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1.
Vegetation contributes to weak soil stabilisation through reinforcement of the soil, dissipation of excess pore pressure and increasing the shear strength by induced matric suction. This paper describes the way vegetation influences soil matric suction, shrinkage and ground settlement in the vadose zone through transpiration. A mathematical model for the rate of root water uptake, including the root growth rate considering ground conditions, type of vegetation and climatic parameters, has been developed. A finite element approach is employed to solve the transient coupled flow-deformation equations. The finite element mesh is built using partially saturated soil elements capable of representing the salient aspects of unsaturated permeability and the soil water characteristic curve. The model formulation is based on the effective stress theory of unsaturated soils. Based on this proposed model, the distribution of the ground matric suction profile adjacent to the tree is numerically analysed. Current field measurements of soil matric suction and moisture content collected from Miram site located in Victoria State, Australia by the authors are compared with the numerical predictions. The results indicate that the proposed root water uptake model incorporated in the numerical analysis can be used for prediction of ground properties influenced by tree roots. 相似文献
2.
Guillermo A. Narsilio Olivier Buzzi Stephen Fityus Tae Sup Yun David W. Smith 《Computers and Geotechnics》2009,36(7):1200-1206
The accurate estimation of hydraulic conductivity is important for many geotechnical engineering applications, as the presence of fluids affects all aspects of soil behaviour, including its strength. Darcy’s law is the key experimental (or phenomenological) equation employed to model ground water flow. Yet, this phenomenological equation can be linked to a more fundamental microscale model of flow through the pore spaces of the porous material. This paper provides an experimental verification of the relationships between Darcy’s law (macroscale) and the Navier–Stokes equations (microscale) for actual complex pore geometries of a granular material. The pore geometries are experimentally obtained through state-of-the-art X-ray computer assisted micro-tomography. From the numerical modelling of the microscale flow based on actual pore geometries, it is possible to quantify and visualize the development of pore-scale fluid preferential flow-paths through the porous material, and to assess the importance of pore connectivity in soil transport properties. 相似文献
3.
4.
许多地区地下水是生态稳定的重要支撑或补充,确定地下水补给地表植被的临界埋深对地下水管理和生态安全至关重要。以西辽河平原为例,主要研究成果如下:①根据地下水补给植被原理划分包气带水分运动结构,描述地下水补给植被的作用机理和物理过程,定义地下水补给植被的临界埋深及相关物理概念。②根据植被根系吸收潜水蒸发的物理机制,地下水面附近由毛管水上升形成的潜水影响层是临界埋深计算的关键。③推导土壤毛管有效孔径计算推理公式,通过构建土壤微结构模型求解推理公式中的孔隙特征参数,解决毛管水最大上升高度的精确计算难题;④结合不同群落植被根系层厚度,形成地下水补给植被的临界埋深计算模型。⑤通过野外调查和观测试验实证,表明计算结果可靠,研究成果在科尔沁草原得到了及时应用。 相似文献
5.
Vegetation has been previously proposed as a method for protecting artificial and natural slopes against shallow landslides (e.g. as may be triggered by an earthquake); however, previous research has concentrated on individual root soil interaction during shear deformation rather than the global slope behaviour due to the extreme expense and difficulty involved in conducting full-scale field tests. Geotechnical centrifuge modelling offers an opportunity to investigate in detail the engineering performance of vegetated slopes, but its application has been restricted due to the lack of availability of suitable root analogues that can repeatably replicate appropriate mechanical properties (stiffness and strength) and realistic 3D geometry. This study employed 3D printing to develop a representative and repeatable 1:10 scale model of a tree root cluster (representing roots up to 1.5 m deep at prototype scale) that can be used within a geotechnical centrifuge to investigate the response of a vegetated slope subject to earthquake ground motion. The printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic root model was identified to be highly representative of the geometry and mechanical behaviour (stiffness and strength) of real woody root systems. A programme of large direct shear tests was also performed to evaluate the additional strength provided by the root analogues within soil that is slipping and investigate the influence of various characteristics (including root area ratio (RAR), soil confining effective stress and root morphology) on this reinforcing effect. Our results show that root reinforcement is not only a function of root mechanical properties but also depends on factors including surrounding effective confining stress (resulting in depth dependency even for the same RAR), depth of the slip plane and root morphology. When subject to shear loading in soil, the tap root appeared to structurally transfer load within the root system, including to smaller and deeper roots which subsequently broke or were pulled out. Finally, the root analogues were added to model slopes subjected to earthquake ground motion in the centrifuge, where it was revealed that vegetation can substantially reduce earthquake-induced slope deformation in the soil conditions tested (76% reduction on crest permanent settlement during slippage). Both the realistic 3D geometry and highly simplified root morphologies, as characterised mechanically by the shear tests, were tested in the centrifuge which, despite exhibiting very different levels of additional strength in the shear tests, resulted in very similar responses of the slopes. This suggests that once a certain minimum level of reinforcement has been reached which will alter the deformation mechanism within the slope, further increases of root contribution (e.g. due to differences in root morphology) do not have a large further effect on improving slope stability. 相似文献
6.
John R. Greenwood Joanne E. Norris Jo Wint 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(3):467-481
The procedure for geotechnical site investigation is well established but little attention is currently given to investigating
the potential of vegetation to assist with ground stability. This paper describes how routine investigation procedures may
be adapted to consider the effects of the vegetation. It is recommended that the major part of the vegetation investigation
is carried out, at relatively low cost, during the preliminary (desk) study phase of the investigation when there is maximum
flexibility to take account of findings in the proposed design and construction. The techniques available for investigation
of the effects of vegetation are reviewed and references provided for further consideration. As for general geotechnical investigation
work, it is important that a balance of effort is maintained in the vegetation investigation between (a) site characterisation
(defining and identifying the existing and proposed vegetation to suit the site and ground conditions), (b) testing (in-situ and laboratory testing of the vegetation and root systems to provide design parameters) and (c) modelling (to analyse the
vegetation effects). 相似文献
7.
In this paper, a numerical procedure based on the finite element method is outlined to investigate pile behaviour in sloping ground, which involves two main steps. First a free-field ground response analysis is carried out using an effective stress based stress path model to obtain the ground displacements, and the degraded soil stiffness and strength over the depth of the soil deposit. Next a dynamic analysis is carried out for the pile. The interaction coefficients and ultimate lateral pressure of soil at the pile–soil interface are calculated using degraded soil stiffness and strength due to build-up of pore pressures, and the soil in the far field is represented by the displacements calculated from the free-field ground response analysis. Pore pressure generation and liquefaction strength of the soil predicted by the stress path model used in the free-field ground response analysis are compared with a series of simple shear tests performed on loose sand with and without an initial static shear stress simulating sloping and level ground conditions, respectively. Also the numerical procedure utilised for the analysis of pile behaviour has been verified using centrifuge data, where soil liquefaction has been observed in laterally spreading sloping ground. It is demonstrated that the new method gives good estimate of pile behaviour, despite its relative simplicity. 相似文献
8.
One of the major causes of instability in geotechnical structures such as dikes or earth dams is the phenomenon of suffusion including detachment, transport and filtration of fine particles by water flow. Current methods fail to capture all these aspects. This paper suggests a new modeling approach under the framework of the porous continuous medium theory. The detachment and transport of the fine particles are described by a mass exchange model between the solid and the fluid phases. The filtration is incorporated to simulate the filling of the inter-grain voids created by the migration of the fluidized fine particles with the seepage flow, and thus, the self-filtration is coupled with the erosion process. The model is solved numerically using a finite difference method restricted to one-dimensional (1-D) flows normal to the free surface. The applicability of the model to capture the main features of both erosion and filtration during the suffusion process has been validated by simulating 1-D internal erosion tests and by comparing the numerical with the experimental results. Furthermore, the influence of the coupling between erosion and filtration has been highlighted, including the development of material heterogeneity induced by the combination of erosion and filtration.
相似文献9.
Groundwater drawdown at Nankou site of Beijing Plain: model development and calibration 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2
Feng Sun Haibing Shao Thomas Kalbacher Wenqing Wang Zhongshan Yang Zhenfang Huang Olaf Kolditz 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(5):1323-1333
Water shortage and groundwater pollution have become two primary environmental concerns to Beijing since the 1990s. The local
aquifers, as the dominant sources for domestic and agricultural water supply, are depleting due to groundwater abstraction
and continuous drought in recent years with rapid urbanization and increasing water consumption. Therefore, understanding
the hydrogeological system is fundamental for a sustainable water resources management. In this article, the numerical analysis
of a 3-D regional groundwater flow model for the Nankou area is presented. The hydrogeological system is reproduced according
to sparsely distributed boreholes data. The numerical analysis is carried out using the scientific software OpenGeoSys, which
is based on the finite element method. The model calibration and sensitivity analysis are accomplished with inverse methods
by applying a model independent parameter estimation system (PEST). The results of the calibrated model show reasonable agreements
with observed water levels. The transient groundwater flow simulations reflect the observed drawdown of the last 9 years and
show the formation of a depression cone in an intensively pumped area. 相似文献
10.
Omid Ghaffaripour Golnaz A. Esgandani Arman Khoshghalb Babak Shahbodaghkhan 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(11):1919-1955
This paper presents the first application of an advanced meshfree method, ie, the edge-based smoothed point interpolation method (ESPIM), in simulation of the coupled hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated porous media. In the proposed technique, the problem domain is spatially discretised using a triangular background mesh, and the polynomial point interpolation method combined with a simple node selection scheme is adopted for creating nodal shape functions. Smoothing domains are formed on top of the background mesh, and a constant smoothed strain, created by applying the smoothing operation over the smoothing domains, is assigned to each smoothing domain. The deformation and flow models are developed based on the equilibrium equation of the mixture, and linear momentum and mass balance equations of the fluid phases, respectively. The effective stress approach is followed to account for the coupling between the flow and deformation models. Further coupling among the phases is captured through a hysteretic soil water retention model that evolves with changes in void ratio. An advanced elastoplastic constitutive model within the context of the bounding surface plasticity theory is employed for predicting the nonlinear behaviour of soil skeleton. Time discretisation is performed by adopting a three-point discretisation method with growing time steps to avoid temporal instabilities. A modified Newton-Raphson framework is designed for dealing with nonlinearities of the discretised system of equations. The performance of the numerical model is examined through a number of numerical examples. The state-of-the-art computational scheme developed is useful for simulation of geotechnical engineering problems involving unsaturated soils. 相似文献
11.
T. Kuppusamy 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1993,17(7):457-469
Aquifer contamination by organic chemicals in subsurface flow through soils due to leaking underground storage tanks filled with organic fluids is an important groundwater pollution problem. The problem involves transport of a chemical pollutant through soils via flow of three immiscible fluid phases: namely air, water and an organic fluid. In this paper, assuming the air phase is under constant atmospheric pressure, the flow field is described by two coupled equations for the water and the organic fluid flow taking interphase mass transfer into account. The transport equations for the contaminant in all the three phases are derived and assuming partition equilibrium coefficients, a single convective – dispersive mass transport equation is obtained. A finite element formulation corresponding to the coupled differential equations governing flow and mass transport in the three fluid phase porous medium system with constant air phase pressure is presented. Relevant constitutive relationships for fluid conductivities and saturations as function of fluid pressures lead to non-linear material coefficients in the formulation. A general time-integration scheme and iteration by a modified Picard method to handle the non-linear properties are used to solve the resulting finite element equations. Laboratory tests were conducted on a soil column initially saturated with water and displaced by p-cymene (a benzene-derivative hydrocarbon) under constant pressure. The same experimental procedure is simulated by the finite element programme to observe the numerical model behaviour and compare the results with those obtained in the tests. The numerical data agreed well with the observed outflow data, and thus validating the formulation. A hypothetical field case involving leakage of organic fluid in a buried underground storage tank and the subsequent transport of an organic compound (benzene) is analysed and the nature of the plume spread is discussed. 相似文献
12.
In recent years, many researchers have considered the mechanical characteristics of deep foundation excavation in soft-soil.
The analysis of these deep excavations requires consideration of an uncertain, nonlinear, dynamic and complicated system,
and involves consideration of soil strength, stability, deformation, fluid flow and interaction of soil and different retaining
configurations. It is difficult to describe such a nonlinear system using traditional analysis. Therefore, in order to accurately
describe the mechanical behavior of a representative deep excavation of the subway station, in this case, 3-Dimensional geotechnical
numerical analysis method using FLAC3D software was applied. Using this tool, a study considering earth pressure, soil deformation
and settlement was carried out. Furthermore, the response of different retaining configurations was deeply investigated. Triaxial
cement mixing piles were considered as a way to optimize deformation of the deep excavation and reduce settlement of the ground
surface and the railway embankment. The analysis indicated that the deeper the foundation excavation was, the larger the surface
settlement and the smaller the earth pressure. The analysis also considered the mechanical effect of varying the wall thickness
and the wall depth on the structure‘s deformation characteristics. The simulations indicated that a wall thickness of less
than 1.4 m effectively reduced wall horizontal displacement, ground surface settlement and uneven settlement of railway embankment.
While a variable wall embedded depth that was less than 52 m also changed the settlement of the excavation deformation and
the ground surface. Therefore, the numerical results can agree with the practical project to imply that numerical method in
the paper is applicable and reliable, which provides a new thought to research on deep excavation in soft-soil. 相似文献
13.
为了研究工程中在节理岩体内抽水和注水的渗流问题,通过应用UDEC建立单孔抽注水离散元模型进行数值模拟,对比分析不同水位边界条件、不同抽注水速率下的流体的流速和流向等流动状态及孔隙压力分布与变化曲线.表明流体的流动状态和孔隙压力分布受边界水位和抽注水速率直接影响,UDEC进行节理岩体抽注水渗流研究是可行的. 相似文献
14.
J. Jiménez-Martínez K. Tamoh L. Candela F. J. Elorza D. Hunkeler 《Mathematical Geosciences》2012,44(2):187-208
Tritium is a short-lived radioactive isotope (T
1/2=12.33 yr) produced naturally in the atmosphere by cosmic radiation but also released into the atmosphere and hydrosphere
by nuclear activities (nuclear power stations, radioactive waste disposal). Tritium of natural or anthropogenic origin may
end up in soils through tritiated rain, and may eventually appear in groundwater. Tritium in groundwater can be re-emitted
to the atmosphere through the vadose zone. The tritium concentration in soil varies sharply close to the ground surface and
is very sensitive to many interrelated factors like rainfall amount, evapotranspiration rate, rooting depth and water table
position, rendering the modeling a rather complex task. Among many existing codes, SOLVEG is a one-dimensional numerical model
to simulate multiphase transport through the unsaturated zone. Processes include tritium diffusion in both, gas and liquid
phase, advection and dispersion for tritium in liquid phase, radioactive decay and equilibrium partitioning between liquid
and gas phase. For its application with bare or vegetated (perennial vegetation or crops) soil surfaces and shallow or deep
groundwater levels (contaminated or non-contaminated aquifer) the model has been adapted in order to include ground cover,
root growth and root water uptake. The current work describes the approach and results of the modeling of a tracer test with
tritiated water (7.3×108 Bq m−3) in a cultivated soil with an underlying 14 m deep unsaturated zone (non-contaminated). According to the simulation results,
the soil’s natural attenuation process is governed by evapotranspiration and tritium re-emission. The latter process is due
to a tritium concentration gradient between soil air and an atmospheric boundary layer at the soil surface. Re-emission generally
occurs during night time, since at day time it is coupled with the evaporation process. Evapotranspiration and re-emission
removed considerable quantities of tritium and limited penetration of surface-applied tritiated water in the vadose zone to
no more than ∼1–2 m. After a period of 15 months tritium background concentration in soil was attained. 相似文献
15.
Chungsik Yoo 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(3):965-978
Information Technology (IT) has been extensively used to predict, visualize, and analyze physical parameters in order to expedite routine geotechnical design procedures. This paper presents an example of the combined technique of IT and numerical analysis for routine geotechnical design projects. The proposed approach involves the development of ANN(s) using a calibrated finite element model(s) for use as a prediction tool and implementation of the developed ANN(s) into a GIS platform for visualization and analysis of spatial distribution of predicted results. A novel feature of the proposed approach is an ability to expedite a routine geotechnical design process that otherwise requires significant time and effort in performing numerical analyses for different design scenarios. A knowledge-based underground excavation design system that utilizes artificial neural networks (ANNs) as prediction tools is also introduced. Practical implications of the use of IT in geotechnical design are discussed in great detail. 相似文献
16.
Natural or induced groundwater flow may negatively influence the performance of artificial ground freezing: high water flow velocities can prevent frozen conditions from developing. Reliable models that take into consideration hydraulic mechanisms are then needed to predict the ground freezing development. For forty years, numerous thermo-hydraulic coupled numerical models have been developed. Some of these models have been validated against experimental data but only one has been tested under high water flow velocity conditions. This paper describes a coupled thermo-hydraulic numerical model completely thermodynamically consistent and designed to simulate artificial ground freezing of a saturated and non-deformable porous medium under seepage flow conditions. On some points, less restrictive assumptions than the ones usually used in the literature are considered. As for the constant-porosity assumption, its validity is verified. The model appears to be well validated against analytical solutions and a three-dimensional ground freezing experiment under high seepage flow velocity conditions. It is used to highlight key thermo-hydraulic mechanisms associated with phase change in a porous medium. 相似文献
17.
A large number of mineral processing equipment employs the basic principles of gravity concentration in a flowing fluid of a few millimetres thick in small open channels where the particles are distributed along the flow height based on their physical properties and the fluid flow characteristics. Fluid flow behaviour and slurry transportation characteristics in open channels have been the research topic for many years in many engineering disciplines. However, the open channels used in the mineral processing industries are different in terms of the size of the channel and the flow velocity used. Understanding of water split behaviour is, therefore, essential in modeling flowing film concentrators. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model the water split behaviour in an inclined open rectangular channel, resembling the actual size and the flow velocity used by the mineral processing industries, based on the Prandtl's mixing length approach. 相似文献
18.
Artificial ground freezing (AGF) is a commonly used technique in geotechnical engineering for ground improvement such as ground water control and temporary excavation support during tunnel construction in soft soils. The main potential problem connected with this technique is that it may produce heave and settlement at the ground surface, which may cause damage to the surface infrastructure. Additionally, the freezing process and the energy needed to obtain a stable frozen ground may be significantly influenced by seepage flow. Evidently, safe design and execution of AGF require a reliable prediction of the coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of freezing soils. With the theory of poromechanics, a three‐phase finite element soil model is proposed, considering solid particles, liquid water, and crystal ice as separate phases and mixture temperature, liquid pressure, and solid displacement as the primary field variables. In addition to the volume expansion of water transforming into ice, the contribution of the micro‐cryo‐suction mechanism to the frost heave phenomenon is described in the model using the theory of premelting dynamics. Through fundamental physical laws and corresponding state relations, the model captures various couplings among the phase transition, the liquid transport within the pore space, and the accompanying mechanical deformation. The verification and validation of the model are accomplished by means of selected analyses. An application example is related to AGF during tunnel excavation, investigating the influence of seepage flow on the freezing process and the time required to establish a closed supporting frozen arch. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
H. Pascal 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1983,7(3):289-303
This paper describes the flow behaviour of certain non-Newtonian fluids through a porous medium. A generalized Bingham rheological model of power-law in the presence of a yield stress has been considered. Several problems of fluid mechanics, which appear currently in oil reservoir engineering, have been investigated and the rheological behaviour effect has been emphasized. The short time solutions have been formulated in terms of a moving boundary problem. The approximate solutions in a closed formwere obtained by means of the integral method. Several dimensionless groups have been found to be relevant in evaluating the rheological effect on the steady and unsteady and unsteady flow behaviour. The deviation from Newtonian flow behaviour has been illustrated using several numerical examples. 相似文献
20.
Analyses of hydrochemistry, modes of occurrence and dynamic dispersion of brine discharges were used to assess the economic potentials, environmental and geotechnical problems of saline water discharges in the Abakaliki Basin. Total salt concentration, energy input requirement and the nature of containment structures are important considerations in selection of appropriate and sustainable sourcing and processing system. Solute dispersion patterns from the brine discharges are controlled by the semi-regional hydrodynamic regime that is defined by the shallow, unconfined, fractured aquifer system. The ionic solute invasion from brines not only contribute to marginal wetland degradation, ground and surface water contamination but also predicate low performance and failures in water abstraction and supply systems through encrustation and corrosion. Brine harvest for industrial and domestic applications appears to be a major remedy to inhibit the environmental and geotechnical impacts of the brine discharges. 相似文献