水率的关系类似于土-水特征曲线;试样的干密度越大,在相同的时间内毛细上升高度越小;水分因毛细效应的扩散能力随初始含水率的变化存在一个最优含水率点。最后,利用有限元方法模拟了水分在不同时刻沿着试样高度的分布规律,并对比分析了试验终了时刻的计算值与实测值,二者之间的分布规律比较一致。 相似文献
4.
On the effect of moisture bonding forces in air-dry soils on threshold friction velocity of wind erosion 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
SUJITH RAVI TED M. ZOBECK† THOMAS M. OVER‡ GREGORY S. OKIN PAOLO D'ODORICO 《Sedimentology》2006,53(3):597-609
Wind erosion is a dominant geomorphological process in arid and semi-arid regions with major impacts on regional climate and desertification. The erosion process occurs when the wind speed exceeds a certain threshold value, which depends on a number of factors including surface soil moisture. The understanding and modelling of aeolian erosion requires a better understanding of the soil erodibility associated with different moisture conditions. In arid regions during the dry season, the atmospheric humidity plays an important role in determining the surface moisture content and the threshold shear velocity. By a series of wind tunnel tests and theoretical analyses, this dependence of threshold velocity on near surface air humidity is shown for three soils of different textures: sand, sandy loam, and clay loam. The results show that the threshold shear velocity decreases with increasing values of relative humidity for values of relative humidity between about 40% and 65%, while above and below this range the threshold shear velocity increases with air humidity. A theoretical framework is developed to explain these dependencies assuming an equilibrium between the surface soil moisture and the humidity of the overlying atmosphere. The conditions under which soil-atmosphere equilibrium occurs were tested experimentally in the laboratory for different soils in order to determine the effect of grain surface area and texture on the time required to reach equilibrium starting from different initial conditions. 相似文献
5.
沙漠表层粒度与水热变化的环境效应分析──以古尔班通古特沙漠为例 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
重点探讨了古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型沙漠区（流动沙漠和固定沙漠区）表层沙粒度组成特征及其与热量传输和含水率的相互关系。实地测量和采样分析结果表明:不同类型沙漠区的粒度结构组成与沙层热量传输、水份迁移和沙面蒸散直接相关,并且对地表的感热和潜热以及沙漠对气候的反馈起到了重要作用。同时,沙漠表层粒度与水热传输变化过程,直接影响沙漠区植物成活率与生长,并对沙漠气候与环境变化产生重要影响。 相似文献
6.
Nadia Laredj Hanifi Missoum Karim Bendani Mustapha Maliki 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2011,5(5):935-942
Knowledge of transport processes of heat and moisture in soils of arid zones is vital to understanding the environmental and economic impacts of many activities: agriculture, waste disposal, geoenvironmental practices and earth sciences. Through extensive review and study on the different aspects of coupled transfer processes in swelling porous media, a general mathematical model for coupled heat, moisture, air flow and deformation problems in clayey soils is proposed in a consistent and unified manner. The model is characterized by the presence of a deformable solid matrix filled with two fluid phases (liquid water and air). In the proposed model, both pore water and air transfers are assumed to be governed by the generalized Darcy’s law. Fully coupled, non-linear partial differential equations are established and then solved by using a Galerkin weighted residual approach in space domain and an implicit integrating scheme in time domain. The obtained model has been finally validated by means of some case tests for the prediction of the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated swelling soils. The calculated relative errors between experimental and numerical results are 3% for temperature and 7% for stresses. Consequently, the developed numerical model predicts satisfactory results, compared to experimental test measures. The model is applicable to two-dimensional problems with various initial and boundary conditions; non-linear soil parameters can be easily included in this model. 相似文献
7.
A new three-dimensional numerical model of coupled heat, moisture and air transfer in unsaturated soil is presented. In particular, the model accommodates moisture transfer in the form of liquid and vapour flow and heat transfer arising from conduction, convection and latent heat of vaporization. The bulk flow of dry air and the movement of air in a dissolved state are also included. The theoretical basis of the model, the finite element solution of the spatial terms and finite difference solution of the temporal terms are briefly presented. Attention is focused on the verification of the new numerical solution. This is achieved via comparisons with independent solutions of heat, moisture and air transfer in an unsaturated soil. The physical problem considered includes the highly non-linear hydraulic properties of sand. Thermal conductivity is also included as a function of soil moisture content. Excellent correlation of results is shown thus providing confidence in the new model. The new model is also applied to a number of test cases which illustrate the need for the development of a model which can fully include three-dimensional behaviour. In particular, three applications are presented each increasing in complexity. The first application illustrates three-dimensional heat transfer. This particular application is verified against existing commercial finite element software. Subsequent applications serve to illustrate how the coupled processes of heat moisture and air transfer combine to yield three-dimensional problems even within a simple geometric domain. Visualization of three-dimensional results is also addressed. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
设计加工了室内路基防排水模型试验系统,进行了地下水位波动影响下的路基水分迁移及地下防排水的室内试验研究。通过改变地下水位高度,研究了无任何隔水措施、加入普通砂垫层及新型防排水材料作为地下防排水基层工况下路基湿度的动态响应,评价了公路路基地下防排水基层的防排水效果。试验结果表明,在地下水位的波动影响下,近地下水位的路基湿度不仅随着地下水位的变化作相应的变化,上部土体湿度因毛细作用的存在也有较大幅度的增加,当地下水位较低时,砂垫层起到了较好的防排水效果;而当地下水位较高时,砂垫层内部的毛细水上升高度大于砂垫层的高度,路基湿度产生较大变化;新型的防排水材料能有效阻止毛细水进入路基内部,具有较好的防排水效果。 相似文献
9.
陆面过程模式SIB2与包气带入渗模型的耦合及其应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤含水量对陆—气相互作用过程中的能—水平衡计算以及降雨、农业灌溉对地下水补给的研究起着关键的作用。但现阶段大多数陆面过程模式对土壤含水量的计算采用一维水桶模式,忽略了流域尺度上的侧向补给、地下水位的变化、包气带土壤的非线性渗透特性对土壤含水量的影响。针对这一问题,在国内外研究较为成熟的饱和—非饱和理论的基础上,编程实现了包气带土壤水分传输方程的求解,并与陆面过程模式（SIB2）相耦合,建立起研究分层包气带土壤水分运移、非稳态的地下水位、和地表蒸散发之间定量关系的模型。最后,利用建立的耦合模型,以河西走廊黑河流域中游临泽农业综合观测场的灌溉试验为例,模拟干旱内陆平原区小麦生长期间定额灌水条件下土壤含水量的变化。计算结果表明：模型能够准确计算瞬时土壤含水量、非稳态的地下水位,并对小麦生长过程中的耗水量进行估算,进而为农业合理灌溉提供了科学的理论基础。 相似文献
10.
11.
Regional geochemical surveys in arid and semiarid regions in the middle and western part of Inner Mongolia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
For many years the results of regional geochemical surveys in arid and semiarid regions of China were not satisfactory. Therefore, we selected eight areas in the middle and western part of Inner Mongolia and the northwestern part of Gansu Province to study this problem from 1982 to 1985. The contents of our study include: the migration and distribution of elements in an arid environment; the interference of aeolian sand; the applicability of different sampling mediums; and the development of effective sampling techniques. Pilot surveys were carried out covering several hundred or more than a thousand square kilometres in every test area after the orientation study.Very good results were obtained in the surveys carried out in mountainous and hilly regions. The only problem was to eliminate effectively the interference of aeolian sand. To accomplish this we collected elastics of −5 + 2 mm or − 10 + 0.9 mm coarse grain size in the dry valley. In the stony Gobi desert region and the eroded peneplain region, a rock survey and residual soil survey produced the results expected. However, we had to consider the following influencing factors: (1) the caliche in the loose soil layer forms a barrier, hindering the migration of most of the elements in a vertical direction. Only where the caliche was rather thin was the influence of little significance; (2) in the residual soil of the background area and non-mineralized zone, almost all trace elements are enriched secondarily. The enrichment factors are generally between 1.3 and 1.8. In the residual soil of the mineralized zone, almost all ore-forming elements are impoverished. The well-water geochemical survey and the deep-root system plant survey have a peculiar function in finding ore deposits in the arid region. These two methods are discussed elsewhere. 相似文献
12.
Patrick Ludwig Milivoj B. Gavrilov Milica G. Radaković Slobodan B. Marković 《第四纪科学杂志》2021,36(8):1426-1435
We investigate the glacial climate conditions in the southeastern Carpathian Basin (Vojvodina, Serbia) based on the reconstruction of malacological palaeotemperatures and results from a high-resolution regional climate simulation. Land snail assemblages from eight loess profiles are used to reconstruct July temperatures during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The malacological reconstructed temperatures are in good agreement with the simulated LGM July temperatures by the Weather Research and Forecast model. Both methods indicate increasing temperatures from the northwestern towards the southeastern parts of the study area. LGM aridity indices calculated based on the regional climate model data suggest more arid conditions in the southeastern parts compared with more humid conditions in the northwestern parts. However, for present-day conditions, the moisture gradient is reversed, exhibiting more humid (arid) conditions in the southeast (northwest). An explanation for the reversed LGM aridity pattern is provided by an analysis of the prevailing wind directions over the South Banat district (Serbia). The prevailing moist northwesterly winds during summer are not able to compensate for the annual lack of moisture induced by the dry winds from the southeast that are more frequent during the LGM for the other seasons. 相似文献
13.
A design procedure is proposed to minimize water infiltration into landfills by optimizing the water diversion length of inclined
covers with capillary barrier effect (CCBE). This design procedure is based on a conceptual, mathematical and numerical approach
and aims at selecting materials and optimizing layer thickness. Selection among candidate materials is made based on their
hydraulic conductivity functions and on a threshold infiltration rate imposed on the designer. The capillary break layer (CBL;
bottom layer) is characterized by a weak capillarity, while the moisture retention layer (MRL; upper layer) is characterized
by a compromise between strong capillarity and high hydraulic conductivity. The thickness of the CBL corresponds to the height
where suction reaches its maximum value for a given infiltration rate. This height can be calculated using the Kisch [Géotechnique 9 (1959)] model. The optimal thickness of the MRL is determined by applying an adaptation of the Ross [Water Resources Research 26 (1990)] model. The results obtained using the proposed design procedure were compared to those obtained from numerical simulations
performed using a finite element unsaturated seepage software. The procedure was applied for two cover systems; one where
deinking by-products (DBP) were used as MRL and sand as CBL and another where sand was used as MRL and gravel as CBL. Using
this procedure, it has been shown that an infiltration control system composed of thin layers of sand over gravel is highly
efficient in terms of diversion length and that its efficiency can be enhanced by placing a hydraulic barrier – such as a
layer of DBP – above the MRL. 相似文献
14.
15.
在西部干旱、半干旱粗颗粒盐渍土地区的工程建设中,发现近地表地基中存在盐分胶结层(俗称盐圈),这对工程建设意义重大。但截至目前,对其形成原因的研究甚少,对该问题的认识尚不深入。为研究胶结层形成过程,笔者在工程项目较多的河西走廊敦煌选择了场地做现场试验观测。该场地为砾砂地层,其间夹有若干细沙薄层,在现场开挖探井(至年变化深度7.5m以下),观测了该地层在一个冬季171d中的盐分、水分和地温变化情况。试验观测到盐分表聚的过程,还测到冬季由地温梯度形成的水盐迁移,其影响深度超过年变化深度; 只要有一定的地温梯度和合适的水分含量,胶结层的含盐量一直在增加,工程上关心的近地表(5.0m以内)地层的工程性质仍不稳定。 相似文献
16.
Improper cultivation practices are seriously degrading native forest ecosystems in northern Iran. Hence, the objectives of this study are to compare selected soil properties, runoff amount, erosion and also introducing equations to predict the runoff and soil erosion in three types of land use (forest, garden and cultivated). A simple portable rainfall simulator has been set in 90 random points to create experimental rainfall. Result showed that changes in natural forest led to a significant clay, organic carbon of soil, total N and antecedent soil moisture decrease and sand, pH and bulk density increasing. The rainfall runoff experiments indicate that runoff content of the natural forest soils was 35 % and respectively 38.45 % higher than the garden and cultivated land soils .This result could be related to the higher antecedent soil moisture in natural forest compared with the other land uses. According to the obtained results, garden soil erosion and cultivated land was 1.351 and respectively 1.587 times higher than the forest. The correlation matrix revealed that runoff content was positively correlated with antecedent soil moisture, bulk density and silt, and negatively with soil organic carbon, total N and sand. Also, soil organic carbon, total N, clay and sand showed negative correlation with soil erosion, while there is a positive correlation between erosion and silt, bulk density, pH and antecedent soil moisture. The results of multiple linear regression showed that runoff in forest, garden and cultivated land can be predicted with correlation coefficient of 0.637, 0.547 and 0.624, respectively. The correlation coefficients of 0.798, 0.628 and 0.560 in equations indicate their moderate potential in simulating soil erosion. 相似文献
17.
This paper presents a model for the analysis of clay liner desiccation in a landfill barrier system due to temperature effects. The model incorporates consideration of fully coupled heat‐moisture‐air flow, a non‐linear constitutive relationship, the dependence of void ratio and volumetric water content on stress, capillary pressure and temperature, and the effect of mechanical deformation on all governing equations. Mass conservative numerical schemes are proposed to improve the accuracy of the finite element solution to the governing equations. The application of the model is then demonstrated by examining three test problems, including isothermal infiltration, heat conduction and non‐isothermal water and heat transport. Comparisons are made with results from literature, and good agreement is observed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
陆面过程模式对不同土壤物理性质的敏感性研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
使用NCAR陆面过程模式（LSM）和荷兰Cabauw1987的大气观测资料，考察了在11种不同的土壤条件下陆面过程模式所模拟的地表能量及水分循环的差异。结果表明，粘土含量较高的土壤具有较好的持水能力，蒸发量和径流量都比较大，而在含砂量高的土壤中，水分大量的下渗，蒸发量和径流量小，从而到地表热通量的分配，在不考虑大气反馈的情况下，各种土壤造成的差异主要出现在春季的4、5月份。 相似文献
19.
北方不同植被下土壤岩石试片的溶蚀速率及碳汇分析——以山西汾阳地区为例 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
通过山西汾阳不同植被条件下的对比溶蚀实验,并结合土壤有机碳和无机碳含量测试分析及土壤水分含量和CO2浓度野外现场测试,揭示出北方半干旱条件下的溶蚀速率特征及其影响因素,结果表明:（1）不同植被条件下的土下试片溶蚀速率差异明显,林地的地面以下溶蚀速率最大,为0.551 1 mg/(cm2?a),分别是灌丛[0.258 5 mg/(cm2?a)]和草地[0.254 7 mg/(cm2?a)]的 2.13倍和2.16倍;表明随着植被的正向演替,碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率有增加的趋势。（2）试片溶蚀速率主要受土壤有机碳、无机碳、水分控制,受土壤CO2浓度影响小;其中土壤有机碳含量、土壤水分与试片溶蚀速率呈正相关,土壤无机碳含量与试片溶蚀速率呈负相关;高浓度的无机碳使部分试片经过溶蚀后重量不减反增,造成试片溶蚀速率偏低。（3）以林地、灌丛、草地条件下试片土下平均溶蚀速率计算出研究区岩溶碳汇强度为1.815 tCO2/(km2?a),与前人根据水化学径流法计算的结果[8.69 tCO2/(km2?a) ]相比偏小。这意味着由溶蚀试片法来计算我国岩溶碳汇量可能会比实际偏小。 相似文献
20.
多孔介质中毛细吸力作为其重要物性参数,有着重要的工程应用背景。本文结合Gardner模型的土水特征曲线和Micro-CT(Micro computerized tomography)断层扫描仪获取的多孔介质的结构形态参数,根据吸力和饱和度的拟合关系,建立了一维非饱和毛细上升模型。同时,采用有限差分方法对多孔介质非饱和毛细水上升模型进行非稳态求解,获取不同时刻湿度场和毛细吸力的分布情况,并给出了一种量化多孔介质毛细上升过程的理论方法。为验证该方法的有效性,本文在室内以窄筛分洗砂作为研究对象,通过室内试验测定其毛细吸渗上升过程及稳定时的湿度分布。结果证实,模拟结果和实测结果整体上具有较高的吻合性。本文提出的多孔介质毛细上升的预测方法具有可行性,可用于预测砂土的毛细水上升高度和湿度场的分布状态。 相似文献